Reversible Cerebral Oedema Complicating Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A young man with diabetic ketoacidosis developed the clinical features of cerebral oedema. This resolved without specific treatment. The mortality from ketoacidosis might be reduced if the syndrome was suspected and treated earlier.     

Diabetic Ketoacidosis Presenting as Neurosurgical Emergencies

Three cases of ketoacidosis in previously unsuspected diabetics are described. Each was admitted to hospital as a neurosurgical emergency. The recognition of this rare presentation is stressed since prompt treatment of the metabolic disturbance rapidly resolves the neurological abnormality.     

Increase in the Number of Pediatric New-Onset Diabetes and Diabetic Ketoacidosis Cases During the COVID-19 Pandemic

ObjectiveInfection with SARS-CoV-2 induces a proinflammatory state that causes hyperglycemia and may precipitate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in patients with known or new-onset diabetes. We examined the trends in new-onset diabetes and DKA prior to and following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis single-center retrospective observational study included pediatric patients (aged 0 to <18 years) hospitalized with new-onset type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes (T2D) before (March 1, 2018, to February 29, 2020) and after (March 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020) the pandemic onset. Demographic, anthropometrics, laboratory and clinical data, and outcomes were obtained.ResultsAmong 615 children admitted with new-onset diabetes during the entire study period, 401 were admitted before the pandemic onset, and 214 were admitted after the pandemic onset. Children admitted with new-onset diabetes in the postpandemic period were significantly more likely to present with DKA (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-2.52) than in the prepandemic phase. Children with DKA after the pandemic onset had higher lengths of hospitalization and were significantly more likely to experience severe DKA (odds ratio, 2.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-3.52). A higher proportion of children with DKA admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit required oxygen support after the pandemic onset than before the pandemic onset (8.85% vs 1.92%). Most cases of T2D with DKA occurred following the onset of the pandemic (62.5%).ConclusionA significant increase in T2D cases occurred following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic with a greater risk of DKA and severe ketoacidosis. Racial disparity was evident with a higher proportion of Black and American Indian children presenting with ketoacidosis following the pandemic onset.     

糖尿病酮症酸中毒21例救治探讨

目的:探讨糖尿病酮症酸中毒(diabetic ketoacidosis,DKA)抢救过程中的经验和体会.方法:对21例DKA患者的临床资料进行分析,21例酮症酸中毒患者经积极抢救治疗,在补液、祛除诱因及纠正电解质紊乱、酸碱平衡等治疗的基础上均给予小剂量普通胰岛素静脉滴注;治疗时小心处理液体和电解质的紊乱,严密监护有关并发症的临床和生化参数,包括低血钾,低血糖、脑水肿等,及时调整胰岛素的静脉输入量.随着酸中毒的的改善病情稳定后,胰岛素的静脉输入改为三餐前皮下注射,控制血糖浓度在8.3～13.9 mmol·L-1.结果:经综合治疗后,21例患者各项指标在3天内恢复至正常范围,治疗取得了良好的效果.结论:DKA的救治是个综合的过程,适时、合理的补液和使用胰岛素、抗感染、纠正酸中毒及电解质平衡紊乱对提高DKA的救治成功率具有重要的临床意义.     

Recurrent Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Two Community Teaching Hospitals

ObjectiveTo identify the factors that influence recurrent (one or more previous episodes) diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which we refer to as recurrent DKA, in two private community teaching hospitals.MethodsRetrospective chart review of the demographics, diabetes treatment regimens, diabetes education, medical comorbidities, medical insurance status, and mental illness/psychosocial factors of 80 patients with recurrent DKA who were admitted to the resident teaching services at two Birmingham, Alabama community teaching hospitals, Trinity Medical Center (TMC) and Princeton Baptist Medical Center (PBMC), between May 2006 and May 2012.ResultsThe average number of admissions for recurrent DKA was 2.5 per patient. Eighty-four percent of the episodes of recurrent DKA were due to omission of insulin; 44% of patients reported omission of insulin because of illness and 40% stopped insulin for unknown reasons. Medical illnesses, including infection, accounted for only 31% of recurrent DKA admissions.ConclusionOmission of insulin is the major cause of recurrent DKA. Psychosocial and socioeconomic factors contribute to poor adherence to therapy. Identifying these factors and instituting appropriate interventions may reduce the incidence of recurrent DKA. (Endocr Pract. 2013;19:829-833)