Verhaltensmerkmale der GattungenParus (Meisen),Aegithalos (Schwanzmeisen),Sitta (Kleiber),Tichodroma (Mauerl?ufer) undCerthia (Bauml?ufer)

Zusammenfassung Gemeinsame Verhaltensmerkmale ganzer Gruppen wurden bis jetzt nur selten zusammengestellt. Die Notwendigkeit einer derartigen zusätzlichen Kennzeichnung für die meisenartigen Vügel ergibt sich aus der Vielfalt der Auffassungen. Vor allem die Stellung der GattungenAegithalos undTichodroma ist unklar und in den wissenschaftlichen Werken uneinheitlich.Es wurde deshalb versucht, die wichtigsten Verhaltensweisen der GattungenParus undAegithalos einerseits darzustellen, andererseits die der GattungSitta gegenüberTichodroma undCerthia. Parus Alle bisher bekannten Arten dieser Gattung zerkleinern Nahrung, indem sie diese mit dem Fuß festhalten und Teile davon abzupfen bzw. die Schale von Samen zertrümmern. Dieses Verfahren beherrschen schon Jungvögel, die noch nicht selbständig Nahrung aufnehmen. Alle Meisen sind Höhlenbrüter; die Methode, Höhlen der verschiedensten Größen mit Moos weitgehend auszufüllen, wird als Anpassung an die Verschiedenartigkeit vorgefundener, meist durch Fäulnis entstandener Baumhöhlen gedeutet. Das Bedecken des unvollständigen Geleges kann Nestfeinde daran hindern, das Gelege beim Einblick in die Baumhöhle zu erkennen, da Meisenhöhlen im allgemeinen infolge der Unförmigkeit des Höhleneinganges nicht völlig dunkel sind. Die Nestlingszeit von rund 20 Tagen stellt wohl sicher eine Anpassung an das Brüten in einer geschützten Höhle dar. Ausführlich wird die Drohkombination besprochen, die bei allen Meisen festzustellen ist, die im Nest gestört werden. Diese Kombination, bestehend aus einem Zischlaut, dem Zuklappen des aufgesperrten Schnabels und gleichzeitigen Schlagen der Flügel an die Höhlenwände, kommt nur in einer Höhle zur vollen Wirkung und ist ein Zeichen dafür, daß Meisen phylogenetisch sehr alte Höhlenbrüter sind. Befiederte Jungmeisen wenden sie ebenso an wie in einer Höhle bedrängte Meisen- . Bei der Balz unterscheiden sich Meisen nicht grundlegend von anderen Passeres. Zum Sammeln von Vorräten sind nicht alle Arten von Meisen befähigt, sondern hauptsächlich solche, die im Winterhalbjahr vorwiegend von Samen leben. Kohl- und Blaumeisen sind möglicherweise nicht von Anbeginn Samenfresser gewesen; sie sammeln keine Vorräte. BeiParus major öffnet eine indische Rasse im Käfig keine Samen.Aegithalos Schwanzmeisen unterscheiden sich von denParus-Arten durch eine starke soziale Bindung an Artgenossen. Außer der Brutzeit trifft man nie einzelne Schwanzmeisen an, während Meisen auch mit anderen Arten vorlieb nehmen. Schwanzmeisen nächtigen stets in gegenseitiger Berührung und die Jungen rufen sich mit einem spezifischen Laut immer wieder zusammen. Schwanzmeisen sind nicht territorial. Mindestens beiAegithalos sowie bei dem amerikanischenPsaltriparus können mehr als zwei Altvögel am Nestbau und der Jungenaufzucht beteiligt sein. Von den Lautäußerungen der Schwanzmeisen hat nur einer eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit mit Meisenrufen, alle anderen sind stark verschieden; dies gilt auch für den Warnruf gegenüber Luftfeinden. Die Nestlingszeit der Schwanzmeisen entspricht der von Freibrütern; sie ist deutlich kürzer als bei Meisen. Am Nestbau beteiligen sich und , während bei denParus-Arten nur das baut.Sitta Während die Fähigkeit, abwärts zu klettern, nicht für alleSitta-Arten gilt, zerkleinern alle bisher bekannten Arten Nahrung, indem sie diese in Spalten stecken und mit dem Kopf nach unten hängend daraufklopfen. Dies ist ein grund-legender Unterschied zu allenParus-Arten. Alle holarktischenSitta-Arten sammeln Vorräte, alle sind Höhlenbrüter, die große Bruthöhlen, ähnlich wie die Meisen, verkleinern. Im Unterschied zu den Meisen fehltSitta ein Drohverhalten bei Störung im Nest. Eine Reihe von Arten schützt jedoch den Nesteingang teils durch eine Mauer aus Lehm, teils durch Beschmieren mit frischem Harz oder dadurch, daß Insekten am Flugloch so verrieben werden, daß ein Insektenduft entsteht. Bei Felsenkleibern sind diese Methoden kombiniert.Tichodroma Neuerdings wird der Mauerläufer eher zu den Kleibern gestellt als zuCerthia. Tatsächlich erinnert nur die Schnabelform an letztere Gattung. Es scheint, daß der Mauerläufer für seine Brut die Nähe von Felsschluchten oder Sturzbächen bevorzugt. Dort waren die Rufe flügger Junger im Nest nicht zu hören. Das auffallende Farbmuster kann eine ökologische Anpassung sein. Bettelnde Jungvögel schlagen die Flügel nach dem Ausfliegen viel höher und auffallender als andere Passeres. In der Lebensweise gleichtTichodroma vielfach dem FelsenkleiberS. neumayer, indem sie zur Brutzeit mehr Geröllfelder und den Rand von Schluchten aufsucht als Steilwände. Höhenunterschiede werden stets mit den Flügeln überwunden. Die auffallende Größe der Flügel läßt sich aus der Funktion leicht erklären. Das periodische Flügelzucken entspricht weitgehend dem vonSitta neumayer, nur mit dem Unterschied, daß es dafür beim Mauerläufer keiner erkennbaren Erregung bedarf. An der Bruthöhle wurde ein einziges Mal eine Pendelbewegung beobachtet, wie sie nur bei Kleibern vorkommt. Die Länge von Brutdauer und Nestlingszeit entspricht vor allem der der Kleiber.Certhia Der Stützschwanz ermöglichtCerthia eine völlig andersartige Klettermethode gegenüberSitta undTichodroma. Baumläufer sind an das Brüten in schmalen Spalten angepaßt. Die Brutdauer liegt zwischen der der Meisen und der Kleiber. Die Jungen sind sehr empfindlich und verlassen das Nest, bevor sie fliegen können, bei der geringsten Störung. Damit weichen sie ebenso von anderen Höhlenbrütern ab wie die brütenden , die gleichfalls sofort das Nest verlassen, wenn sie eine Gefahr wahrnehmen. Wenn das dem den zukünftigen Brutplatz demonstriert, schlüpft es ein und führt nach dem Herauskommen eine ritualisierte Schüttelbewegung aus, die Meisen und Kleibern fehlt. Auch die Schlafgewohnheiten sind verschieden.Es wird vorgeschlagen, die Schwanzmeisen als eigene Familie von den Meisen zu trennen. Den Kleibern gebührt ein eigener Familien-Status. Der Mauerläufer ist keinesfalls mitCerthia nahe verwandt, sondern sollte den Kleibern als Unter-familie zugeteilt werden, sofern er nicht eine eigene Familie darstellt.

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Summary Up to the present time general behavioral characteristics of entire groups have rarely been synthesized. The necessity of an additional characterization of this kind for the tit-like birds is revealed in the multiplicity of taxonomic interpretations. The positions of the generaAegithalos andTichodroma are especially unclear and are diversely treated in scientific writings.Therefore it was attempted, on the one hand, to present the most important behavior patterns of the generaParus andAegithalos, and on the other hand, those of the genusSitta contrasted withTichodroma andCerthia. Parus All species of this genus known to date break up food items by holding them with the foot and picking off pieces or breaking off the hulls of seeds. Even young which do not yet feed independently have this behavior. All tits are hole nesters. The procedure of the extensive filling in of cavities of the most varied sizes with moss is explained as an adaptation to the variation in tree cavities encountered, largely as the result of rotting. The covering of an incomplete clutch can prevent predators' recognition of the clutch when looking in the hole, for tit holes are generally not completely dark as a result of the irregularity of the entrance. The nestling period of about twenty days certainly represents an adaptation to nesting in a protected cavity. The threat combination present in all tits when disturbed in the nest is discussed in detail. This combination, consisting of a hissing sound, snapping closed of the open bill and concomitant blows of the wings against the sides of the cavity, is fully elicited only in a cavity, and is an indication that hole nesting appeared quite early in the phylogeny of tits. Feathered young utilize this behavior just as do male tits which are disturbed in a cavity. Tits do not differ basically from other passerines in courtship. Not all species of tits store food; those which do are mainly those which feed predominantly on seeds during the winter. Coal and Blue Tits were perhaps not originally seed eaters; they do not store food. The Indian race ofParus major does not eat seeds in captivity.Aegithalos Long-tailed Tits differ fromParus species in their strong social ties to conspecifics. Lone Long-tailed Tits are never encountered outside of the breeding season, whereas other tits even show a preference for other species. Long-tailed Tits always spend the night in mutual contact and the young are brought together repeatedly with a specific call. They are not territorial. At least inAegithalos and the AmericanPsaltriparus more than two adults can take part in nest building and rearing of the young. Only one of the vocalizations of the Long-tailed Tit has a certain similarity to the calls of other tits; all the others differ markedly, also the warning call against aerial predators. The nesting period of the Long-tailed Tit corresponds to that of open nesters; it is clearly shorter than that of other tits. Both male and female participate in nest building, whereas in theParus species only the female builds.Sitta Whereas the ability to climb downwards does not hold for allSitta species, all species known to date break up food items by putting them in crevices and hammering on them with the head hanging downward. This is a basic difference from allParus species. All Holarctic species ofSitta store food and all are hole nesters which, like the tits, reduce the size of large nesting holes. As opposed to the tits,Sitta lacks a threat display when disturbed in the nest. However, a number of species protect the nest entrance, in part by a mud wall, and partly by smearing fresh resin about, or by rubbing insects around the hole so that an insect odor results. Rock Nuthatches combine these methods.Tichodroma The Wall Creeper has recently been placed closer to the nuthatches than toCerthia. Actually only the form of the bill resembles this genus. It seems that the Wall Creeper prefers the vicinity of rocky ravines or waterfalls for breeding. The calls of fledged young in the nest were not heard. The striking color pattern can be an ecological adaptation. After leaving the nest, begging young beat their wings much more widely and conspicuously than other passerines.Tichodroma bears a strong resemblance to the Rock Nuthatch,S. neumayer, in its way of life, in that for the breeding season it seeks out more boulderstrewn fields and ravine edges than steep cliffs. Vertical movements are always accomplished by flight. The striking size of the wing can be easily explained from its function. The periodic wing flashing corresponds closely to that ofSitta neumayer, and differs in the Wall Creeper only in the fact that no recognizable stimulus is needed for it to occur. A single observation was made of an oscillating movement at the nesting cavity, which only occurs in nuthatches. The length of the incubation and nestling periods corresponds especially well to that of the nuthatches.Certhia The prop-like tail makes possible a completely different method of climbing in contrast toSitta andTichodroma. Tree Creepers are adapted for breeding in narrow crevices. The length of the incubation period is intermediate between that of the tits and that of the nuthatches. The young are easily disturbed and will leave the nest, before they can fly, at the least disturbance. They also differ from other hole nesters in that the female will leave the nest immediately if she perceives danger. When the male shows the female the prospective nesting site he slips in and, after coming out, performs a ritualized shaking movement which is not found in tits and nuthatches. The sleeping habits also differ.It is suggested that the Long-tailed Tits and Bush Tits be separated from the other tits, and placed in a family by themselves. The nuthatches deserve familial status. The Wall Creeper is by no means closely related toCerthia, and ought to be designated a subfamily of the nuthatches, in so much as it does not represent a separate family.

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Prof. Dr. Konrad Lorenz zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet

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Da uns nun nach Nestbau, Jugendbedaunung, Sperrachen, Stimme, Bewegungsweise z. B. Baum- und Mauerläufer oder Schwanz- und Waldmeisen untereinander durchaus nicht näher zu stehen scheinen als z. B. Waldmeisen und Kleiber, so begnügen wir uns mit den GattungenO. und M. Heinroth     

Hydrido-derivatives of [Ir4(CO)10(diphosphine)]: X-ray analyses of [Ir4H(CO)9(μ-Ph2PH(CH3)PPh2)] and [Ir4 H(CO)9(μ-Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2)] (n = 2, 3)

Some novel hydrido-anions of general formula [Ir₄H(CO)₉(μ-L-L)]⁻ (L-L = Ph₂PCH(CH₃)PPh₂, Ph₂P(CH₂)₂PPh₂, Ph₂P(CH₂)₃PPh₂ and Ph₂AsCH₂AsPh₂) have been obtained by the reaction of [Ir₄(CO)₁₀(μ-L-L)] with the base 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene in wet dichloromethane. According to IR and ¹H, ³¹P and ¹³C NMR data at low temperature, these anionic derivatives display a single conformation in solution: three edge-bridging COs around the triangular basal face and both the hydride and the bidentate ligands located in axial positions relative to this face. The structures of four compounds were established by X-ray diffraction studies, which confirmed the configuration proposed on the basis of spectroscopic data.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene gold(I) and silver(I) adducts of [Pt2(μ-S)2(PPh3)4]

Reaction of the metalloligand [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes IPrAuCl, IMesAuCl and IMesAgCl in methanol gave the first examples of metal adducts of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] that contain NHC ligands, namely [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄AuL]⁺ (L = IPr, IMes) and [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄AgIMes]⁺. The complexes were isolated as hexafluorophosphate salts. Reaction of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with excess IPrAuCl in refluxing methanol yielded only the mono-adduct, in contrast to the behaviour with the gold(I) phosphine complex Ph₃PAuCl, which undergoes double addition giving [Pt₂(μ-SAuPPh₃)₂(PPh₃)₄]²⁺. The X-ray structure of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄AuIPr]PF₆ was determined and reveals that the ‘free’ sulfide is substantially sterically protected by the IPr ligand, accounting for the low reactivity towards addition of a second AgIPr⁺ moiety.     

An antiferromagnetically coupled trinuclear Cu(II) complex containing μ(O,O′), μ(O) carboxylates and μ(O) phenoxide bridges

The trinuclear complex [L₂Cu₃(CF₃CO₂)₄] (1) has been synthesized and its crystal structure determined. It consists of a linear arrangement of Cu(II) centers. The central copper atom is bonded to six oxygen atoms and has a tetragonally distorted octahedral geometry, while the terminal copper atoms are bonded to three oxygen and two nitrogen atoms and show a distorted square pyramidal geometry. The complex shows di-μ(O,O′) syn-syn carboxylate bridging as well as monoatomic (μ-O) bridging, along with phenolate (μ-O) oxygen bridging. Cryomagnetic investigations in the range 2-300 K revealed an antiferromagnetic spin exchange interaction with J = −95.7 cm⁻¹, based on the isotropic exchange model H_ex = −2J[S₁ · S₂ + S₂ · S₃].     

Mono(p-tolyl)platinum(II) and bis(p-tolyl)platinum(II) complexes of diethylsulfide as reagents for organoplatinum synthesis. Structures of [Pt(p-Tol)2(μ-SEt2)]2 and PtCl(p-Tol)(bpy) (bpy=2,2′-bipyridine)

The complex trans-PtCl(p-Tol)(SEt₂)₂ is obtained from the reaction of [Pt(p-Tol)₂(SEt₂)]₂ with PtCl₂(SEt₂)₂ and SEt₂ in mole ratio 1:2:2. The mono(p-tolyl)platinum(II) and bis(p-tolyl)platinum(II) complexes of diethylsulfide react with 2,2′-bipyridine to form the complexes PtX(p-Tol)(bpy) (X=p-Tol, Cl) and are useful reagents for organoplatinum chemistry. X-ray crystal structures are presented for square planar PtCl(p-Tol)(bpy) and the centrosymmetric dimer [Pt(p-Tol)₂(μ-SEt₂)]₂.     

TYRO3~(-/-)AXL~(-/-)MER~(-/-)小鼠骨髓细胞mRNA的差异表达谱

TYRO3、AXL和MER受体是受体酪氨酸激酶亚家族之一,广泛地表达在哺乳动物神经、免疫、生殖、血液等系统多种细胞中,促进细胞存活、增殖和分化。本研究利用基因芯片技术筛选基因敲除的TYRO3~(~(-/-))AXL~(-/-)MER~(-/-)小鼠骨髓细胞中差异性表达的m RNA,并进行生物信息学分析。与正常小鼠骨髓细胞相比,TYRO3~(-/-)AXL~(-/-)MER~(-/-)小鼠骨髓细胞中差异表达基因探针共1 363条,其中表达上调的基因探针499条、下调的基因探针864条。GO功能富集分析发现上调的基因主要参与免疫反应,下调的基因主要参与造血。KEGG Pathway富集分析发现上调的基因主要参与细胞粘附分子和抗原呈递等信号通路。Real-time PCR验证5个差异基因,与芯片中表达变化趋势一致。因此TYRO3、AXL和MER受体共同参与调控机体的免疫反应和血细胞分化。     

Hydraulic Conductivity (Lp) and Its Activation Energy (Ea), Cryoprotectant Agent Permeability (Ps) and ItsEa, and Reflection Coefficients (?) for Golden Hamster Individual Pancreatic Islet Cell Membranes

Long-term cryopreservation of islets of Langerhans would be advantageous to a clinical islet transplantation program. Fundamental cryobiology utilizes knowledge of basic biophysical characteristics to increase the understanding of the preservation process and possibly increase survival rate. In this study several of these previously unreported characteristics have been determined for individual islet cells isolated from Golden hamster islets. Using an electronic particle counting device and a temperature control apparatus, dynamic volumetric response of individual islet cells to anisosmotic challenges of 1.5 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 1.5 M ethylene glycol (EG) were recorded at four temperatures (8, 22, 28, and 37°C). The resulting curves were fitted using Kedem and Katchalsky equations which describe water flux and cryoprotectant agent (CPA) flux based on hydraulic conductivity (L_p), CPA permeability (P_s), and reflection coefficient (?) for the membrane. For Golden hamster islet cells,L_p,P_s, and ? for DMSO at 22°C were found to be 0.23 ± 0.06 μm/min/atm, 0.79 ± 0.32 × 10⁻³cm/min, and 0.55 ± 0.37 (n= 11) (mean ± SD), respectively. For EG at 22°C,L_pequaled 0.23 ± 0.06 μm/min/atm,P_sequaled 0.63 ± 0.20 × 10⁻³cm/min, and ? was 0.75 ± 0.17 (n= 9). Arrhenius plots (lnL_por lnP_sversus 1/temperature (K)) were created by adding the data from the other three temperatures and the resulting linear regression yielded correlation coefficients (r) of 0.99 for all four plots (L_pandP_sfor both CPAs). Activation energies (E_a) ofL_pandP_swere calculated from the slopes of the regressions. The values for DMSO were found to be 12.43 and 18.34 kcal/mol forL_pandP_s(four temperatures, totaln= 52), respectively. For EG,E_aofL_pwas 11.69 kcal/mol andE_aofP_swas 20.35 kcal/mol (four temperatures, totaln= 58).     

Study of Pt(II)-aromatic amines complexes of the types cis- and trans-Pt(amine)2I2, [Pt(amine)4]I2 and I(amine)Pt(μ-I)2Pt(amine)I

Pt(II) complexes of the types cis- and trans-Pt(amine)₂I₂ with amines containing a phenyl group were synthesized and studied mainly by IR and multinuclear (¹⁹⁵Pt, ¹H and ¹³C) magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The compounds are not very soluble. In ¹⁹⁵Pt NMR spectroscopy, the cis isomers were observed at slightly lower fields than the trans analogues (average Δδ = 11 ppm) in acetone. In ¹H NMR, the NH groups were also found at slightly lower fields in the cis isomers. The coupling constants ²J(¹⁹⁵Pt-¹HN) varied from 53 to 85 Hz and seem slightly smaller in the trans configuration. The ¹³C NMR spectra of most of the complexes were measured. No coupling constants J(¹⁹⁵Pt-¹³C) were detected due to the low solubility of the compounds. The cis isomers containing a phenyl group on the N atom could not be isolated except for Ph-NH₂ which was shown to be a mixture of isomers in acetone. The tetrasubstituted ionic compounds [Pt(amine)₄]I₂ for the less crowded ligands were also studied mainly by NMR spectroscopy in aqueous solution. The ¹⁹⁵Pt chemical shifts vary between −2855 and −2909 ppm. The coupling constants ³J(¹⁹⁵Pt-¹H) are about 40 Hz. The iodo-bridged dinuclear species I(amine)Pt(μ-I)₂Pt(amine)I were also synthesized and characterized. Two isomers are present in acetone solution for most of the compounds. Their δ(Pt) signals were observed at about −4000 ppm and their coupling constants ²J(¹⁹⁵Pt-¹HN) are around 69 Hz.     

滇西二叠纪Shanita-Hemigordius(Hemigordiopsis)有孔虫动物群

近几年来,在亚洲一些地区二叠系,发现了一个大型有孔虫Shanita,常与Hemigordius(Hemigordiopsis)伴生,组成特提斯海区二叠纪颇具特色的动物群,分布在一定的区域范围,形成了特定的生物地理区。本文主要记述这一动物群在我国滇西地区的发现及其纵横分布情况。本文材料系云南省地质局第一区测队、云南省地质研究所等单位送来我所鉴定的,薄片、照相、绘图均由我所技术室承担,特此致谢。滇西潞西、腾冲、镇康一带二叠系较发育,由巨厚的白云质灰岩、灰岩及泥岩等组成,含有和中国南部其它地区(秦岭地区除外)不尽相同的有孔虫动物群。据云南省地质局第一区域地质测量大队工作结果,此区二叠系自上而下,大致分层如下: 上覆地层:中三叠统或侏罗系     

Reactions of the complexes [Re2(CO)9(η-P-P)] (P-P=Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2, n=1-6) with Me3NO: formation of close-bridged complexes [Re2(CO)8(μ-P-P)] and phosphine oxide complexes [Re2(CO)9{P-P(O)}]

Reactions of [Re₂(CO)₁₀] with Me₃NO and diphosphines [Ph₂P(CH₂)_nPPh₂, n=1-6] yield mixtures of the monodentate-coordinated diphosphine complexes [Re₂(CO)₉(η¹-P-P)] (P-P=Ph₂P(CH₂)_nPPh₂, n=1-6) (yields 5-40%) and bridged dimers [{Re₂(CO)₉}₂(μ-P-P)] (5-50%). These complexes were isolated as either equatorial or axial isomers, or a mixture of two isomers. Reactions of the monodentate complexes with Me₃NO yield close-bridged complexes [Re₂(CO)₈(μ-P-P)] and phosphine oxide complexes [Re₂(CO)₉{P-P(O)}]. The structures of the close-bridged complexes 1 (n=3) and 2 (n=4), were determined by X-ray crystallography. The Re-Re bond in the close-bridged complex with the longest phosphine chain (n=6) is readily cleaved in CDCl₃ to give the complex [{cis-ReCl(CO)₄}₂(μ-dpph)] (3) as the product, the structure of which was also determined by X-ray crystallography.     

Thallium(III) complexes of the metalloligands [Pt2(μ-S)2(PPh3)4] and [Pt2(μ-Se)2(PPh3)4]

Reactions of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with the diarylthallium(III) bromides Ar₂TlBr [Ar = Ph and p-ClC₆H₄] in methanol gave good yields of the thallium(III) adducts [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄TlAr₂]⁺, isolated as their salts. The corresponding selenide complex [Pt₂(μ-Se)₂(PPh₃)₄TlPh₂]BPh₄ was similarly synthesised from [Pt₂(μ-Se)₂(PPh₃)₄], Ph₂TlBr and NaBPh₄. The reaction of [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄] with PhTlBr₂ gave [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄TlBrPh]⁺, while reaction with TlBr₃ gave the dibromothallium(III) adduct [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄TlBr₂]⁺[TlBr₄]⁻. The latter complex is a rare example of a thallium(III) dihalide complex stabilised solely by sulfur donor ligands. X-ray crystal structure determinations on the complexes [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄TlPh₂]BPh₄, [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄TlBrPh]BPh₄ and [Pt₂(μ-S)₂(PPh₃)₄TlBr₂][TlBr₄] reveal a greater interaction between the thallium(III) centre and the two sulfide ligands on stepwise replacement of Ph by Br, as indicated by shorter Tl-S and Pt?Tl distances, and an increasing S-Tl-S bond angle. Investigations of the ESI MS fragmentation behaviour of the thallium(III) complexes are reported.     

Notch信号途径中的Su(H)和E(spl)基因对果蝇天然免疫的影响

天然免疫系统是多细胞生物抵抗各种入侵微生物的第一道防线.Notch途径介导相邻细胞之间的相互作用,调节细胞、组织、器官的分化和发育.为了进一步探索Notch信号途径在果蝇天然免疫中的功能,利用Notch途径下游基因Su(H)和E(spl)的低表达突变体果蝇,通过体外注射病原体分析了生存率、血细胞的噬菌功能和抗菌肽的表达量以及突变体的血细胞数量.结果表明,革兰氏阴性细菌和真菌感染后果蝇E(spl)突变体的生存率、噬菌能力及抗菌肽的表达量明显降低,而且幼虫期血细胞出现异常增殖;Su(H)突变体只对真菌表现出敏感性,抗菌肽的表达量降低,但是对真菌的噬菌能力正常.此结果表明,Notch途径不仅影响个体的生长发育,而且在果蝇天然免疫中也起重要的调节作用.     

Akustische Barrieren zwischen Blaumeise (Parus caeruleus) und Lasurmeise (Parus cyanus)?

Zusammenfassung Lautäußerungen der Lasurmeise (Parus cyanus) besitzen für mitteleuropäische Blaumeisen (P. caeruleus) nur geringen Auslösewert. Sie zeichnen sich durch schnelle Frequenzwechsel aus und sind somit anders aufgebaut alscaeruleus-Gesangs- und Lautelemente; auch differieren sie deutlich im Tonhöhenverlauf. Einzelne Lautäußerungen werden jedoch gut verstanden. Das sind solche Tonfolgen, die mitcaeruleus-Lautäußerungen im Frequenzverlauf übereinstimmen. Auch auf einzelne komplexe Lautäußerungen wird reagiert, wenn wenigstens in einem Teil der Strophe die El. übereinstimmen. Ebenfalls wichtig, aber weniger entscheidend, ist die fallende Strophenmelodie vom Anfang zum Ende der Strophe. Von geringerem Einfluß ist die Tonhöhe der einzelnen Elemente bzw. der Elementblöcke bei übereinstimmendem Tonhöhenverlauf. Folglich erscheint Paarbildung aufgrund akustischer Verständigung nicht unmöglich. Das sehen wir als einen wesentlichen Grund an, warum es mit gewisser Regelmäßigkeit immer wieder zu Mischpaaren und F1-Hybriden kommt. Die partielle Repertoire-Ähnlichkeit zwischen beiden Arten wird als Rest alter gemeinsamer Merkmale vor der Aufspaltung in die beiden rezenten Arten angesehen. Das Repertoire voncyanus ist im ausgedehnten nördlichen Arealteil (cyanus-Gruppe) weitgehend einheitlich. Reaktionsmindernde Dialekte sind bisher nicht erkennbar.

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Acoustic barriers between Azure Tit (Parus cyanus) and Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus)?

Summary Unaltered vocalizations of Azure Tits elicit territorial responses in SW German Blue Tits only under certain conditions. Azure Tit vocalizations differ in pitch and form of most notes, especially quick alteration of frequency in time. But single notes are very similar to Blue Tit notes. When combined to artificial songs, high response activity is evoked. These natural and artificial songs are similar tocaeruleus at least in one character. Most important is congruent form (pitch) of the notes in at least a part of the song verse. Also but less decisive is the descending pitch within the entire song starting at the beginning. Less important is the pitch of single elements or element blocks (phrases), as far as the form of elements is congruent. Certain circumstances given, especially low population density of one of the species concerned, interspecific acoustic display and pair formation may occur. But there is no introgression even locally. The partial similarity of vocalizations between both species is regarded as an old character. It already existed when the common ancestor species split into the two recent ones. No dialects seem to exist in the northern part of the vastcyanus area (cyanus group). There is heavy territorial response of on the Ussuri to playback of songs from Novosibirsk (W Siberia).

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Beiträge zur Fauna des Fernen Ostens, Nr. 1.     

A one-dimensional copper (II) coordination polymer [Cu3(ampym)2(μ1,1-N3)4(μ1,3-N3)2(dmf)2]n (ampym = 2-aminopyrimidine) containing both end-on and end-to-end azido bridges

A new polynuclear copper (II) complex, derived from the azido-bridging ligand and 2-aminopyrimidine, has been synthesized and its 3-D structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods at two different temperatures. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic system space group, with the central copper atom lying on an inversion centre. The crystal structure is built up by trinuclear units (each of them contains two double end-on azido bridges) linked through two azide ions in an end-to-end (EE) fashion, to yield the polymer chain [Cu₃(ampym)₂(μ_1,1-N₃)₄(μ_1,3-N₃)₂(dmf)₂]_n. Magnetic susceptibility measurement shows a ferromagnetic interaction above 30 K, whereas a weak anti-ferromagnetic interaction prevails in the range of 30-2 K.     

(Na+/K+)-ATPase研究概况

本文概述(Na⁺/K⁺)-ATPase的一般分子性质。介绍神经元和脂肪细胞中两种不同分子形式(Na⁺/K⁺)-ATPase的分离鉴定和功能性质,以及(Na⁺/K⁺)-ATPase主要功能亚基一级序列和高级结构研究所取得的一些进展。     

Reaction of cyanamide and their derivatives with (η-C5H5)Mn(CO)3 and (η-C5H4CH3)Mn(CO)3

The reaction of cyanamide and its derivatives with the (η⁵-C₅H₅)Mn(CO)₂(THF) and (η⁵-C₅H₄CH₃)Mn(CO)₂(THF) complexes affords the cyanamide substituted complexes of types (η⁵-C₅H₅)Mn(CO)₂(NCN(R′)(R″)) (2a-d) and (η⁵-C₅H₄CH₃)Mn(CO)₂(NCN(R′)(R″)) (3a-e). All complexes were characterized by spectroscopy (¹H, ¹³C NMR, IR), elemental and mass spectroscopy analysis. Complex 2b (η⁵-C₅H₅)Mn(CO)₂(NCN(CH₃)₂) was additionally examined by single crystal X-ray structure determination.     

Conformational studies on poly(N-δ-trimethyl-l-ornithine)

$\text{Poly}\text{(N-δ-}\text{trimethyl-}\text{l}\text{-ornithine}$), (Me₃Orn)_n, is usually not able to attain the α-helical conformation in aqueous solution independent of its pH value; however, it becomes α-helical at low concentrations of sodium perchlorate over a wide pH range according to the circular dichorism (c.d.) spectra. Cl^?, SO₄^2? and H₂PO₄^? do not induce α-helix formation. One can conclude that a distinct topology of the anions bound by the side chains is responsible for the α-helix-inducing effect of some water-structure-breaking anions such as perchlorate. This means that the anions are inserted between the ?N⁺ of the side groups shielding the positive charges repelling one another. The insertion of the anions requires that the water molecules surrounding the ions can be stripped off, which is easily possible if they are water-structure-breaking ones. At higher perchlorate concentrations, the c.d. spectrum changes. It is characterized by a negative shoulder near 208 nm and a pronounced minimum at ≈ 226 nm. With increasing temperature, the c.d. spectrum of the α-helix occurs. Finally the α-helix undergoes a conformational change to the random coil. The apparent transition enthalpy ΔH_vH is remarkably lower than that of the homologue (Me₃Lys)_n, obviously due to a lower cooperativity of the transition. In contrast to poly(l-ornithine), (Orn)_n, the c.d. spectrum of (Me₃Orn)_n remains almost unchanged after adding anionic surfactants such as sodium octyl sulphate (SOS) or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). In organic solvents like methanol or isopropanol, in contrast to (Orn)_a and (Lys)_n, no α-helix formation occurs. However, in mixtures of these alcohols or dioxane with water, α-helix formation is induced by perchlorate, as in pure water. The thermal stability of the α-helix in these systems is increased.     

Synthesis and NMR characterization of the novel mixed-ligand Pt(II) complexes cis- and trans-Pt(Ypy)(pyrimidine)Cl2 and trans,trans-Cl2(Ypy)Pt(μ-pyrimidine)Pt(Ypy)Cl2 (Ypy = pyridine derivative)

Mixed-ligand complexes of the type cis- and trans-Pt(Ypy)(pm)Cl₂ where Ypy = pyridine derivative and pm = pyrimidine were synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy and by multinuclear (¹⁹⁵Pt, ¹H and ¹³C) magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The cis compounds were prepared from the reaction of K[Pt(Ypy)Cl₃] with pyrimidine (1:1 proportion) in water, while most of the trans isomers were synthesized from the isomerization of the cis compounds. The cis isomers could not be isolated with the Ypy ligands containing two -CH₃ groups in ortho positions. When the aqueous reaction of K[Pt(Ypy)Cl₃] with pyrimidine was performed in a Pt:pm ratio = 2:1, the pyrimidine-bridged dinuclear species were formed. Only the most stable trans-trans isomers could be isolated pure. In IR spectroscopy, the cis monomers showed two ν(Pt-Cl) bands, while the trans monomers and dimers showed only one ν(Pt-Cl) band. The ¹⁹⁵Pt NMR signals of the cis monomers were found at slightly higher fields than those of the corresponding trans isomers. The δ(¹⁹⁵Pt) of the dimers were found close to those of the trans monomers. The NMR results were interpreted in relation to the solvent effect, which seems important in these complexes. The coupling constants J(¹⁹⁵Pt-¹H) and J(¹⁹⁵Pt-¹³C) are larger in the cis geometry. The crystal structures of the compounds cis-Pt(2,4-lut)(pm)Cl₂, trans-Pt(2,6-lut)(pm)Cl₂ and trans,trans-Cl₂(2,6-lut)Pt(μ-pm)Pt(Ypy)Cl₂ were studied by X-ray diffraction methods and the results have confirmed the configurations suggested by IR and NMR spectroscopies.     

海链藻(Thalassiosira)与圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus)的形态学比较研究

海链藻属（Thalassiosira）和圆筛藻属（Coscinodiscus）的种类繁多,是硅藻门中的大属和代表属。两者的形态学特征具有较多相似之处,易混淆鉴定。通过光学显微镜和电镜观察,比较研究了海链藻和圆筛藻种类的形态学特征。海链藻种类除了具有1~2个唇形突之外,还具有数量较多的支持突,少数种类具有闭合突;筛膜位于壳面内侧;中孔在壳面外侧。而圆筛藻种类只具有数量众多的唇形突,且其中两个较大;筛膜位于壳面外侧;中孔在壳面内侧。由于两属形态学特征的区别只有在电镜下才能清晰观察到,因此尚有较多的分类修订工作需要进行。     

论湖南海扇(Hunanopecten)

湖南海扇属为张仁杰(1977)所建。现已描述的有H. exilis Zhang, H. qujiangensis Zhang, H. declivis Y. X. Zhang, H? longauriculus Yin等四种,后两种仅见于个别地点,一般所谈的湖南海扇主要指前两种。湖南海扇具有生物地层学、生态学和分类学意义,本文试图从这三方面给予论述。张仁杰同志惠赠原型照片以供比较,并提出宝贵意见,特致谢意。