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We report the cloning and characterization of two new metallothionein (MT) genes (TrosMTT1 and TrosMTT2), isolated as cDNAs, from the ciliated protozoa Tetrahymena rostrata. The TrosMTT1 inferred protein has been identified as a CdMT and included into the 7a subfamily of Tetrahymena MTs, while TrosMTT2 has been identified as a CuMT (including it into 7b subfamily), due to its similarity to TpigMT-2 and its significant induction by copper. TrosMTT1 protein sequence reveals a remarkably regular and hierarchical modular organization, as it is known for other Tetrahymena CdMTs, showing a bi-modular structure. TrosMTT2 presents a structural organization based on CKCX(2-5)CKC repeats, like it occurs in other Tetrahymena CuMTs, indicating that an evolutionary history based on intra-gene duplications might be also possible. Both are also multi-stress-inducible genes because they are induced by other heavy metals and stressors, as it has been shown by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. It is the first time that the gene expression of a putative Tetrahymena CuMT is analyzed by quantitative PCR, confirming it as a CuMT. These two new Tetrahymena MTs complete, at present, the actual view of this protein superfamily, and corroborate the unique features of ciliate MTs. Furthermore, both, a comparative analysis of relative gene expression values obtained by quantitative RT-PCR on other Tetrahymena MT genes and an analysis of the different Tetrahymena MTs based on the different Cys clusters of these proteins are carried out, which show an update view of Tetrahymena MT gene family.  相似文献   

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HBNU/LSRC/F3, a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain stored in our lab, exhibited an anti-tumor ability in our previous studies. Nonetheless, very little is known about its genome sequence, which is vital for further study. Here, the complete HBNU/LSRC/F3 genome was fully sequenced and compared with other NDV sequences. Its genome contained 15,192 nucleotides (nt) consisting of two termini and six genes in the following order: 3′-Le-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-Tr-5′. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this NDV strain belonged to the Class II genotype IX group. A multibasic amino acid (aa) sequence was found at the cleavage site (112RRQRR↓F117) within the fusion (F) protein, and a 6 nt insertion was present in the 5′ non-coding region of the NP gene. The whole genome sequence was highly similar to other genotype IX NDV genomes reported in China. Overall, this study provides insight into the sequence characteristics of genotype IX NDVs, which will be useful for subsequent investigations.  相似文献   

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Analysis of natural host-parasite relationships reveals the evolutionary forces that shape the delicate and unique specificity characteristic of such interactions. The accessory long gland-reservoir complex of the wasp Leptopilina heterotoma (Figitidae) produces venom with virus-like particles. Upon delivery, venom components delay host larval development and completely block host immune responses. The host range of this Drosophila endoparasitoid notably includes the highly-studied model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. Categorization of 827 unigenes, using similarity as an indicator of putative homology, reveals that approximately 25% are novel or classified as hypothetical proteins. Most of the remaining unigenes are related to processes involved in signaling, cell cycle, and cell physiology including detoxification, protein biogenesis, and hormone production. Analysis of L. heterotoma's predicted venom gland proteins demonstrates conservation among endo- and ectoparasitoids within the Apocrita (e.g., this wasp and the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis) and stinging aculeates (e.g., the honey bee and ants). Enzyme and KEGG pathway profiling predicts that kinases, esterases, and hydrolases may contribute to venom activity in this unique wasp. To our knowledge, this investigation is among the first functional genomic studies for a natural parasitic wasp of Drosophila. Our findings will help explain how L. heterotoma shuts down its hosts' immunity and shed light on the molecular basis of a natural arms race between these insects.  相似文献   

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Bark beetles oxidize the defensive monoterpenes of their host trees both to detoxify them and convert them into components of their pheromone system. This oxidation is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes and occurs in different tissues of the insect, including the gut (i.e., the site where the beetle's pheromones are produced and accumulated) and the antennae (i.e., the olfactory organs used for perception of airborne defensive monoterpenes as well as other host-associated compounds and pheromones). We identified ten new CYP genes in the pine beetle Dendroctonus rhizophagus in either antennae or gut tissue after stimulation with the vapors of major host monoterpenes α-pinene, β-pinene and 3-carene. Five genes belong to the CYP4 family, four to the CYP6 family and one to the CYP9 family. Differential expression of almost all of the CYP genes was observed between sexes, and within these significant differences among time, stimuli, anatomical region, and their interactions were found upon exposure to host monoterpenes. Increased expression of cytochrome P450 genes suggests that they play a role in the detoxification of monoterpenes released by this insect's host trees.  相似文献   

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