Updated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Belgium

Most information about the systematics and bioecology of Belgian mosquitoes dates back from before 1950, and only scattered information was produced during the last decades. In this paper we review and update the list of mosquito species recorded in Belgium, from first report (1908) to 2015. Six genera and 31 species were recorded so far, including 28 autochthonous species and three invasive alien species recently recorded in Belgium: Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894), Ae. japonicus japonicus (Theobald 1901), and Ae. koreicus (Edwards 1917). The six genera are Anopheles (five species), Aedes (sixteen species), Coquillettidia (one species), Culex (four species), Culiseta (four species), and Orthopodomyia (one species).     

Updated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Croatia

Improvement of morphological and molecular identification methods allows the detection of new species of mosquitoes. The mosquito fauna of Croatia currently includes 52 species, belonging to eight genera, including Anopheles (12 species), Aedes (24 species), Coquillettidia (one species), Culex (seven species), Culiseta (six species), Orthopodomyia (one species), and Uranotaenia (one species). This is an updated checklist, which includes five new species found in Croatian mosquito fauna. Two of these are invasive mosquito species, Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) and Aedes japonicus (Theobald 1901), which are spreading across Europe and Croatia. The other three species, Culex laticinctus (Edwards 1913), Culex torrentium (Martini 1925), and Anopheles daciae (Linton, Nicolescu & Harbach 2004) are autochthonous species which haven't been recorded so far. Since there are several more invasive species spreading across Europe, we assume that this is not the final list.     

Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the identification of invasive Aedes mosquito species

Invasive Aedes mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) are of public health concern in Europe because they are either recognized or potential vectors of pathogens. Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid and simple method for amplifying DNA with high specificity and efficiency, with the technique having potential for application in the field, including in high‐throughput format. Specific LAMP assays based on rDNA internal transcribed spacers 1 or 2 sequences, considering intraspecies variability at these loci, were developed for Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes koreicus and the indigenous Aedes geniculatus. No such assays could be developed for Aedes atropalpus and Aedes triseriatus because both loci were too short to serve as target. The assays rely on the clearly visible colour change from violet to sky blue after successful amplification. Sensitivity of egg detection was confirmed with ratios of up to one mosquito egg in 99 other eggs. Simple sample preparation of adults or eggs by mechanical homogenization in water required an additional heat treatment or centrifugation step to avoid non‐specific colour changes. Thus, further technical improvements are needed to render these assays truly field‐applicable, which would greatly facilitate surveillance of these invasive mosquito species and allow for prompt implementation of control measures.     

The Tipulidae (Diptera) of northern Morocco with a focus on the Rif region,including the description of a new species of Tipula (Lunatipula) and an updated checklist for Morocco

An overview of the Tipulidae known to occur in northern Morocco with an emphasis on the Rif mountains is given, incorporating new distribution data based on recently collected material in the area. Dolichopeza (Dolichopeza) hispanica, Tipula (Lunatipula) subpustulata, and Tipula (Yamatotipula) afriberia afriberia are recorded for the first time for the Rif. Tipula (L.) stimulosa Mannheims, 1973 and T. (Vestiplex) vaillanti vaillanti Theowald, 1977 are reported for the first time for the Rif and Morocco. Tipula (Lunatipula) pseudocinerascens Strobl, 1906 and Tipula (Savtshenkia) confusa van der Wulp, 1883 are recorded for the first time for the Rif, Morocco and North Africa. A new species of the subgenus Lunatipula, T. (L.) pjotri n. sp., is described and illustrated. Nephrotoma exastigma, previously reported for the Rif, seems to be absent in Morocco. Reports of Tipula (Emodotipula) obscuriventris Strobl, 1900 for Morocco actually refer to T. (E.) leo. This brings the number of Tipulidae for Morocco to 39 species and for the Rif to 28. An updated checklist of the Tipulidae of Morocco is provided.     

Phylogenetic analysis of Aedes species distributed in Taif Province,Saudi Arabia,based on mitochondrial COX1 sequences

As Aedes mosquitoes are the predominant carriers of arboviruses responsible for global dengue fever and chikungunya outbreaks, understanding their genetic diversity and population structure can enhance dengue prevention and vector control efforts. Although sympatric cryptic species have been acknowledged in Aedes species subgroups in Southeast Asia, little information is available regarding the occurrence and dispersal of cryptic Aedes species in Saudi Arabia. In the present investigation, we intend to analyze genetic variations and perform a phylogenetic study of sympatric Aedes samples collected from various locations in Taif Province, Saudi Arabia. The locus of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1, analyzed with DNA barcoding) was utilized to determine genetic variance and to build phylogenetic trees. For species identification, the COX1 sequences of Aedes samples from Taif Province were compared with those of Aedes samples from GenBank (National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI). To identify phylogenetic relationships and genetic variability, phylogenetic trees were created using Taif Province samples, GenBank A. albopictus samples, and GenBank A. aegypti samples. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that some Taif samples (A3, A7, F2, F4, F1, A4, A1, F9 and F6) were closer to A. aegypti and A. albopictus samples from Africa and East Asia, especially Kenya and Malaysia. Whereas other samples (F9, F6, A4, F1 and A1) were closer to the GenBank A. aegypti samples KP843383 (Thailand), HM399357(Australia), MK533632 (Kenya), KX420460 (Kenya), KU495081 (Australia) and MF179160 (China) than the remaining Taif samples. Overall, our findings demonstrate that examining the genetic diversity and phylogenetic linkages of Aedes samples can aid in understanding the evolution of Aedes cryptic species in the western regions of Saudi Arabia.     

Aedes albopictus oviposits with other Aedes species in artificial oviposition cups: a case study in Knox County,Tennessee, U.S.A.

Interspecific associations between two mosquito species can lead to effects such as competition, species displacement, and species stability. To better understand Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and other Aedes species, we monitored eggs in artificial oviposition cups (ovitraps) within Knox County, TN, U.S.A., during the 2016 and 2017 mosquito seasons. In 2016, one black and one white ovitrap were placed at 18 sites for 21 weeks, while in 2017 black and white ovitraps baited with grass‐infused or deionized water were placed at 11 sites for nine weeks. Eggs were identified to species and resulting counts were used to determine the degree of interspecific association using Cole's coefficients (C₇) and the degree of heterogeneity across space and time using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). Here, Aedes mosquitoes are generally ovipositing in black cups with grass‐infused water, and Ae. albopictus eggs co‐occurred with other Aedes species more often than would be expected. Finding a positive significant interspecific association between Ae. albopictus and other Aedes eggs suggests that methods used to control Ae. albopictus may also control other Aedes mosquitoes. Finding that Ae. albopictus co‐occurs with other Aedes mosquitoes warrants additional research to evaluate outcomes associated with co‐occurrence within the study area.     

CHROMOSOMAL REPATTERNING AND LINKAGE GROUP CONSERVATION IN MOSQUITO KARYOTYPIC EVOLUTION

Chromosome number and morphology in mosquitoes is remarkably uniform: virtually all mosquitoes have a diploid chromosome number of six (2N = 6), and their chromosomes are invariably metacentric or submetacentric. Numerical changes obviously have not been important in mosquito chromosomal evolution, and because of the morphological similarity of their chromosomes, it appears that structural changes have played little or no role in mosquito karyotypic evolution. The goal of the present study was to identify the types and relative numbers of chromosomal changes in mosquito evolution and to extend the comparison where possible to the higher diptera. To do this, we compared the enzyme linkage maps of six species of Aedes to each other and to enzyme maps of seven other mosquito species and to Drosophila melanogaster. Our results indicate that Aedes chromosomes have been modified by inversions, most which were paracentric, and by translocations, most which were Robertsonian. Intrageneric comparison of Aedes enzyme maps also revealed groups of linked enzyme loci whose integrity has been maintained throughout Aedes evolution (conserved linkages/syntenies). Intergeneric comparisons of Aedes enzyme maps with those of species in the genera Culex, Anopheles, and Toxorhynchites disclosed conserved associations of enzyme loci between mosquito genera. These findings lead us to postulate that the ancestral mosquito karyotype consisted of six chromosomal elements which, other than being combined in different ways in various mosquito groups, have remained essentially intact during mosquito evolution. Furthermore, the identification of groups of linked enzyme loci common to mosquitoes and to D. melanogaster indicates that linkage group conservation may characterize the karyotypic evolution of all dipteran insects.     

Geographical distribution of the Aedes Triseriatus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mexico

Aedes brelandi Zavortink is reported for the first time outside of the United States, where it has been found in northern and central parts of Mexico. Ae. triseriatus (Say) is reported in northern and central Mexico and Ae. zoosophus Dyar and Knab is recorded in southern Mexico. Collection records for these species in northern, central, and southern Mexico showing the current distribution of the Aedes Triseriatus Group are included.     

The first checklist of black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) of Morocco

The first checklist of black fungus gnats is established; new faunistic records of Sciaridae are presented, providing a list of 10 genera and 55 species. Forty-eight species are newly listed for Morocco, increasing the total of Sciaridae known from Morocco to 69 species, belonging to 12 genera, of which six (Austrosciara Schmitz & Mjöberg, 1924, Bradysiopsis Tuomikoski, 1960, Epidapus Haliday, 1851, Lycoriella Frey, 1942, Pseudolycoriella Menzel & Mohrig, 1998 and Sciara Meigen, 1803) are newly reported for Moroccan fauna.     

Potential distributions of phlebotomine sandfly vectors of human visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Morocco

Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is a common vector-borne systemic disease caused by Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). In Morocco the situation is complex: many sandfly species have been collected in areas in which the disease is endemic, but only Phlebotomus ariasi, Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus longicuspis (Diptera: Psychodidae) have been confirmed to have vectorial roles. The objective of the present study was to ascertain the potential distribution of L. infantum and its vectors in Morocco, using ecological niche modelling. Vector records were obtained from field collections of the Laboratory team and from previously published entomological observations. Epidemiological data for L. infantum modelling were obtained from Moroccan Ministry of Health reports. The jackknife test indicated that the bioclimatic variables with the greatest influence on model development for all species were annual precipitation and precipitation in the driest quarter of the year. MaxEnt model representations for sandfly species that act as vectors of L. infantum showed the widespread geographic distribution of these species in Morocco, specifically in northern and central Morocco, where foci of visceral leishmaniasis are found. The ecological niche modelling points out areas in which the probability of occurrence of these species is higher. This information should be considered as a starting point for further research to fully elucidate the ecology and epidemiology of these species, as well as of the pathogens they transmit.     

New and earlier unnoted mealybugs and felt scale (Homoptera: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae,Eriococcidae) from Morocco

Two new species of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), Puto (Ceroputo) chetverikovi n. sp. and Fonscolombia toubkalensis n. sp., are described and illustrated. Thirteen other species are noted for the first time to fauna of Morocco or to Africa as a whole. Additionally, one species of closely related family Eriococcidae, Acanthococcus ericae (Signoret, 1875), is also reported for the first time to Morocco.     

Influence of competing and predatory invertebrate taxa on larval populations of mosquitoes in temporary ponds of wetland areas in Germany

Abundances of mosquito larvae and associated invertebrate communities were assessed in 27 temporary ponds during the spring season in wetland areas of Germany. Four genera of mosquitoes were identified: Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, and Culiseta. We focused our analyses on Aedes spp. because this genus was the most abundant (92% of total abundance) and frequently encountered mosquito (present in 65% of investigated sites). The abundance of Aedes spp. was negatively associated with the abundance of competitors for food, and to a lesser extent with those of intraguild predators and strict predators. The influence of these natural antagonists on larvae of Aedes was stronger in ponds with higher levels of dissolved oxygen (53 ± 4%) than in ponds with lower levels (16 ± 1%). The overall abundance of antagonists explained 42% of the variation in abundance of Aedes spp. at sites with higher levels of dissolved oxygen. Of this explained variation, competitors accounted for 34.7%, whereas the abundance of intraguild predators and strict predators accounted for only 6.8 and 0.5%, respectively. Therefore, the promotion of competing species might be an appropriate ecological approach for the control of Aedes spp. in temporary ponds in these areas.     

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of New Zealand mosquito species

ABSTRACT

Taxonomic information for New Zealand mosquito species is predominantly morphological with very few molecular data available to date. In this study, the mitochondrial COI gene and nuclear ITS1 were amplified and sequenced from DNA templates representing 17 species; 15 previously known New Zealand species, a newly discovered undescribed Aedes species from the Chatham Islands and a recently eradicated invader, Ae. camptorhynchus. This paper provides DNA barcoding sequences for the entire known New Zealand mosquito fauna, the first for the majority of these species. Phylogenetic analysis of COI and ITS1 indicated that the endemic species are all genetically distinct from the exotic species examined including vector species of pathogens of human diseases. The genus Opifex is distant from the genus Aedes based on analysis of ITS1 sequences, and Ae. chathamicus is more closely related to species within Aedes than to the genus Opifex. Results show Culex asteliae to be a valid species but Cx. rotoruae is not necessarily so. The Aedes species appears to be closely related to Ae. subalbirostris. The introduced Cx. quinquefasciatus was clearly shown to be related to Cx. pipiens; however, the endemic Cx. pervigilans was not. No evidence of population variation based on geographic location was detected.     

The relative importance and distribution of Aedes polynesiensis and Ae.aegypti larval habitats in Samoa

Abstract. In preparation for a Filariasis Control programme in Samoa, during 1978 monthly larval surveys of the vector mosquito Aedes polynesiensis were carried out in four study villages in the main island of Upolu. A more extensive survey of larval habitat distribution was then made in twenty-two villages of Upolu and eighteen of Savai'i island, to determine the importance of habitat types according to their abundance, volume of water and whether their productivity was permanent or seasonal. Ae.aegypti larval densities and habitat distribution were also monitored and the occurrence of predatory Toxorhynchites amboinensis larvae in northern Upolu was recorded from forty-one collections. Aedes Breteau and container indices fluctuated with the pattern of rainfall in two coastal villages and an inland bush village, but not in a coconut plantation community. The five main Aedes larval habitat types encountered were: 200 litre water-storage drums, discarded tins and bottles, coconut shells, automobile tyres and treeholes. Aedes immatures occurred perennially in drums and tree holes, but breeding discontinued in tins, bottles and coconut shells during the driest month of July. For Ae.polynesiensis in Upolu the Breteau and container indices of 104.5 ± SD 80.9 and 35.3 ± 12.4 respectively were significantly higher than those in Savai'i: 33.1 ±25.0 and 24.3 ±20.0 respectively. Likewise for Ae.aegypti the Breteau and container indices of 50.8 ± 32.5 and 23.9 ± 15.6, respectively, were also significantly higher than those in Savai'i: 12.7 ± 17.1 and 9.4 ±13.2 respectively. Habitat types greater or lesser importance were determined by plotting the percentage of each type of container utilized for Aedes breeding against the percentage of each type amongst all larva-positive containers. Ae.polynesiensis preferred tree-holes but not water-storage drums. Ae.aegypti preferred drums and tyres; mixed populations of larvae of both species were commonest in these two types of habitat. Ae.polynesiensis occurred in every village. Ae.aegypti was encountered in all twenty-two villages surveyed in Upolu and nine of eighteen villages in Savai'i. Total larval surveys revealed that drums and tree-holes contained the highest numbers of Aedes larvae. The study provided criteria for planning a control programme.     

On the continental Copepod fauna of Morocco

A series of samples, collected in different parts of Morocco, contained 26 species and one subspecies of Copepoda. Ten among these are new to the fauna of Morocco and one is new to Science. Two species (Eucyclops hadjebensis Kiefer and Mixodiaptomus laciniatus atlantis Kiefer) are endemic to Morocco; Afrocyclops gibsoni Brady and Thermocyclops schuurmanae Kiefer are Ethiopan species. The former reaches its limit of Northern extent East of the Atlas mountains; the latter is a pluvial relict. The remaining species have either a cosmopolitan, circummediterranean or North-African distribution, with the exception of Cyclops abyssorum mauretaniae which is a southern element of the Eurasiatic genus Cyclops. Its taxonomical status is reviewed in some detail. Thermocyclops infrequens Kiefer is synonymized with T. schuurmanae Kiefer. It is concluded that the largest gaps in our knowledge of the Copepoda of Morocco are now in the group of the Harpacticoida.Contribution no. 14 of the biological expedition of the University of Gent (Belgium) to Morocco, July–August 1971     

亚草叶蝉属分类订正（半翅目：叶蝉科：角顶叶蝉亚科：隆脊叶蝉族）

对亚草叶蝉属进行系统研究并首次报道其在中国分布,共记述5种：E. acarifer (Lethierry),E. hilaris (Melichar),E. magnus Mitjaev,E. medius (Mulsant & Rey) 和E. pratensis Emeljanov,其中E. hilaris (Melichar) 和E. medius (Mulsant & Rey) 为中国新记录种。文中提供了分种检索表和雄性外生殖器特征图,并首次记述和提供雌性生殖器特征。     

Seasonal and interannual variation of the ichthyoplankton off the coast of Northern Morocco

Changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the ichthyoplankton off the coast of Northern Morocco (36–28° N) are analyzed in different seasons of 1994–2008. Pelagic eggs and larvae of over 80 fish species belonging to 57 families are recorded. In cold periods at the Morocco coast, there is maximum spawning of fish belonging to the subtropical (Mediterranean-Atlantic) fauna, the dominant of which are European pilchard Sardina pilchardus, common scad Trachurus trachurus, and Atlantic mackerel Scomber japonicus. In warm periods, in addition to the aforementioned species, the ichthyopankton often comprises eggs and larvae of fish form the tropical fauna. Among the latter are round sardinella Sardinella aurita and West-African mackerel T. trecae dominate. The spawning biomass of principal commercial fish is also calculated by the quantity of eggs laid by females.     

Habitat segregation among African treehole mosquitoes

Abstract. 1. The division of macrohabitats, seasons and microhabitats among mosquitoes which inhabit water-filled treeholes was investigated in a wet/dry seasonal environment near the coast of Kenya. Twenty-two species from four genera (Aedes fourteen, Culex three, Eretmapodites three, Toxorhynchites two) were identified from treeholes and bamboo traps. These included five which were more abundant in other microhabitats: leaf axils, fruit husks, or abandoned snail shells. 2. Trapping in different vegetation zones or heights in forests revealed that all seventeen species examined showed opposition preferences for one or more macrohabitats. Segregation of related species by macrohabitat was particularly apparent among members of the subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes which accounted for 57% of individuals identified from one locality. 3. Seasonal overlap was low between Aedes, which tracked rainfall patterns, and Culex and Eretmapodites. Aedes bromeliae differed from other Aedes found in treeholes in that maximal larval numbers did not follow heavy rainfall. 4. Negative associations between Aedes fulgens and two congeners which co-occur in the same forest and season were attributed to preferences for tree-holes of different sizes. Positive associations between Aedes aegypti and several other Aedes were reduced when root buttresses, a subclass of larger treeholes containing more species, were removed. 5. Separation of species by growth stages may be accomplished by two schemes of egg hatching which desynchronize larval cohorts in the same tree-hole: the early pattern of Stegomyia whereby 50–95% of all eggs hatch at first immersion, and the delayed pattern of other subgenera (Diceromyia, Finlaya, Pseudarmigeres) in which less than one-third of all eggs hatch at first immersion. 6. The number of wet treeholes changed seasonally. During one year five or six periods occurred when 50% or more of the censused holes contained sufficient water for larval survival. The number of individuals and species of mosquitoes in treeholes were positively correlated with treehole volume. In a comparison of treeholes and their mosquito fauna from two forests, treehole volume and mean number of species per hole differed significantly, but mosquito density did not. 7. Ecotonal trapping sites of mixed grasses, trees, and scrub yielded the highest mean numbers of species per sample, and traps placed outside a village, the lowest. Specific dominance was significantly less in the ecotone than elsewhere. The predatory larvae of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis in ecotonal and forested traps were not correlated with species richness.     

Mosquitoes of Rarotonga,Cook Islands: A survey of breeding sites

Abstract

Two surveys of Rarotonga, Cook Islands (21°20^'S, 160°16^'W) were made to determine the mosquito fauna of the island, and to identify the habitats required for breeding by searching for larvae. The first survey was made during the “dry season” in May 2001, the second during the “wet season” in February 2002. The mosquito fauna comprised four species Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say, Culex (Culex) annulirostris Skuse, Aedes (Stego‐myia) aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis Marks. Larvae of the Culex species were most often found in larger natural and artificial water bodies. The Aedes species bred in both natural and artificial containers of all sizes. Ae. polynesiensis was the most widespread species, using natural holes in all regions as well as artificial containers in the urban areas. Most larvae of Ae. aegypti were located in small artificial containers. The two Aedes species are the vectors of dengue fever on the island. Mosquito control during outbreaks should specifically target the artificial containers preferred by Aedes sp. for breeding habitats.