Distribution Maps of Bryophytes in Britain

Abstract

An investigation was carried out on the distribution of a ‘copper moss’ Scopelophila cataractae (Mitt.) Broth in Japan, followed by a semi-quantitative survey of elements present in samples collected using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). On the basis of this survey, quantitative studies on the concentrations of Cu and 15 other elements (Na, Mg, AI, P, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Pb) in the copper-rich samples were carried out using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Localization of Cu in the cells was also investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis (SEM-XMA, Cryo-SEM-XMA and TEM-XMA). S. cataractae is able to grow in various copper-rich environments. The concentration of Cu in the shoots attained a level as high as 1–3% although the concentration of Cu in rain water carrying Cu from cooper artifacts to S. cataractae colonies was in the order of ppm. The cell wall was found to be a particularly important site of Cu accumulation in comparison with other cell components.     

Distribution Maps of Bryophytes in Britain

Abstract

Flask-shaped gemmae of British Leptodontium flexifolium (With.) Hampe are discussed in the context of previously described ellipsoidal and oboyoid gemmae and point to the need for taxonomic reappraisal of the two closely related species, L. flexifolium and L. styriacum (Jur.) Limpr.. Scabrous leaves in the former are associated with mamillae rather than papillae.     

Distribution maps of Bryophytes in Britain and Ireland

Abstract

Eight epithets of Rigodium (R. araucarieti C. Müll., R. argentinicum C. Müll., R. brachypodium (C. Müll.) Par., R. nano-fasciculatum C. Müll. ex Thér., R. pendulum Herz. &; Thér., R. pseudo-thuidium Dus., R. solutum (Tayl.) Par., and R. tamarix C. Müll), lectotypified here, are listed with their nomenclature and pertinent details involving the careful identification of type specimens and original material. For Rigodium solutum (Tayl.) Par., a specimen from Taylor's original herbarium may likely be the holotype but had not been indicated as such by Taylor, the original author. A conservative approach for this situation is taken here by designating this specimen as a lectotype.     

上海市树附生苔藓植物分布格局研究

在对上海市18个样点的树附生苔藓植物种类与盖度样方调查基础上,报道了43种树附生苔藓植物,其中藓类39种,苔类4种.根据盖度值应用双向指示种分析法(TW IN SPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)对其分布格局进行了分析.结果表明,上海市树附生苔藓植物可聚类为4个样点组:样点组Ⅰ为7个样点,6个位于市中心,共有树附生苔藓16种,总盖度为12.43%;样点组Ⅱ为市郊样地年龄较年轻的4个样点,共有树附生苔藓11种,总盖度最小为8.47%;样点组Ⅲ为市郊6个样点,共有树附生苔藓33种,总盖度为25.82%;样点组Ⅳ为佘山自然保护区一处,共有树附生苔藓10种,总盖度为26.42%.结果反映了城市树附生苔藓植物分布与不同生境、环境污染及人为干扰有一定的相关性.     

苔藓植物分布及其物种多样性的研究评述

苔藓植物由于其重要的生态功能及其在植物界中的系统位置而日益受到人们的重视,但是随着全球气候的变化,其多样性受到严重的威胁。文中综述了苔藓植物分布和物种多样性的研究进展,并对其影响因素作了分析,认为环境条件,包括植被、气候、干扰度等均对分布和多样性产生重要影响。对苔藓植物研究方法进行了探讨,认为应对研究方法进行广泛深入的研究,引入新的研究方法和思路,为开展大尺度的苔藓植物综合研究和为生物多样性保护奠定基础。     

北京市区苔藓植物空间分布与环境关系的研究

在2006年10月至2007年10月期间,对北京市五环路内及附近部分区域的苔藓群落进行了调查,共调查了31个地点、164个样地,采集苔藓植物标本327份。经整理鉴定,调查区有苔藓植物12科24属55种,其中阔叶小石藓（Weisia planifolia）和立碗藓（Physcomitrium sphaericum）等种类为调查区的广布种。通过对调查区同类型、不同地点苔藓植物多样性指数分析,发现北京市苔藓植物的分布特点为城西、城北苔藓植物多样性高于城东、城南。用典范对应分析法（CCA）分析27个样地中的20种地面生苔藓植物的盖度与主要环境因子的关系,结果表明,土壤含水量、距主干道距离、人为踩踏、土壤pH值、林木郁闭度等环境因子对北京市苔藓植物的分布有显著影响,其中土壤含水量、土壤pH值对苔藓植物分布的影响最为显著,北京市区大多数常见苔藓种类喜生于土壤含水量较高、偏酸性的环境。     

中国人群的等位基因地理分布图

发表了我国首批绘制的人类基因地理分布图,包括１２个等位基因,即ＡＢＯ系统的Ｉ＾Ｂ,Ｉ＾Ｏ,ＭＮＳ系统的ｍ,Ｒｈ－Ｄ,ＨＬＡ系统的Ａ１与Ａ１１,人体免疫球蛋白的Ｇｍ＾１;２１与Ｇｍ＾１,３;５,ＡＫ＾１,Ｇ６ＰＤ缺陷型,以及ＰＴＣ味盲基因。这些基因地理不仅显示了等位基因的地理分布状况,也可用于研究某些等位基因的起源与扩散,基因流动以及某些环境因子通过选择对某些等位基因频率的影响。     

Distribution of trichodorid nematodes in Great Britain

This survey describes the distribution of trichodorid nematodes in Great Britain. Twelve species were recorded, including the newly described species Trichodorus hooperi Loof, 1973 and the first British record of T. sparsus Szczygiel, 1968. In the survey 3614 samples and records were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer programme. Seven hundred and ninety-two positive sites, containing 971 trichodorid populations, were located. Outline maps show the geographical distribution of each species. T. primitivus de Man, 1880 was the most commonly found species and had a cosmopolitan distribution. Paratrichodorus pachy-dermus Seinhorst, 1954 was the next most prevalent and occurred mostly in eastern England and Scotland. Populations of the other ten species were more restricted in both number and distribution. The distribution of trichodorid spp. with respect to altitude, soil type, pH and primary vegetation was tested using chi-squared contingency tests. A significant relationship between nematodes and environmental factors was found in all cases examined. However, interactions were found between several environmental factors and further tests were applied to study the independence of the species distributions with respect to these interactions.     

Bias in Butterfly Distribution Maps: The Effects of Sampling Effort

Data from the Greater Manchester Butterfly Atlas (UK) reveal a highly significant and substantial impact of visits on both species' richness and species' incidence in squares. This effect has been demonstrated for three different zones mapped at different scales. The significant impact of number of visits persists when data are amalgamated for coarser scales. The findings demonstrate that it is essential for distribution mapping projects to record data on recording effort as well as on the target organisms. Suggestions are made as to how distribution mapping may be improved, including a geographically and environmentally representative structure of permanently monitored squares and closer links between distribution mapping and the Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (BMS), which primarily monitors changes in butterfly populations. The benefit to conservation will be data that can be better used to analyse the reasons for changes in ranges and distributions, fundamental for determining priorities and policy decisions.     

苔藓植物的组织培养

苔藓植物组织培养起步较早 ,但其组织结构和生活习性与其他高等植物差别较大 ,常规的培养条件对其并不适合 ,因而获得成功的种类较少。苔藓植物组织培养具有一定的学术和应用价值 (如从其愈伤组织中提取次生代谢物质或从其体内寻找抗逆性基因或药用成分等 ) ,深入研究其组织培养是必要的     

The Genetics of Bryophytes

Abstract

Sanionia orthothecioides (Lindb.) Loeske (Drepanocladus orthothecioides (Lindb.) Roth) is reported from three Scottish islands, Hirta (St Kilda), Mainland of Shetland and Fair Isle, new to the British Isles. It is described and illustrated and the differences with the closely related S. uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske discussed.     

Productivity of Bryophytes in Polar Regions

The productivity of various South Georgian moss species hasbeen measured and some comparative data from Disko Island, WestGreenland, are also considered. Two main aspects of growth havebeen assessed; crop growth-rate and net annual shoot production,using methods which included the coring of undisturbed standsand the growth of shoots in culture. It was demonstrated thatmethods must be selected with reference to the species to bestudied as differences in growth form affect the suitabilityof each technique. Considerable variation in productivity wasfound between sites and some habitat factors were identifiedwhich might account for these.     

苔藓植物的化学生态学

苔藓植物是植物界中的一大类群,其竞争力非常有限,常生长在维管束植物无法生存的环境中。苔藓植物合成的许多次生代谢产物具有调节高等植物生长、抑制微生物、昆虫拒食、抗紫外线辐射以及抗干旱能力,在对抗生态环境中的生物胁迫以及非生物胁迫中发挥重要的作用。     

Bryophytes as economic plants

Mosses and liverworts, apart from peat provided by the former, have not been of significance in furnishing useful products. They are, however, of importance in the general economy of nature, and have been used in a variety of ways.