饮食与肠道菌群关系的研究进展

人体肠道内含有大量的微生物,直接参与了机体的各种代谢活动,与人体健康密切相关。研究显示肠道菌群的构成和稳定受到诸多宿主和环境因素的影响,其中饮食因素起着至关重要的作用。特别是西方高脂饮食方式造成肠道菌群结构改变,从而导致一些慢性、非传染性和免疫相关性疾病的发生。在过去的几十年中,肠道菌群在人体健康中的作用越来越受到关注。不同饮食结构可以对肠道菌群的组成和多样性产生重要的影响。在这篇综述中,我们总结了肠道微生物与人体健康之间的关系以及益生菌在饮食中的作用,为指导和建立健康饮食结构提供理论指导,为相应疾病的防治提供参考。     

蠕虫感染与肠道菌群相互作用的研究进展

哺乳动物和人类的肠道是一个复杂的生态系统,其中各组分如肠道菌群、免疫系统和病原体之间相互调节,对于维持肠道稳态意义重大。肠道寄生虫与微生物群落相互作用,改变宿主和肠道菌群之间的平衡;同时,肠道菌群可影响寄生虫的感染与活力。本文综述了蠕虫感染与肠道菌群之间的相互作用,以期为蠕虫病的治疗及蠕虫疗法提供参考。     

饮食因素对肠道菌群影响的研究进展

人体肠道内定植了约1014个微生物,种类有1 000多种,它们作为"人体的第十三个生理系统",直接参与了机体的各种代谢活动,与人体健康密切相关。研究显示,肠道菌群的构成和稳定受到诸多宿主和环境因素的影响,其中饮食因素起着至关重要的作用。因此,本文用膳食金字塔将食物进行分类,介绍了膳食中谷类、果蔬类、豆类、奶类、鱼肉类、油脂类和糖类对肠道菌群的调节作用,以期为相关研究的开展、相应疾病的防治提供参考。     

人体肠道菌群与高血压的研究进展

高血压是一种以血压升高为特征的疾病。除少数继发性高血压外,大多数高血压发生的病因至今尚未明确。近年来,越来越多的研究表明高血压的发生机制与肠道菌群有关。通过对最新的研究进行分析,发现膳食纤维、高盐摄入等因素可刺激肠道菌群,进而对高血压产生不同的影响。短链脂肪酸作为肠道菌群的发酵产物,是膳食纤维具有降血压作用的主要原因。高盐摄入导致高血压,是因为肠道菌群引起了免疫系统的改变。另外,高血压的形成也与肠道致病微生物的异质性炎症反应有关。此综述希望能为高血压的控制与防治提供新的科学依据与研究思路。     

肠道菌群与肥胖关系的研究进展

西方化的高脂饮食方式造成了越来越多的肥胖人群。高脂饮食在一定程度上可以改变肠道菌群的结构组成和功能,促进宿主对食物营养的吸收,从而增加体重形成肥胖。高脂饮食诱导的肥胖者肠道菌群的改变会导致宿主能量吸收增加,肠道通透性和炎症增加,而有减肥功能的短链脂肪酸合成能力下降。最近研究发现肠道菌群也可以通过影响中枢神经系统,尤其是下丘脑相关基因的表达来控制食欲,从而调控肥胖的形成。本文系统介绍了最近几年高脂饮食诱导肥胖的研究,总结了一些与肥胖形成有密切关系的肠道菌群以及其在肥胖形成中的作用机制,为进一步研究肠道菌群与肥胖之间的调控作用奠定了基础。最后总结了肠道菌群可以作为一个预防和治疗肥胖的有效靶点,可以通过在食物中添加有益菌或者通过菌群移植来治疗肥胖。     

Cidec基因敲除小鼠肠道菌群的特征

目的:探究Cidec敲除(CIDEC-KO)小鼠肠道菌群的结构。方法:随机分别挑选体重相近、2月龄5只野生型和5只Cidec敲除的雄性小鼠,收集两种基因型小鼠经高脂饲料16周喂养前后的新鲜粪便。提取粪便中的细菌基因组,对菌群基因组16S r RNA基因V4高变区进行测序,对数据进行PCoA分析、Alpha多样性分析及LEf Se分析。结果:属水平下的LEf Se分析显示,在普通饲料喂养条件下,Cidec缺失小鼠对比野生型小鼠粪便中PrevotellaceaUCG001属丰度显著上升,Blautia属、Streptococcus属、LachnospiraceaeUCG006属丰度显著下降。与同月龄同高脂喂养的野生型小鼠比,Cidec敲除小鼠粪便中RuminococcaceaeUCG014属丰度显著下降。进一步比较同一种基因型下饮食对肠道菌群的改变,发现在喂养高脂饲料后,某些属的丰度仅在Cidec缺失小鼠中发生显著变化,但是在野生型小鼠中未发现有显著变化,这些属包括:Alistipes属、Bacteroides属、Paraprevotella属、Streptococcus属、LachnospiraceaeUCG006属丰度显著上升。而喂养高脂后,仅在野生型小鼠中发现Peptococcus属和Ruminococcustorquesgroup属丰度的显著上升,以及Tyzzerella3属、Ruminiclostidium6属和A2属丰度的显著下降,在Cidec缺失小鼠粪便中并未发现这些属的丰度有显著变化。结论:高脂诱导下,对比野生型小鼠,某些同代谢综合征正相关的属只在Cidec缺失小鼠肠道菌群中丰度显著上升。     

肠道菌群与婴幼儿体重的研究进展

肥胖已成为全球急需解决的公共健康问题之一。新生儿体重过重伴随着易患各种感染性疾病和造成孕妇分娩困难等问题。另外,婴幼儿超重在儿童期和成年期更容易发生超重和肥胖问题。近年来,大量研究对肠道菌群与肥胖之间的调节和作用关系,以及影响肠道菌群组成的因素进行了深入的探索。本文主要从我国新生儿肥胖现状及其危害,肠道菌群与肥胖的关系,婴幼儿肥胖与影响肠道菌群组成的饮食、抗生素等因素之间的关系等多个方面综述肠道菌群与体重的最新进展,为预防婴幼儿肥胖提供有效依据。     

广东地区健康人肠道菌群调查分析

用直接快速涂片和缩小视野时钟法,检查粪便细菌分布,并与大便菌群培养定量计数比较,观察分析８２例不同年龄广东健康人群。结果表明：老年组（６０岁－７８岁）和儿童组（３岁－１０岁）较婴儿组（３月－１２月）的Ｇ＾－ｂ有明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。男女性别无显著差异：Ｇ＾＋ｂ和Ｇ＾－ｂ的数量,随着年龄的增加而减少;Ｇ＾＋ｃ则随着年龄增加而增加。通过本次调查我们认为缩小视野时钟法,快速准确简便,容易掌握,价格低     

基于肠道菌群探讨不同饮食影响代谢及其相关疾病研究进展

近年来,肠道菌群研究领域发展迅速。肠道菌群作为人体“被遗忘的器官”,与人体有着相互依存,相互影响的关系,与机体的感染、营养、免疫及代谢也密不可分,因此保持肠道微生物群的动态平衡是人体健康的前提。在人体代谢过程中,肠道菌群受到宿主饮食、服用药物、地理环境以及生活方式等因素的影响。饮食干预作为一项重要的治疗措施,与代谢综合征的发生发展密不可分,而这些代谢性疾病的发生发展都与肠道菌群的改变密切相关,因此无论是从改善肠道菌群结构还是从减缓代谢紊乱方面饮食都起着至关重要的作用。本文就代谢综合征患者肠道菌群的变化、机制以及饮食的影响进行综述。     

肠道菌群：肠道干细胞增殖分化的调节者

肠道干细胞(intestinal stem cells, ISCs)是肠道各类上皮细胞的来源,通过平衡增殖与分化维持肠道稳态。同时,肠道菌群及其代谢物在维持宿主肠道稳态中也发挥着重要作用。随着技术的发展,研究者认识到ISCs与肠道菌群之间存在相互作用。研究表明,ISCs对上皮细胞亚型的调控影响肠道菌群的组成,并且肠道菌群及其代谢物也影响ISCs介导的上皮发育。本文阐述了ISCs分化对肠道菌群的影响,重点总结了肠道菌群及其代谢物调控ISCs增殖分化的研究进展,从菌群调控ISCs的角度探讨肠道损伤的治疗思路,并对未来可能的研究方向进行讨论。     

投喂低聚木糖对草鱼肠道菌群的影响

投喂添加0.1%、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%低聚木糖的基础饲料56 d, 对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肠道菌群进行了研究。分别在投喂前(0 d)和投喂后的第14、28、42 和56 天取样, 对草鱼肠道大肠杆菌(E. coli)、气单胞菌(Aeromonas)和双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)数量进行了分析。结果表明: 基础饲料中添加不同浓度的低聚木糖对草鱼肠道菌群有一定影响, 大肠杆菌数量在28 d 达最低值, 其中0.4%组减少的幅度最大, 与对照组比较显著减少(P<0.05); 气单胞菌数量均有减少但与对照组比较差异并不显著; 双歧杆菌数量均有增加, 其中0.4%组在第14 天时差异显著(P<0.05)。因此, 饲料中添加0.4%低聚木糖效果最佳, 有利于草鱼肠道菌群保持健康的状态。     

Consumption of milk from transgenic goats expressing human lysozyme in the mammary gland results in the modulation of intestinal microflora

Lysozyme is a key antimicrobial component of human milk that has several health-promoting functions including the development of a healthy intestinal tract. However, levels of lysozyme in the milk of dairy animals are negligible. We have generated transgenic dairy goats that express human lysozyme (HLZ) in their milk in an attempt to deliver the benefits of human milk in a continual fashion. To test the feasibility of this transgenic approach to achieve a biological impact at the level of the intestine, feeding trials were conducted in two animal models. Pasteurized milk from HLZ transgenic animals was fed to both kid goats (ruminant model) and young pigs (human model), and the numbers of total coliforms and Escherichia coli present in the small intestine were determined. Data from this proof-of-principle study demonstrate that milk from transgenic animals was capable of modulating the bacterial population of the gut in both animal models. Pigs that consumed pasteurized milk from HLZ transgenic goats had fewer numbers of coliforms and E. coli in their intestine than did those receiving milk from non-transgenic control animals. The opposite effect was seen in goats. Milk from these transgenic animals not only represent one of the first transgenic food products with the potential of benefiting human health, but are also a unique model to study the development and role of intestinal microflora on health, well-being and resistance to disease.     

金银花水提物对肠道微生态失调大鼠的调整作用

目的研究金银花水提取物作为微生态调节剂对肠道微生态失调大鼠肠道菌群的调整作用。方法结扎大鼠胆总管造成肠道菌群失调模型后分别以金银花、丽珠肠乐、金银花与丽珠肠乐合剂、生理盐水灌胃,于灌胃4d后测定各组大鼠肠道菌群组分、乙酸含量及肝脏中肠杆菌易位情况。结果大鼠肠道菌群失调得到恢复,肠道内乙酸含量增加,易位至肝脏的肠杆菌数量减少,与自然恢复组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,金银花与丽珠肠乐合剂组效果最佳。结论金银花水提物作为益生元对大鼠肠道菌群失调具有调整作用。     

Immunology and probiotic impact of the newborn and young children intestinal microflora

Human body has developed a holistic defence system, which mission is either to recognize and destroy the aggressive invaders or to evolve mechanisms permitting to minimize or restore the consequences of harmful actions. The host immune system keeps the capital role to preserve the microbial intestinal balance via the barrier effect. Specifically, pathogenic invaders such as, bacteria, parasites, viruses and other xenobiotic invaders are rejected out of the body via barriers formed by the skin, mucosa and intestinal flora. In case physical barriers are breached, the immune system with its many components comes into action in order to fence infection. The intestine itself is considered as an “active organ” due to its abundant bacterial flora and to its large metabolic activity. The variation among different species or even among different strains within a species reflects the complexity of the genetic polymorphism which regulates the immune system functions. Additionally factors such as, gender, particular habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, religion, age, gender, precedent infections and vaccinations must be involved. Hormonal profile and stress seems to be associated to the integrity microbiota and inducing immune system alterations. Which bacterial species are needed for inducing a proper barrier effect is not known, but it is generally accepted that this barrier function can be strongly supported by providing benefic alimentary supplements called functional foods. In this vein it is stressed the fact that early intestinal colonization with organisms such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria and possibly subsequent protection from many different types of diseases. Moreover, this benefic microflora dominated but Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli support the concept of their ability to modify the gut microbiota by reducing the risk of cancer following their capacity to decrease β-glucoronidase and carcinogen levels. Because of their beneficial roles in the human gastrointestinal tract, LAB are referred to as “probiotics”, and efforts are underway to employ them in modern nutrition habits with so-called functional foods. Members of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera are normal residents of the microbiota in the human gastrointestinal tract, in which they developed soon after birth. But, whether such probiotic strains derived from the human gut should be commercially employed in the so-called functional foods is a matter of debate between scientists and the industrial world. Within a few hours from birth the newborn develops its normal bacterial flora. Indeed human milk frequently contains low amounts of non-pathogenic bacteria like Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium and Bifidobacterium. In general, bacteria start to appear in feces within a few hours after birth. Colonization by Bifidobacterium occurs generally within 4 days of life. Claims have been made for positive effects of Bifidobacterium on infant growth and health. The effect of certain bacteria having a benefic action on the intestinal ecosystem is largely discussed during the last years by many authors. Bifidobacterium is reported to be a probiotic bacterium, exercising a beneficial effect on the intestinal flora. An antagonism has been reported between B. bifidum and C. perfringens in the intestine of newborns delivered by cesarian section. The aim of the probiotic approach is to repair the deficiencies in the gut flora and restore the protective effect. However, the possible ways in which the gut microbiota is being influenced by probiotics is yet unknown.     

巴马小型猪肝硬化前后肠道乳杆菌的比较研究

目的比较巴马小型猪诱导型肝硬化造模前(正常猪)和造模成功后(肝硬化猪)肠道乳杆菌的变化情况,探讨小型猪肝硬化模型在肝硬化肠道微生态研究中的适用性。方法收集肝硬化造模前和CCl4诱导肝硬化造模成功后巴马小型猪的新鲜粪便,提取粪便总菌DNA,用乳杆菌特异性引物进行PCR扩增,对扩增产物进行变性梯度凝胶电泳(Denaturing Gradient Gel-Electrophoresis,DGGE),即用PCR-DGGE分析巴马小型猪肝硬化前后肠道乳杆菌的相似性和多样性。结果聚类分析和主成分分析显示巴马小型猪肝硬化前(正常猪)和肝硬化后混杂排列,无明显界限;多样性数据分析显示巴马小型猪肝硬化前后肠道乳杆菌的丰富度(S)、微生物区系Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)和均匀度(E)差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论巴马小型猪肝硬化后肠道乳杆菌与正常猪比较差异无统计学意义。     

南极长城站微生物区系调查

1992～1993年的夏季,对南极中国长城站的陆地进行了微生物区系的现场调查。先后采集各种类型上样多个。其中对有生态意义的25个样进行了不同类型微生物的分离和计数;中温培养下每克湿土壤菌量为10²～10⁶,用马丁培养基对真菌进行分离培养和计数,每克湿土含菌量为10²～10⁴;0℃下分离计数,发现低温下微生物的数量较中温的多,每克湿土壤含菌为10³～10⁶。对该地区烃氧化菌进行了特别调查,以长城站为中心东西宽0．4Km,南北长1Km的范围内烃氧化菌发育最为活跃,但距长城站距离越远,烃氧化菌数量越少。     

Characterisation of effector mechanisms at the host:parasite interface during the immune response to tissue-dwelling intestinal nematode parasites

The protective immune response that develops following infection with many tissue-dwelling intestinal nematode parasites is characterised by elevations in IL-4 and IL-13 and increased numbers of CD4+ T cells, granulocytes and macrophages. These cells accumulate at the site of infection and in many cases can mediate resistance to these large multicellular pathogens. Recent studies suggest novel potential mechanisms mediated by these immune cell populations through their differential activation and ability to stimulate production of novel effector molecules. These newly discovered protective mechanisms may provide novel strategies to develop immunotherapies and vaccines against this group of pathogens. In this review, we will examine recent studies elucidating mechanisms of host protection against three widely-used experimental murine models of tissue-dwelling intestinal nematode parasites: Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Trichuris muris and Trichinella spiralis.     

In vitro studies on intestinal calcium and phosphate transport in horses

Transepithelial transport mechanisms play a key role in regulating the absorption and secretion of calcium (Ca^2 +) and inorganic phosphate (P_i) in the gastrointestinal tract. Although intestinal disorders with imbalances in macromineral homeostasis are frequently observed in horses, available data on intestinal Ca^2 + and P_i transport are limited. The aim of the present study was to characterize the intestinal Ca^2 + and P_i transport functionally by using the in vitro radioisotope tracer technique with Ussing chambers and to identify components involved in Ca^2 + transport at both mRNA and protein level. Among the different intestinal segments, the duodenum showed significant and highest active Ca^2 + absorption. The findings from RT-PCR and Western blot analysis suggest that the epithelial Ca^2 + channel TRPV6, the cytosolic calcium binding protein calbindin-D_9K and the plasma membrane calcium ATPase PMCA may be involved in active transcellular Ca^2 + transport. Regarding the P_i transport, the results indicate significant active P_i secretion in the jejunum, but the contributing mechanisms remain unclear. A significant inhibiting effect of ouabain as an antagonist of the basolateral Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase on the serosal-to-mucosal P_i transport suggests a pivotal role of Na⁺ in jejunal P_i transport in the horse.     

低聚木糖对模拟失重大鼠肠道微生态的影响

目的 研究低聚木糖对模拟失重大鼠肠道微生态的影响。方法 采用大鼠尾部悬吊法模拟失重。32只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组8只：FC组（地面对照组,饲喂基础饲料）,FS组（地面处理组,饲喂添加低聚木糖的饲料）,SC组（尾吊对照组,饲喂基础饲料）。SS组（尾吊处理组,饲喂添加低聚木糖的饲料）,实验21d,SC和SS组解除尾吊继续观察。实验21d。采用选择性培养基对大鼠粪便肠杆菌、肠球菌、类杆菌、双歧杆菌以及乳杆菌进行定量测定。结果 SC组与FC组相比,双歧杆菌数量减少,肠杆菌和肠球菌数量增加;FS组比FC组双歧杆菌数量增加显著,肠杆菌和肠球菌有不同程度的减少,SS组比SC组双歧杆菌数量增加显著,肠杆菌和肠球菌也有不同程度的减少。类杆菌和乳杆菌变化不明显。尾吊解除期,SS组双歧杆菌数量比SC组更快恢复到正常水平。结论 低聚木糖可促进尾吊大鼠肠道益生菌主要是双歧杆菌的增殖,一定程度上促进由于模拟失重造成肠道微生态失调的平衡,并对条件致病菌具有一定的抑制作用。     

孕晚期GDM孕妇阴道菌群与阴道上皮细胞的

目的 探究孕晚期妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）孕妇阴道菌群与阴道上皮细胞的自噬和应激水平的相关性。方法 选取陆军军医大学第一附属医院2018年9月至2019年1月诊断及治疗的孕晚期GDM孕妇23例作为GDM组,选取同时段、同年龄段产检正常的孕妇23例作为对照组。对两组孕妇阴道菌群及自噬和应激水平进行检测,使用Pearson相关性分析探究菌群指标与自噬和应激水平间的相关性。结果 两组阴道细菌构成存在差异,GDM组在毛螺菌科、双歧杆菌目、普雷沃菌属、詹氏乳杆菌、双歧杆菌科、加德纳菌属的相对丰度大于对照组,对照组在乳杆菌属、卷曲乳杆菌、惰性乳杆菌、假单胞菌目、假单胞菌属、气球菌科的相对丰度大于GDM组。GDM组p62相对表达量显著低于对照组（t=3.903,P<0.001）,hsp70相对表达量显著高于对照组（t=5.704,P<0.001）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,双歧杆菌目、加德纳菌属与p62水平呈显著负相关（r=-0.407、-0.482,P=0.009、0.002）,双歧杆菌科与hsp70呈显著正相关（r=0.448,P=0.004）;乳杆菌属与p62呈显著正相关（r=0.437,P=0.011）,与hsp70水平呈显著负相关（r=-0.475,P=0.005）。结论 孕晚期GDM孕妇阴道菌群与阴道上皮细胞自噬和应激水平存在一定相关性。