微生物卤代烷烃脱卤酶研究进展

卤代烷烃脱卤酶是降解卤代脂肪族化合物的关键酶类,在各种地理环境中的不同微生物中广泛存在,在生物降解和工业生产等方面具有重要的应用价值。目前已经生化鉴定了20个卤代烷烃脱卤酶。近些年来对这些酶的酶学特征、蛋白质结构和系统进化进行了详细的研究。同时,为满足应用实践的需求还对卤代烷烃脱卤酶进行了蛋白质工程改造研究。本文将对卤代烷烃脱卤酶研究的一些新的进展进行综述。     

R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶的同源模建及底物对映体选择性研究

对来自假单胞菌ZJU26中的R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶(DehI-R)进行同源模建,分析其与底物的相互作用,为解析酶的底物对映体选择性提供理论依据.采用Sybyl中的APM模块首次构建并优化了R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶的三维结构,并用Procheck 验证结构模型的合理性.使用Suflex-Docking模块将结构模型与底物分别进行对接,分析相互之间的作用.序列比对结果显示,R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶与恶臭假单胞菌PP3中DehI的相似性达23.71％.Deh-R模建后的结构与模板很好的吻合.模型比对分析DehI-R中参与催化的残基,除Asn2.03外大部分都比较保守.分子对接结果表明,R-2-氯丙酸和S-2-氯丙酸都可以结合到活性位点上,决定其选择性的是值点Asn203,在RS-2-卤代酸脱卤酶所对应位点的残基为Ala,相比之下,Aan具备较大的空间位阻,从而阻止了S-2-氯丙酸的反应.利用Sybyl中的Biopolymer模块对R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶中的Asn203突变成具有不同空间位阻的Ala、Gly和Gln.突变酶与底物对接结果进一步证实了Asn203位点对R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶的底物对映体选择性作用.     

一种新型微生物卤醇脱卤酶的研究进展

卤醇脱卤酶是细菌降解环境中重要污染物有机卤化物的关键酶之一,具有与其他已知脱卤酶不同的脱卤机制。它是一类通过分子内亲核取代机制催化邻卤醇转化为环氧化物的脱卤酶,可以高效催化有机邻卤醇进行脱卤反应,在治理环境污染方面具有十分重要作用。此外,在催化环氧化物和邻卤醇之间的转化反应中,卤醇脱卤酶具有很高的立体选择性,因而在手性药物合成方面也有广阔的应用前景。我们着重从卤化物生物降解途径、脱卤机制及应用等方面介绍了卤醇脱卤酶的最新研究进展,同时对卤醇脱卤酶改造的新方法进行了阐述与展望。     

柴油食烷菌B-5及其卤代烷烃脱卤酶DadA对卤代化合物的降解

【目的】柴油食烷菌(Alcanivorax dieselolei)B-5是重要的石油降解菌。为研究其对卤代化合物的降解范围和降解机制,【方法】以不同的卤代化合物作为唯一碳源,观察菌株B-5在其中的生长情况;通过多重序列比对、系统发育分析和三维结构同源建模,分析该菌株基因组内一个假定的卤代烷烃脱卤酶(Haloalkane dehalogenase,HLD)DadA;利用大肠杆菌异源表达、纯化DadA,并测定了其对46个卤代底物的酶活。【结果】菌株B-5能够利用C3-C18链长范围的多种卤代化合物为唯一碳源生长;在系统进化树中,DadA相对独立于其他HLD-II亚家族成员,但具有典型的HLD-II亚家族的催化五联体残基;DadA确实具有脱卤活性,但该酶特异性高,底物范围明显小于其他已鉴定的HLDs,仅对1,2,3-三溴丙烷、1,2-二溴-3-氯丙烷和2,3-二氯-1-丙烯有脱卤酶活。【结论】因为DadA对很多B-5菌株可以利用做碳源的卤代底物没有脱卤酶活,所以推测B-5菌中可能还有其他脱卤酶参与了卤代烷烃的降解。菌株B-5及其卤代烷烃脱卤酶DadA在卤代烷烃污染物的生物降解方面具有应用潜力。     

X射线衍射晶体法解析脱卤酶DehDIV-R结构的研究

R-2-卤代酸脱卤酶能立体选择性水解R-2-卤代酸。解析酶的单晶结构对提高酶的选择性和活性提供了直接的结构指导,是目前酶结构领域研究的前沿。以实验室前期得到的来自假单胞菌ZJU26的R-2-氯丙酸脱卤酶(Deh DIV-R)为研究对象,采用X射线衍射晶体法进行结构解析。采用pp SUMO载体融合表达Deh DIV-R蛋白,依次通过Ni-NTA亲和层析、透析酶切、二次NiNTA亲和层析以及凝胶过滤层析纯化得到单一条带,且均一性好的蛋白。接着对结晶条件进行初筛与优化,得到的最佳结晶条件为0.1mol/L HEPES p H 7,12%PEG 6 000,0.2mol/L Mg Cl2,8mmol/L CHAPS。晶体在上海同步辐射光源BL18U1线站上收集衍射数据,采用分子置换法成功解析获得了分辨率为2.35的Deh DIV-R的晶体结构。Ramachandran图表明98.02%的氨基酸位于最适区,证明了该结构的合理性。Deh DIV-R的纯化、结晶以及结构解析为进一步深入了解其结构和功能奠定了基础。     

卤代烷烃脱卤酶基因在拟南芥中反式失活系统的建立

以细菌Xanthobacter autotrophicus卤代烷烃脱卤酶基因为遗传负选择标记,建立了该基因在拟南芥中反式失活的实验系统,在卤代[烷烃脱卤酶转基因的拟南芥中,有1株表现为转基因失活,离体核run-off转录实验表明为基因转录后沉默（这里特指沉默位点）,用这一转基因沉墨植株与同源转基因高效表达植株（这里特指同源转基因位点）杂交,结果96％的F1代植表现为同源基因反式失活,将F1代植株自交,使部分沉默位点与反式失活的同源转基因位点分离,结果200株子代中有42株表现DhlA活性,158株无DhlA活性,即 dhlA沉默植株与表达植株之比为3．76：1,表明沉默位点是以孟德尔显性因子方式使同源转基因位点反式失活的。     

细菌卤代烷烃脱卤酶基因在拟南芥菜中的高效表达

报道了细菌Xanthobacter autotrophicus编码卤代烷烃脱卤酶基因在拟南芥菜中的高效表达。以土壤农杆菌介导将该基因整合到拟南芥菜基因组中,经数代筛选得到了转基因纯合种子,Northern印迹和气相色谱检测表明,转基因的表达程度很高,酶量占细胞总可溶性蛋白的8%,酶活力达7.8mU·ml^-1提取物。转基因植株在含二氯乙烷的培养基上不能生长。     

R-2-氯丙酸脱卤酶的定向进化

通过易错PCR手段将R-2-氯丙酸脱卤酶定向进化,并使用基于Cl-浓度显色反应的高通量筛选得到有效突变子库,发现突变子DehDIV-G2和DehDIV-E7的酶比活力分别提高25.2%和38.7%。通过SYBYL对酶与底物进行分子对接显示,DehDIV-G2的活化能下降0.961 4 kJ/mol,DehDIV-E7的活化能下降2.549 8 kJ/mol。由于酶和底物R-2-氯丙酸的活化能下降,亲和能力提高,从而提高酶的比活力。     

基于宏基因组学的卤醇脱卤酶筛选

环境中的多数有机卤化物具有高毒性和低可降解性,卤醇脱卤酶可以催化邻卤醇进行分子内亲和取代生成相应的环氧化物,在消除有机卤化物的污染方面具有十分重要的作用.此外,在催化环氧化物和邻卤醇之间的转化反应中卤醇脱卤酶具有很高的立体选择性,因而在手性药物合成方面也有广阔的应用前景.宏基因组是生境中全部微小生物遗传物质的总和,极大地扩展了微生物资源的利用空间.本文介绍了卤醇脱卤酶的特性及利用宏基因组方法筛选新的卤醇脱卤酶的两种方法及各自的优缺点.     

S-2-氯丙酸脱卤酶的定向进化及其应用

为提高S-2-氯丙酸脱卤酶的活力,通过易错PCR的方法将源于假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.CGMCC 3267)的脱卤酶(DehII)进行定向进化,进化酶DehII-B2的比活提高3.9倍。同源模建两者的三维结构,并与底物进行分子对接。结果表明,突变位点为A7I,进化酶DehII-B2的结合能比原始酶降低了1.4kcal/mol,活性中心Asp10与底物α碳原子的距离缩短了0.321 6nm,因而加快了酶反应速率、提高了酶比活。目前,该酶的比活高于实验室已得酶。与原始酶相比,其最适温度和热稳定性略有增加,最适pH和pH稳定性没有明显变化。对该酶的应用做了初步的探索,结果表明在40℃,60mmol/L底物浓度下反应10h,转化率达到49.6%,ees>99.9%,因此该酶有一定的应用价值。     

X-ray structure and mechanism of ZgHAD,a l-2-haloacid dehalogenase from the marine Flavobacterium Zobellia galactanivorans

Haloacid dehalogenases are potentially involved in bioremediation of contaminated environments and few have been biochemically characterized from marine organisms. The l -2-haloacid dehalogenase (l -2-HAD) from the marine Bacteroidetes Zobellia galactanivorans Dsij^T (ZgHAD) has been shown to catalyze the dehalogenation of C2 and C3 short-chain l -2-haloalkanoic acids. To better understand its catalytic properties, its enzymatic stability, active site, and 3D structure were analyzed. ZgHAD demonstrates high stability to solvents and a conserved catalytic activity when heated up to 60°C, its melting temperature being at 65°C. The X-ray structure of the recombinant enzyme was solved by molecular replacement. The enzyme folds as a homodimer and its active site is very similar to DehRhb, the other known l -2-HAD from a marine Rhodobacteraceae. Marked differences are present in the putative substrate entrance sites of the two enzymes. The H179 amino acid potentially involved in the activation of a catalytic water molecule was confirmed as catalytic amino acid through the production of two inactive site-directed mutants. The crystal packing of 13 dimers in the asymmetric unit of an active-site mutant, ZgHAD-H179N, reveals domain movements of the monomeric subunits relative to each other. The involvement of a catalytic His/Glu dyad and substrate binding amino acids was further confirmed by computational docking. All together our results give new insights into the catalytic mechanism of the group of marine l -2-HAD.     

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of L-2-haloacid dehalogenase from Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10.

Haloacid dehalogenases are enzymes that cleave carbon-chlorine or carbon-bromine bonds of 2-haloalkanoates. X-ray-quality crystals of L-2-haloacid dehalogenase from the 1,2-dichloroethane-degrading bacterium Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 have been grown at room temperature from 20% PEG 8000, 200 mM sodium formate at pH 6.8-7.0, using macroseeding techniques. The crystals, which diffract in the X-ray beam up to 2.0 A resolution, belong to the spacegroup C2221. Cell parameters are a = 58.8 A, b = 93.1 A, c = 84.2 A. A native data set to 2.3 A has been collected, with a completeness of 97% and an Rsym of 6.0%.     

Haloacid dehalogenases of Rhizobium sp. and related enzymes: Catalytic properties and mechanistic analysis

Haloacid dehalogenases catalyse the cleavage of carbon − halogen bonds in halogenated organic acids. These enzymes are of high interest due to their potential applications in bioremediation and in synthesis of various industrial products. The efficiency of dehalogenases in various applications can be enhanced, provided that their molecular catalytic mechanisms are fully understood. Herein, we review the current understanding of enzymatic haloacid dehalogenation mechanisms and the important amino acid residues that are necessary for the enzyme’s catalysis, with special emphasis on haloacid dehalogenases produced by Rhizobium sp.     

氢营养型产甲烷代谢途径研究进展

产甲烷古菌是一类极端厌氧的古菌域微生物,可以利用CO_2、甲醇、乙酸等简单化合物产甲烷并获得能量。目前能够培养的氢营养型(CO_2/H_2)产甲烷古菌的种类较多,而且在三类产甲烷代谢类型中,氢营养型产甲烷途径的产能效率最高,并具有多种模式的特殊能量利用系统。近年来,随着质谱、光谱和晶体技术的发展与运用,人们对产甲烷代谢途径的研究进一步深入,尤其是对氢营养型产甲烷途径的生化机制有了新的认识,揭示了产甲烷古菌在能量极限条件下独特、高效的能量利用模式。本文从能量储存、代谢途径、蛋白功能与催化机制等方面概述产甲烷古菌利用CO_2/H_2产甲烷的详细过程,并对产甲烷古菌代谢途径的研究方向与技术发展进行展望。     

A new -2-haloacid dehalogenase acting on 2-haloacid amides: purification, characterization, and mechanism

-2-Haloacid dehalogenase catalyzes the hydrolytic dehalogenation of - and -2-haloalkanoic acids to produce the corresponding - and -2-hydroxyalkanoic acids, respectively. We have constructed an overproduction system for -2-haloacid dehalogenase from Pseudomonas putida PP3 ( -DEX 312) and purified the enzyme to analyze the reaction mechanism. When a single turnover reaction of -DEX 312 was carried out in H₂¹⁸O by use of a large excess of the enzyme with - or -2-chloropropionate as a substrate, the lactate produced was labeled with ¹⁸O. This indicates that the solvent water molecule directly attacked the substrate and that its oxygen atom was incorporated into the product. This reaction mechanism contrasts with that of -2-haloacid dehalogenase, which has an active-site carboxylate group that attacks the substrate to displace the halogen atom. -DEX 312 resembles -2-haloacid dehalogenase from Pseudomonas sp. 113 ( -DEX 113) in that the reaction proceeds with a direct attack of a water molecule on the substrate. However, -DEX 312 is markedly different from -DEX 113 in its substrate specificity. We found that -DEX 312 catalyzes the hydrolytic dehalogenation of 2-chloropropionamide and 2-bromopropionamide, which do not serve as substrates for -DEX 113. -DEX 312 is the first enzyme that catalyzes the dehalogenation of 2-haloacid amides.     

蛋白转导域内在化机制的研究进展

蛋白转导域（protein transduction domain,PTD）可以携带外源生物大分子进入细胞,在分子生物学、细胞生物学的基础研究及生物技术应用中,都展示出良好的前景,应用广泛,但机制不甚明确。已知的PTD均有其关键的特定氨基酸存在和较强的正电荷分布,并具有独特的二级结构及空间构象,这些特殊的结构特征对其内在化机制起决定作用。目前认为巨胞饮作用是PTD入胞的主要机制,PTD在经过细胞表面糖胺聚糖紧密结合快速作用及电荷作用后,由脂筏蛋白介导的巨胞饮作用内在化,然后巨胞饮体脂质双层破裂,使蛋白转导域．大分子释放入胞浆及胞核。     

Structural and biochemical analysis of mammalian methionine sulfoxide reductase B2

Methionine sulfoxide reductases are antioxidant enzymes that repair oxidatively damaged methionine residues in proteins. Mammals have three members of the methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase family, including cytosolic MsrB1, mitochondrial MsrB2, and endoplasmic reticulum MsrB3. Here, we report the solution structure of reduced Mus musculus MsrB2 using high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. MsrB2 is a β-strand rich globular protein consisting of eight antiparallel β-strands and three N-terminal α-helical segments. The latter secondary structure elements represent the main structural difference between mammalian MsrB2 and MsrB1. Structural comparison of mammalian and bacterial MsrB structures indicates that the general topology of this MsrB family is maintained and that MsrB2 more resembles bacterial MsrBs than MsrB1. Structural and biochemical analysis supports the catalytic mechanism of MsrB2 that, in contrast to MsrB1, does not involve a resolving cysteine (Cys). pH dependence of catalytically relevant residues in MsrB2 was accessed by NMR spectroscopy and the pK(a) of the catalytic Cys162 was determined to be 8.3. In addition, the pH-dependence of MsrB2 activity showed a maximum at pH 9.0, suggesting that deprotonation of the catalytic Cys is a critical step for the reaction. Further mobility analysis showed a well-structured N-terminal region, which contrasted with the high flexibility of this region in MsrB1. Our study highlights important structural and functional aspects of mammalian MsrB2 and provides a unifying picture for structure-function relationships within the MsrB protein family.     

氢酶结构及催化机理研究进展

氢酶是一类催化氢的氧化或质子还原的酶,它在微生物产氢过程中扮演着重要角色。根据氢酶所含的金属元素,可分为NiFe_氢酶、Fe-氢酶和不含金属元素的metal_free氢酶。大多数氢酶含有金属原子,它们参与氢酶活性中心和[Fe_S]簇的形成。氢酶的活性中心直接催化氢的氧化与质子的还原,[Fe_S]簇则参与氢酶催化过程中电子的传输。目前已有数种NiFe_氢酶和Fe_氢酶的X射线衍射晶体结构被阐明。根据metal_free氢酶的序列特征,推断其结构与NiFe_氢酶和Fe_氢酶之间存在较大差异。对氢酶活性中心和[Fe_S]簇的深入研究,揭示了氢酶催化反应的机理。     

细菌SGNH家族水解酶的研究进展

SGNH水解酶家族是一类在四个保守序列区上具有严格保守催化残基Ser、Gly、Asn和His的水解酶,该家族水解酶广泛存在于真核生物和原核生物中。细菌来源的SGNH水解酶家族具有来源广泛、功能多样且催化机制独特等特点,在细菌致病性、碳源代谢和天然产物合成等方面发挥重要生物学功能,在医药、化工、生物燃料和环境修复等领域具有广泛的应用潜力。本文从氨基酸序列、蛋白结构特征、酶学催化机制、细菌生理功能及应用领域等方面对细菌来源的SGNH水解酶家族成员进行综述。