免疫检查点疗法：战胜癌症的革命性突破 ——写在2018年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁布之际

美国免疫学家詹姆斯·艾利森(James P．Allison)与日本免疫学家本庶佑(Tasuku Honjo)因在免疫检查点治疗方面的贡献而获得了2018年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖．这一发现为免疫治疗开启了一扇新的大门．本文回顾了免疫检查点CTLA-4和PD-1的研究历史,免疫检查点药物的研发和应用进展以及免疫检查点疗法在国内的发展现况,提出了免疫检查疗法目前存在的局限性和解决方法．随着近年来我国在免疫治疗领域巨大的资金投入、一流基础研究平台的建设和优秀人才的回国使得我国在这一领域硕果累累,相信在不久的将来我国的免疫检查点抑制剂将会走出国门,为全人类的癌症事业做出贡献．     

大鼠Shh-N融合蛋白的表达、纯化及功能研究

为了获得重组Sonic hedgehog N端蛋白（Shh-N）并研究其功能,应用PCR技术扩增Shh-N cDNA,然后克隆至原核表达质粒中,转化E.coli后获得表达菌株, 经1 mmol/L IPTG诱导高效表达出带有His-tag的融合蛋白,其中大部分为可溶性蛋白,少量为包涵体.用His-tag特异性结合树脂纯化可溶性融合蛋白,经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定为单一区带,凝胶自动扫描分析表明,Shh-N的纯度达85%以上.纯化后的Shh-N在成纤维生长因子8(FGF₈)的协同作用下,能诱导神经前体细胞（NPC）向酪氨酸羟化酶阳性神经元（TH⁺）发育.在此基础上可以诱导不同类型的人类干细胞定向分化为多巴胺(DA)神经元,从而为临床治疗帕金森病（PD）提供充足的供体细胞.     

重组人MBD4蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化及活性分析

为获得重组人MBD4蛋白,将编码MBD4的开放式阅读框（ORF）插入原核表达载体pGEX6P1 GST基因下游的多克隆位点（MCS）.将获得的表达质粒转化入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) 菌株扩大培养并用IPTG诱导融合蛋白的表达.用谷胱甘肽琼脂糖凝胶 4B亲和介质从菌体裂解液中纯化了GST-MBD4融合蛋白.经过Prescision protease专一性裂解成功去除了融合蛋白上的GST标签.通过Mono Q阴离子交换层析获得了纯度达94%以上的MBD4蛋白,该蛋白具有甲基化DNA结合和糖苷酶生物活性.     

重组人LIF融合蛋白表达纯化及其活性鉴定

目的:原核表达重组hLIF融合蛋白并进行诱导表达、纯化及活性鉴定.方法:将hLIF基因克隆至pThioHisA载体,构建融合表达载体pThioHisA-hLIF,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达.表达产物经亲和层析后,Western blot检测目的蛋白的特异性.用小鼠胚胎干细胞脱饲养层培养对纯化后的重组hLIF融合蛋白进行生物活性的鉴定.结果:降低诱导温度和延长诱导时间能增加hLIF融合蛋白的可溶性表达,纯化后的重组蛋白纯度大于95％,Western blot检测显示了良好的特异性.在脱饲养层细胞培养条件下,添加纯化的hLIF融合蛋白能够有效的维持小鼠胚胎干细胞的未分化状态.结论:重组hLIF融合蛋白可在大肠杆菌中高效表达,具有良好的特异性,为干细胞研究及hLIF蛋白的其他功能研究奠定了基础.     

表达VP3重组减毒沙门氏菌的构建和融合蛋白纯化

寻求有效的肿瘤基因疗法,构建鸡贫血病毒VP3的减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌疫苗,并获得较纯的表达VP3基因的融合蛋白,初步研究其免疫原性.采用PCR技术扩增VP3基因,并将其与原核载体pET32α( )重组.将重组后质粒转染E.coli BL21,得到表达VP3的融合蛋白,并将此蛋白通过50%的Ni -NTA亲和树脂纯化.同时将重组质粒转染减毒沙门氏菌SL7207.经双酶切和PCR鉴定,成功构建了表达VP3的减毒沙门氏菌苗.融合蛋白通过50%的Ni -NTA亲和树脂纯化,得到纯度在90%以上的纯化蛋白.成功构建了表达VP3的减毒沙门氏菌苗,并且获得纯化的表达VP3的融合蛋白,为进一步研究VP3的免疫保护作用及对抗肿瘤疫苗的研制打下基础.     

亲和标签在重组蛋白表达与纯化中的应用

亲和标签融合技术为重组蛋白的纯化提供了一种简单方便的纯化工具,具有结合特异性高、洗脱条件温和、通用性强、纯化倍数高等显著优点。概述了亲和标签对融合蛋白表达的影响,可以提高重组蛋白的产量,增强重组蛋白的可溶性,促进重组蛋白的正确折叠;回顾了在重组蛋白表达与纯化中广泛使用的几种亲和标签,以及近年来相继出现的几种比较新颖的纯化标签;介绍了亲和标签的组合使用策略,His6-MBP组合标签集合了两个标签的优点,串联亲和纯化可以纯化获得生理条件下的蛋白质复合体;展望了亲和标签未来的发展趋势,认为仍需继续开发性能更加优越、纯化效果更加显著的纯化标签系统。     

牛pAcGFP-FADD融合蛋白真核表达载体构建及在CHO-K1细胞中的表达

FADD是Fas/FasL系统的一个信号连接蛋白,通过传递凋亡信号,介导细胞凋亡.为了揭示FADD在牛卵泡发育过程中的调控作用,采用RT-PCR从牛卵巢组织中扩增FADD基因,将其cDNA终止密码子删除,采用定向克隆技术连接到带有水母绿色荧光蛋白(AcGFP)报告基因的真核表达载体pAcGFP-N1中,构建融合蛋白重组质粒,经BglⅡ/EcoR Ⅰ酶切、测序鉴定后,用脂质体介导质粒转染CHO-K1细胞,观察有无荧光的表达及用RT-PCR和Western blotting方法检测基因转录、表达情况.结果表明,成功克隆牛FADD基因,通过PCR方法在FADD阅读框两端引入了Bgl Ⅱ和EcoR Ⅰ克隆位点,并于起始位点前加入Kozak序列,成功构建pAcGFP- bFADD融合蛋白真核表达载体,重组质粒转染CHO-K1 24 h后在荧光显微镜下观察到绿色荧光,转染效率可达65%,通过RT-PCR扩增出654 bp的转录产物,并用Western blotting检测到51.4 kD目的蛋白的表迭.     

重组原核质粒GST-hTudor-SN-SN（1～4）的构建及表达

目的 将人类Tudor-SN（tudor staphylococcal nuelease）蛋白SN（1～4）基因片段分别定向连入pGEX-4T-1质粒,使Tudor-SN蛋白sN各功能片段与（;＂蛋白在大肠埃希菌BL21细胞内融合表达.方法 以重组质粒pSG5-Tudor-SN-flag为模板,PCR法扩增出目的 基因,利用EcoR Ⅰ和Sal Ⅰ双酶切法将目的 片段连接纠pGEX-4T-1载体卜,再将构建成功的GST-hTudor-SN-SN（1～4）重组质粒转化人大肠埃希菌BL-21内,IPTG诱导表达后再以考马斯亮蓝染色法检测GST融合蛋白的表达.结果 以单/双酶切和基因测序法鉴定构建的重组质粒均无误,考马斯亮监染色法观察到GST融合蛋白的正确表达.结论 重组原核GST.hTudor-SN-SN（1-4）质粒成功构建和表达.     

USP22基因克隆及其融合蛋白真核表达载体的构建

目的克隆人类泛素水解酶22（ubiquitin—specific processing enzyme22,USP22）基因,构建与绿色荧光蛋白融合表达的真核载体。方法利用RT—PCR技术以HeLa细胞总RNA为模板分别扩增USP22基因cDNA序列两片段,依次插入真核表达载体pEGFP—N1;重组质粒转染HEK293T细胞,观察融合蛋白表达及绿色荧光的分布。结果测序结果显示USP22序列与GenBank收录数据一致,酶切显示重组质粒pEG—FP—USP22构建无误,质粒转染后有80％左右HEK293T细胞表达绿色荧光,且在胞质与胞核中广泛分布。结论成功克隆USP22基因并构建与GFP融合表达的真核载体,为进一步深入研究USP22基因的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

重组杆状病毒表达尼帕病毒融合蛋白和受体结合蛋白的研究

构建了表达尼帕病毒(Nipah virus,NiV)囊膜功能糖蛋白F和G的重组杆状病毒rBac-NF、rBac-NG。Western-blot证实大小分别为61kD和66kD的重组融合蛋白(rNF)和受体结合蛋白(rNG)分别在rBac-NF、rBac-NG感染的昆虫细胞中获得表达,并且rNF前体F0可在昆虫细胞内进一步有效裂解为F1(~49kD)和F2;采用兔抗NiV病毒高免血清间接免疫荧光检测重组杆状病毒表达F和G蛋白显示出良好的特异免疫反应原性。以rBac-NF、rBac-NG感染的昆虫细胞裂解液稀释后直接包被ELISA板,间接ELISA检测兔抗灭活NiV全病毒高免血清中的F和G蛋白特异性抗体,同样具有良好的敏感性和特异性;以rBac-NF和rBac-NG感染昆虫细胞培养物直接免疫BALB/c小鼠,可诱导显著的NiVF和G蛋白特异体液免疫反应,产生的特异抗体可有效中和NiV囊膜蛋白F和G介导的伪型VSV重组病毒侵入NiV易感宿主细胞的感染性。结果表明,杆状病毒表达重组F和G蛋白抗原具有替代NiV全病毒,作为安全、经济、敏感和特异的诊断抗原的潜力,并为重组病毒亚单位疫苗防制尼帕病毒性脑炎的探索研究奠定了基础。     

链球菌蛋白G的构建、重组表达及鉴定

化学合成链球茵蛋白G的C3D基因片段,通过分子生物学的方法对蛋白G（proteinG）的C3片段进行PCR扩增,拼接形成含有两个和三个重复C3片段的重组链球茵蛋白G,C3片段间以链接区D连接,即形成C3DC3和C3DC3DC3的形式,进而克隆到质粒pET21中,在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中表达。重组表达的蛋白经过DEAE—Sepharose和IgG—Sepharose纯化,得到纯化的重组蛋白。采用非竞争性酶免疫法对重组蛋白与不同来源IgG的结合常数进行测定,实验结果显示两种重组链球茵蛋白G均可有效地与小鼠、兔及山羊等多种不同来源抗体特异性结合。这些实验结果为下一步研究奠定了基础。     

Construction of a dual-tag system for gene expression, protein affinity purification and fusion protein processing

An E. coli vector system was constructed which allows the expression of fusion genes via a l-rhamnose-inducible promotor. The corresponding fusion proteins consist of the maltose-binding protein and a His-tag sequence for affinity purification, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Smt3 protein for protein processing by proteolytic cleavage and the protein of interest. The Smt3 gene was codon-optimized for expression in E. coli. In a second rhamnose-inducible vector, the S. cerevisiae Ulp1 protease gene for processing Smt3 fusion proteins was fused in the same way to maltose-binding protein and His-tag sequence but without the Smt3 gene. The enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) was used as reporter and protein of interest. Both fusion proteins (MalE-6xHis-Smt3-eGFP and MalE-6xHis-Ulp1) were efficiently produced in E. coli and separately purified by amylose resin. After proteolytic cleavage the products were applied to a Ni-NTA column to remove protease and tags. Pure eGFP protein was obtained in the flow-through of the column in a yield of around 35% of the crude cell extract.     

Construction, expression, and analysis of recombinant HIV gp41 constructs containing a novel cellular binding domain

The gp41 polypeptide of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contains an immunosuppressive domain, an epitope which elicits specific cytolytic T cell responses to HIV, and a complement Clq interactive domain. In addition, a synthetic peptide called CS3, derived from gp41 (amino acids 576-593 of gp160) and contiguous with the major immunodominant domain, binds to cellular proteins and may be important in HIV entry/fusion. In order to further investigate the role of the CS3 region of gp41 in cellular binding and to investigate other properties of gp41, sufficient quantities of this polypeptide must be readily available. We have therefore cloned the region of the HIV genome between nucleotides 7891 and 8188 (corresponding to amino acids 541-639 of gp160) into a series of procaryotic expression vectors. The resulting clones express a recombinant polypeptide of gp41 (r41). Two of these recombinants, pMAL-cRl/r41 and pGEMEX-2/r41, expressed the highest and most consistent levels of r41 as judged by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis. With the pMAL-cRl/r41 construct, r41 was expressed as a fusion to the maltose-binding protein (MBP) and, following purification by affinity chromatography, was cleaved from MBP by factor Xa protease digestion. MBP/r41 may be useful for studies of a reported gp41 cellular binding domain and may facilitate studies involving other functions ascribed to this region of gp41. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

High-level expression of recombinant human FK-binding protein from a fusion precursor

The human peptidyl-prolyl isomerase FK-binding protein (FKBP) was cloned as a fusion partner with CMP-KDO synthetase (CKS), and the resultant construct was characterized as an improved high-expression source for FKBP. The CKS-FKBP fusion was expressed as a soluble protein at levels approaching 1 gm/L inEscherichia coli fermentations. The fusion protein was purified to near homogeneity by a one-step ammonium sulfate fractionation of whole cell lysate. After selective cleavage, the fusion precursor produced yields approaching 300 mg of purified FKBP per liter of harvested culture, a 30 to 60-fold increase over that observed for a nonfusion construct. Selective cleavage of the fusion partners was accomplished using either hydroxylamine or specific, limited proteolysis. Once separated from the CKS fusion partner, the FKBP was isolated in a single step by either reversed-phase HPLC or chromatography on Q-Sepharose. For comparison of physical and chemical properties, a nonfusion construct of recombinant human FKBP was expressed inE. coli and isolated. The purified FKBPs exhibited expected SDS-PAGE molecular weights and N-terminal sequences. The proteins had similar proton NMR spectra and binding to [³H]FK-506. The fusion construct, CKS-FKBP, was also found to bind [³H]FK-506. These data indicate that FKBP fused to the C-terminus of CKS folds independently of the fusion partner and suggests the fused FKBP adopts a conformation resembling that of the native protein.     

一种新型改良硫氧还蛋白融合表达体系的建立及cathelicidin家族Lf-CATH2的表达

通过改良硫氧还蛋白融合表达体系,原核表达cathelicidin家族抗菌肽Lf-CATH2。首先在Lf-CATH2基因上游加入凝血酶位点,并去除p ET32α载体的凝血酶序列和S标签序列,构建优化的Lf-CATH2-p ET32α-TS载体,于大肠杆菌中表达。产物融合蛋白经凝血酶切割释放Lf-CATH2,纯化后进行抗菌活性检测。结果表明改良的硫氧还蛋白融合表达体系显著提高酶切效率达37%,Lf-CATH2在新体系中获得了可溶性高表达,且保留了抗菌活性。因此该新型硫氧还蛋白融合表达体系,有望为cathelicidin家族及其他阳离子活性肽提供更好的原核表达载体工具。     

做客肿瘤细胞的免疫检查点分子:不在其位,也谋其政

免疫检查点是一类表达在免疫细胞表面的抑制性受体分子,对维持免疫系统的稳态发挥重要的作用。近年来,陆续发现了一些重要的免疫检查点分子,例如CTLA-4和PD-1,也能在某些类型的肿瘤细胞中表达,这些“异位”表达的检查点分子被称为“肿瘤细胞固有免疫检查点分子”。虽然目前学界对它们的认识仍非常有限,但是已有证据表明,肿瘤细胞固有免疫检查点分子在表达上存在异质性,在功能上存在多样性。特别是其通过“获得性免疫非依赖”方式调控肿瘤细胞命运现象的发现,对个体化肿瘤免疫治疗方案的设计、新型抗肿瘤策略的开发都具有潜在的意义。本文概述肿瘤细胞固有免疫检查点分子的研究历程,并重点以CTLA-4和PD-1为代表,展开对肿瘤细胞固有免疫检查点分子生物学功能和分子调控机制的论述和探讨,最后对该领域存在的科学问题和未来研究方向做一展望。本综述旨在介绍和推动“肿瘤细胞固有免疫检查点分子”领域的研究。     

人CS1-Fc融合蛋白的真核表达、蛋白纯化及生物学效应鉴定

人信号淋巴细胞激活分子F7 (SLAMF7/CS1)是一种细胞表面糖蛋白,在多发性骨髓瘤细胞中高度表达。已有研究表明CS1是多发性骨髓瘤较为灵敏且特异的生物标志物。CAR-T细胞免疫疗法是治疗多发性骨髓瘤的新方法,其中CS1 CAR-T细胞免疫疗法针对复发性难治性多发性骨髓瘤有较好的疗效。为了检测CS1 CAR-T细胞上CS1CAR的表达效率和探寻CAR-T细胞免疫疗法的辅助手段,文中制备了一种CS1-Fc融合蛋白。首先利用PCR技术从已有质粒中扩增得到CS1的胞外段序列,再通过重叠延伸PCR与人IgG1-Fc段相连。将重组片段连接至pMH3真核表达载体上,经酶切鉴定和DNA测序后,将重组质粒pMH3-CS1-Fc-his转染至中国仓鼠卵巢细胞(CHO-S)。经G418加压筛选和流式细胞术鉴定,证实CS1-Fc融合蛋白在CHO-S细胞中获得了表达。利用镍柱对CS1-Fc融合蛋白进行纯化,经Western blotting鉴定,融合蛋白的分子量约为70 kDa。流式细胞术和细胞计数分析结果显示,CS1-Fc融合蛋白能有效检测CS1 CAR的表达效率,证实了CS1-Fc融合蛋白对CS1 C...     

An update on potentials and promises of T cell co-signaling molecules in transplantation

The promising outcomes of immune-checkpoint based immunotherapies in cancer have provided a proportional perspective ahead of exploiting similar approaches in allotransplantation. Belatacept (CTLA-4-Ig) is an example of costimulation blockers successfully exploited in renal transplantation. Due to the wide range of regulatory molecules characterized in the past decades, some of these molecules might be candidates as immunomodulators in the case of tolerance induction in transplantation. Although there are numerous attempts on the apprehension of the effects of co-signaling molecules on immune response, the necessity for a better understanding is evident. By increasing the knowledge on the biology of co-signaling pathways, some pitfalls are recognized and improved approaches are proposed. The blockage of CD80/CD28 axis is an instance of evolution toward more efficacy. It is now evident that anti-CD28 antibodies are more effective than CD80 blockers in animal models of transplantation. Other co-signaling axes such as PD-1/PD-L1, CD40/CD154, 2B4/CD48, and others discussed in the present review are examples of critical immunomodulatory molecules in allogeneic transplantation. We review here the outcomes of recent experiences with co-signaling molecules in preclinical studies of solid organ transplantation.