西藏土壤中分离的链霉菌含有丰富的线型和环型质粒

【目的】研究极端自然环境对链霉菌线型和环型质粒分布的影响。【方法】从西藏高原采集了20份土壤样品,分离和初步鉴定链霉菌,提取和检测质粒DNA。【结果】从中分离到46株链霉菌,其中有23株菌含有1 4个线型质粒,大小在19 650 kb之间,8个菌株含有1 4个环型质粒,大小在4 80 kb之间。【结论】西藏土壤来源的链霉菌含有大量的、多样的线型质粒和环型质粒,暗示极端环境中诸如强紫外辐射等可能会引发DNA损伤和修复,进而造成质粒的多样性。     

枯草芽孢杆菌携带PBSX类缺陷性原噬菌体的普遍性调查

【目的】对来自中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC)的39株枯草芽孢杆菌中的PBSX类缺陷性原噬菌体进行普遍性调查。【方法】对实验菌株进行丝裂霉素C(MMC)诱导,得到诱导后的裂解液上清。通过裂解液上清中13 kb DNA片段的存在情况,及其对PBSX敏感菌Bacillus subtilis W23的攻击作用,判断该菌株是否携带PBSX类缺陷性原噬菌体。同时利用透射电镜检测裂解液上清中噬菌体状颗粒。【结果】39株检测菌株中,24株菌裂解液上清含有13 kb DNA片段,对W23也具有较强的攻击能力,为PBSX溶源菌;1株菌裂解液上清中含有13 kb DNA片段,但不能攻击W23;5株菌裂解液上清中不含13 kb DNA片段,但依然对W23具有一定的攻击能力;另外9株裂解液上清中不含13 kb DNA片段,对W23也不具备攻击能力,其中3株菌株裂解液上清中能检测到大小不同于PBSX的噬菌体状颗粒。【结论】39株检测菌株中,携带有PBSX的菌株占61.5%的比重,具有一定普遍性;而工业菌株以及分离自神农架土壤中的野生菌株中含有不同于PBSX的多种噬菌体状颗粒。本文结果为进一步揭示PBSX对于宿主菌的作用提供了更多的理论依据。     

24株产不同抗生素的放线菌质粒的分离和鉴定

分离鉴定了中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会保藏的24株产不同抗生素的放线菌的质粒。按改进的Kado和Liu快速法提取质粒DNA,经电泳、电镜的检测,在24株检测菌中的7株菌里分离出10个质粒,携带质粒的菌株约占检测菌株的29％。质粒DNA的分子量约为1.8—61.6 kb。通过消除质粒试验和致死接合(Ltz)反应,研究了质粒和抗生素产生的关系。     

我国啤酒花根癌土壤杆菌的初步研究

1983—1984年,对北京、浙江、山东等地啤酒花种植地区的啤酒花冠瘿病发病情况进行了调查,并采集、分离到啤酒花根癌土壤杆菌16株。对其生物型、质粒类型、寄主范围和对土壤杆菌素8{(agrocin 84)的敏感性进行了测定。证明所测菌株都属于土壤杆菌生物I型菌,质粒类型为胭脂碱型(nopaline),具有较广的寄主范围,其中11株菌对土壤杆菌素8{敏感,5株菌不敏感。对1 0株菌的质粒进行了检测。在琼瞻糖凝胶电泳图上表明,所有菌株都含一个与pTiC58大小相同的质粒,此外,大多数菌株还含有l一3个隐蔽质柱。     

拟诺卡氏菌线型质粒pNPL1的测序和分析

【目的】检测和分析稀有放线菌中新的线型质粒。【方法】从植物内生菌中分离链霉菌之外的放线菌菌株,检测、测序和分析线型质粒。【结果】从中草药植物紫花前胡的叶片中分离到一株内生放线菌25L-1-1c,经过16S rRNA基因序列比对属于拟诺卡氏菌。从该菌株中检测到一个约25 kb的线型质粒pNPL1。克隆和测序了pNPL1新的端粒,含有多个小的回文序列。测序获得全长为24 621 bp的线型质粒pNPL1,预测编码22个基因,其中2个基因与链霉菌质粒的端粒复制基因同源,1个基因与链霉菌质粒主要的接合转移基因相似,其余19个基因为未知功能。携带pNPL1端粒复制基因的质粒不能转化变铅青链霉菌,暗示需要发展拟诺卡氏菌的遗传操作系统。【结论】这是首次在拟诺卡氏菌中发现和描述线型质粒。     

沈阳地区铜绿假单胞菌药物敏感性测定及质粒图谱分析

目的 测定铜绿假单胞菌对22种药物的敏感性,帮助临床选择用药。并对分离株进行质粒图谱分析以了解耐药菌株的流行情况。方法 药物敏感性实验采用纸片琼脂扩散法,质粒指纹图谱分析采用碱变性法提取质粒DNA,限制性内切酶切割后进行凝胶电泳分析。结果 铜绿假单胞菌对头胞哌酮、氧派酸、丁胺卡那霉素、壮观霉素、多粘菌毒和头孢三嗪的敏感率在84％－100％之间。所有菌株对其他16种抗性素均有不同程度的耐药。质粒DNA图谱分析显示,12株被检测菌株中有11株含有质粒DNA,其中8株含有23kb质粒DNA。结论 铜绿假单胞菌对头胞哌铜、氟派酸、丁胺卡那霉素、壮观霉素、多粘菌素敏感;多数耐药菌株含23kb质粒DNA。     

香港养殖海鲷弧菌致病菌药物敏感性及耐药质粒研究

从发病海鲷(Sparus sarba)中共分离到51株弧菌(\%Vibrio)\%,经API20E细菌快速鉴定系统及Alsina和Blanch关键生理生化特性分析鉴定为7个种,它们分别是：溶藻胶弧菌(\%V.alginolyticus)(24株),创伤弧菌(V.vulnificus)(12株)和副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)(7株),火神弧菌(V.logei)(4株),远洋弧菌Ⅱ菌(V.pelagius Ⅱ)(2株),河弧菌(V.fluvialis)(1株)和地中海弧菌(V.mediterranei)(1株)\%。其中3种优势菌溶藻胶弧菌创伤弧菌和副溶血弧菌证实对海鲷有致病性。另外采用平板稀释法检测了51株菌对16种抗菌素的敏感性。发现所有菌株对ceftriaxone,链霉素,萘啶酮酸和利福霉素敏感,几乎所有菌株对ceftazidime, netilimicin,氯霉素和sulfamethoxazole敏感.大部分菌株对氨苄青霉素 (60.8%),cefuroxime(667%),丁胺卡那霉素(55%),卡那霉素(588%)和三甲氧苄氨嘧啶(765%)等具有较强的耐药性。通过对菌株中所含有的耐药质粒进行分析,发现15株菌株含有1～4个质粒,分子量范围为9～123kb之间,对12株既含有较大分子量质粒又具有耐药性的菌株进行了质粒转化试验,结果其中9株菌的质粒具有转化能力,转化率为１０－１１～１０－９,表明所分离的菌株的抗药性是由于细菌染色体相关突变造成的。     

湖北地区快生型大豆根瘤菌的质粒及结瘤基因的初步定位

从湖北省潜江县和监利县的4个采集点分离纯化了26株快生型大豆根瘤菌。质粒分离分析结果表明:所测快生型大豆根瘤菌中均有1—3条质粒带,分子量范围在50—300 Md之间。从26株快生型大豆根瘤菌中,选出分属两个血清型的5个菌株,依据根瘤菌nodABC基因在所有根瘤菌种中的结构同源性,对快生型大豆根瘤菌的结瘤基因(nod)进行了初步定位,其结果表明:R173、X143、B21、B2,D13菌株的质粒DNA中没有与nod ABC基因同源的片段存在,而R173、X143、B21、D13菌株的总DNA中含有部分no     

5种大肠埃希氏菌Col质粒接合传递实验研究

以5种61株Col~ 大肠埃希氏菌为供体,与受体E.Coli K_(12)进行接合实验,结果有16株供体菌的Col质粒传递给K_(12),占25.4％。其中NPEC、ETEC、EPEC、EIEC、EAEC的传递比率分别是8/22、 4/21、2/15、1/2、1/1。按传递方式分类,52株耐药供体菌有10株的Col质粒和耐药标记(或R质粒)发生共同传递,占19.2％,伴发Col质粒传递的耐药标记有8种,其中TC、SM、COS、KM的并发传递率较高(16—20％)。不同耐药标记菌株的Col质粒传递率范围在0—66.7％。在8株敏感菌和1株耐药菌中有6株Col质粒发生单独传递,占66.7％。实验发现4个配对组的Col质粒和R(r)质粒发生分离而独自传递。本文分析了Col质粒传递方式和耐药性的关系,同时讨论了接合传递的不同方法。为阐明和研究R~ Col~ 肠道菌的演变及其对正常菌群生态平衡的影响提供遗传学依据。     

联苯降解细菌的分离及其降解质粒某些特性的研究

:通过选择性富集培养 ,从芳烃污染的土壤中分离得到 16株以联苯作唯一碳源生长的细菌。初步鉴定 ,3株均为假单孢菌属(Psedomonas) 。都含有大小 2个质粒。质粒不稳定 ,易丢失。经苯甲酸钠和口丫啶橙的消除实验 ,结果表明 ,随着质粒丢失 ,菌株利用Bp生长的能力也丧失。酶活性分析表明 ,菌株只有邻苯二酚 2 ,3—氧化酶活性 ,没有邻苯二酚1 ,2—氧化酶活性。菌株对联苯的降解率 :bp2 菌为 93%、bp2 3菌为 81%、bp2 4 菌为 99%。降解过程中产生λmax331nm和λmax4 34nm2种中间代谢物。     

Plasmids in Frankia sp.

A method to achieve cell lysis and isolate Frankia sp. plasmid DNA was developed. A screening of Frankia sp. strains belonging to different host compatibility groups (Alnus sp., Elaeagnus sp., Ceanothus sp.) showed that, of 39 strains tested, 4 (strains Cp11, ARgN22d, ArI3, and EUN1f) possessed plasmids ranging in size from 7.1 to 32.2 kilobase pairs as estimated from agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. A total of 11 plasmids were detected.     

Identification of atypical Frankia strains by fatty acid analysis

Abstract: Ineffective, non-infective actinomycetous isolates obtained from actinorhizal nodules of Coriaria nepalensis and Datisca cannabina were identified as Frankia using whole cell fatty acid analysis. The isolates exhibited fatty-acid patterns very similar to those of confirmed Frankia strains from other host plants ( Alnus, Casuarina, Colletia, Comptonia, Elaeagnus and Hippophae ). All Frankia strains, including Coriaria and Datisca isolates, showed fatty-acid profiles very distinct from those of other actinomycetes used as controls ( Actinomyces, Geodermatophilus, Nocardia, Mycobacterium and Streptomyces ). For the genus Frankia , a characteristic pattern of five fatty acids (15:0; 15:1; 16:0 iso; 17:0 and 17:1) was found. These fatty acids comprised 75% or more of the total content. All Frankia strains could be placed into three subgroups. Coriaria isolates were found in the largest subgroup which contained most Frankia strains from other hosts while ineffective strains from Alnus, Elaeagnus and Datisca were distributed in all three subgroups of Frankia .     

Genetic diversity of Datisca cannabina-compatible Frankia strains as determined by sequence analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene.

The presence of Frankia strains in soil samples collected from northern areas of Pakistan was detected by inoculating Coriaria nepalensis and Datisca cannabina plants. The abundance of compatible Frankia strains in some areas was indicated by profuse nodulation of the host plants, whereas soil samples from other localities failed to result in nodulation. An oligonucleotide probe (COR/DAT) directed against the 16S rRNA gene of the endophytes of Coriaria and Datisca spp. that did not cross-react with the RNA gene of Frankia strains isolated from other hosts was developed. Genetic diversity among Frankia strains nodulating D. cannabina was determined by sequence analysis of the partial 16S rRNA gene amplified from nodules induced by soil samples from different localities by PCR. Four types of Frankia sequences and one non-Frankia sequence were detected by hybridization with a Frankia genus probe and the COR/DAT probe as well as by sequence analysis of the cloned PCR products.     

The nodular endophytes of Coriaria spp. form a distinct lineage within the genus Frankia

Repeated attempts at isolating the Frankia endophyte of Coriaria spp. have not yielded infective microbial cultures that could fulfil Koch's postulates. In order to circumvent the critical isolation step, nodule endophytes of Coriaria were characterized directly by means of specific amplification of nodule DNA (PCR) followed by sequencing of part of the 16S rDNA gene. Three closely related sequences were obtained from nodules originating from France, Mexico and New Zealand, containing unique sequences different from all other Frankia strains characterized so far. The sequences obtained were closest (with 5 or 6 substitutions) to those of Frankia alni and those of Casuarina-infective Frankia strains, respectively. Two nucleotides unique to the Coriaria endophyte sequences were used to define specific primers, resulting in a hybridization test that could discriminate between Frankia DNAs originating from Coriaria nodules and those recovered from all cultured Frankia strains tested. The endophytes of Coriaria thus appear to form a distinct Frankia lineage.     

Evidence for the presence of plasmids in four therapeutically important strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus

Four therapeutically important strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus designated as R, 301, 1899 and NCFM were screened for the presence of plasmids. Two lysis methods were used for the isolation of plasmid DNA: an alkaline method and a more gentle technique. It was found that the gentle lysis method yielded better plasmid DNA both quantitatively and qualitatively. All four strains studied apparently possess plasmids. The strains 301 and NCFM possessed one plasmid each, with a size of 4.2 kb, whereas R possessed three plasmids (3.5, 2.4 and 2.1 kb) and 1899 possessed two plasmids (4.1 and 4.2 kb). Restriction analysis revealed that the plasmid DNA from strain R was cleaved by Bam HI but not by Hin d III and Eco RI. The plasmid DNA from the remaining three strains was cleaved by all three restriction enzymes used.     

Amplification of 16S rRNA genes from Frankia strains in root nodules of Ceanothus griseus, Coriaria arborea, Coriaria plumosa, Discaria toumatou, and Purshia tridentata.

To study the global diversity of plant-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing Frankia strains, a rapid method was used to isolate DNA from these actinomycetes in root nodules. The procedure used involved dissecting the symbiont from nodule lobes; ascorbic acid was used to maintain plant phenolic compounds in the reduced state. Genes for the small-subunit rRNA (16S ribosomal DNA) were amplified by the PCR, and the amplicons were cycle sequenced. Less than 1 mg (fresh weight) of nodule tissue and fewer than 10 vesicle clusters could serve as the starting material for template preparation. Partial sequences were obtained from symbionts residing in nodules from Ceanothus griseus, Coriaria arborea, Coriaria plumosa, Discaria toumatou, and Purshia tridentata. The sequences obtained from Ceonothus griseus and P. tridentata nodules were identical to the sequence previously reported for the endophyte of Dryas drummondii. The sequences from Frankia strains in Coriaria arborea and Coriaria plumosa nodules were identical to one another and indicate a separate lineage for these strains. The Frankia strains in Discaria toumatou nodules yielded a unique sequence that places them in a lineage close to bacteria that infect members of the Elaeagnaceae.     

Characteristics and distribution of plasmids in a clonally diverse set of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains

The aim of this study was to compare the plasmid contents of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains classified into different clonal clusters (CCs). The isolates were collected from 15 Czech hospitals in 2000-2008. Plasmid DNA was detected in 65 (89%) strains, and 33 of them harbored more than one plasmid type. Altogether 24 different types of plasmids were identified, ranging in size from 1.3 to 55 kb. Restriction endonuclease analysis, plasmid elimination, DNA hybridization, and sequencing were used for their further characterization. It has been found that the conjugative, erythromycin resistance and enterotoxin D encoding plasmids are harbored by strains from different CCs. On the other hand, chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance plasmids, and most of the penicillinase and cryptic plasmids were only detected in certain CCs. Especially, the pUSA300-like plasmids were found exclusively in the USA300 clone strains. The high diversity in plasmid content detected in the study strains implies that plasmids play a major role in evolution of MRSA clonal lineages.     

Isolation and characterization of Frankia from nodules of actinorhizal plants of Pakistan

Frankia strains have been isolated from actinorhizal nodules of Alnus (2 strains), Casuarina (5 strains), Coriaria (1 strain), Datisca (3 strains), Elaeagnus (1 strain) and Hippophae (1 strain). The isolates were characterized for their growth on various carbon and nitrogen sources, nitrogen-fining ability in culture and nodulation of seedlings of the original host plant.     

Plasmids in clinical isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae

Forty clinical isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae with various antibiotic resistance profiles were screened for the presence of plasmids. Plasmids were demonstrated in five isolates. Three procedures for plasmid isolation were evaluated. A 10.8-kb plasmid was demonstrated by all three methods, but a further four plasmids were detected with one method only. The sizes of these plasmids were 11.5 kb, 10.8 kb, and 3.0 kb (two strains). Curing experiments were performed, but no plasmid/antibiotic correlation was observed. Tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin resistance was lost in one strain, although the plasmid was still present.     

Frequency and characteristics of plasmids in bacteria isolated from deep-sea amphipods

Bacterial strains isolated from deep-sea amphipods were identified, classified, and screened for plasmid content. Plasmids were common, with 11 of 16 isolates carrying one or more plasmids; these ranged in size from 2.9 to 63 megadaltons. Several of the strains demonstrated distinctly different phenotypic traits yet contained plasmids of the same molecular weight. Results of agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA hybridization, and restriction analysis indicate that the plasmids detected in these deep-sea isolates are identical, suggesting that transmission may occur in the deep-sea environment and that plasmids are common in some deep-sea habitats.