铜绿丽金龟蛴螬肠道产消化酶细菌的分离与鉴定

目的分离不同生态环境中铜绿丽金龟蛴螬肠道中产消化酶细菌,明确生态环境和食物对其肠道共生细菌产酶活性的影响。方法 2016年7月,自野外林间废弃的菜园和花生田分别采集蛴螬,鉴定出铜绿丽金龟蛴螬后,采用传统分离培养法对其肠道中的共生细菌进行分离鉴定,利用平板透明圈法分别进行淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶和纤维素酶等的分泌能力测定。结果自铜绿丽金龟蛴螬肠道中共分离出细菌24株,其中在野生铜绿丽金龟蛴螬体内分离出9株,花生田铜绿丽金龟蛴螬体内分离出15株。野生蛴螬体内分离的细菌中,产淀粉酶菌株1株,产蛋白酶菌株4株,产纤维素酶菌株1株,产脂肪酶菌株1株;花生田蛴螬体内分离的细菌中,产淀粉酶菌株1株,产蛋白酶菌株3株,产纤维素酶菌株9株,未分离到产脂肪酶的菌株。结论野生铜绿丽金龟蛴螬肠道细菌中产蛋白酶种类较多,占44.4%;花生田铜绿丽金龟蛴螬肠道细菌中产纤维素酶菌株最多,所占比例可达60.0%,反映出生境和食性与昆虫肠道共生细菌产消化酶活性的相适应性。     

冬小麦蛴螬类混合种群为害损失及防治指标研究

蛴螬类混合种群,主要指大黑鳃金龟Holo-．trichiaoblitaF、云斑鳃金龟PolyphyllachinensisFairmaire、暗黑鳃金龟HolotrichiaParallelaMotschulsky的幼虫,是陇东冬麦区为害较重的一大类地下害虫。一般为害冬小麦,造成缺苗或死苗率为5％～15％,严重者达30％左右,致使冬小麦产量下降、损失较大,为了制定防治指标,1989～1991年笔者就蛴螬类混合种群（以下简称济错）为害冬小麦损失与防治指标进行了研究,现将结果整理如下。1研究方法选择技错密度较高,为害较重的冬麦田。地点在泾川县西高寺村塬地;土壤为肥力中等均匀的黑沙土;冬…     

大针茅草原蛴螬群落特征研究

内蒙古典型草原的主体植被类型——大针茅(Stipa grandis)草原中,有蛴螬4科9种．构成大针茅草原蛴螬群落的4个科中,以鳃金龟科种类数、个体数为最多,主要种群的重要值排序为黑皱鳃金龟、东方绢金龟、马铃薯鳃金龟及弓斑常丽金龟．几种蛴螬在发生上大致呈3种类型：春季和秋季大量发生．如东方绢金龟;一年中密度波动较小,如弓斑常丽金龟;秋季大量发生,如黑皱鳃金龟和马铃薯鳃金龟．大针茅草原蛴螬群落的多样性特征在于秋季群落多样性和物种的丰度较高,而夏季相对较低．春季蛴螬群落种群丰度较高,但群落结构相对较单调．     

利用缓病芽孢杆菌76—1菌株防治蛴螬的研究

1976年从山东荣成县崂山乡花生田罹病的蒙古丽金龟(Anomala mongolia Fald)蛴螬体内分离到一株缓病芽孢杆菌(Bacillus lentimorbus),编号为76—1菌株。此菌株对蒙古丽金龟、铜绿丽金龟等为害花生的虫种有较强的致病力(注射试验致病率分别为91％、81％;室内菌土与饲喂试验的致病率分别是28.9％、36.3％与35.6％、8.3％),田间小区试验累计达75％,大田防治效率平均为38.4％,且有长效性,施菌剂防区连续七年虫口持续下降。证明此菌株对防治花生田中丽金龟科一些蛴螬虫种有显著效果。     

高尔夫球场不同功能区草地优势种蛴螬种群生态位分析

研究了亚热带高尔夫球场不同功能区优势种蛴螬种群空间分布及时间和空间的生态位．结果表明,球场4种优势种草地蛴螬时间生态位宽度几乎均在0．9以上(除果岭Ⅲ区及Ⅳ区个别蛴螬种外),其中短草高地和果岭Ⅰ、Ⅱ区中4种蛴螬时间生态位宽度均最大,长草高地和果岭Ⅳ区的时间生态位宽度则最低．除浅棕鳃金龟垂直空间生态位宽度在球道4区均达0．8以上外,其它种蛴螬在球场各区普遍偏低(0．2～0．7)．在球道和果岭4区中,4种蛴螬种对时间生态位相似性指数均高达0．8以上,垂直空间生态位相似性指数大多数蛴螬种对在0．1～0．6之间,球道以铜绿丽金龟与大绿金龟种对为最高(0．8以上),果岭则是铜绿丽金龟与大绿金龟、华南大黑鳃金龟与浅棕鳃金龟种对为最高(0．8以上)．垂直空间分布上,球道和果岭各区中4种蛴螬主要活动于食源最为丰富的上、中层土壤空间(0～5和5～10cm),少数出现于球道部分区10～15cm土层中活动和取食,4种蛴螬几乎不在果岭10～15cm土层中活动和取食。     

京郊草坪蛴螬的种类和为害特点

2004–2006年,在北京及周边地区对草坪生产基地、绿化草坪、高尔夫球场草坪及运动场草坪地下害虫蛴螬种类和为害进行了调查。共鉴定蛴螬2 220头,隶属2亚科10属17种,其中华北大黑鳃金龟、黄褐丽金龟和铜绿丽金龟是重要的为害种。提供了鉴别特征图和北京地区草坪蛴螬种类检索表。     

我国主要蚧螬对乳状菌的敏感性

我国主要蛴螬种类对乳状菌(Bacillus popilliae Dutky)(以下简称B.p.)敏感性的测定:已有14种蛴螬能注射感染B.p.。超出了Dutky(1963)的记录。敏感寄主毛喙丽金龟(Adoretus hirsutus Ohaus)、四纹丽金龟(Popillia quadriguttata F.)、暗黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia morosa Waterh)、黑棕鳃金龟(Apogonia cupreoviridis Fairm.)的幼虫注射感病率达91.6—100%。E.P.拌种喂食四纹、阔胸犀金龟(Pentodon patruelis Friv.)的幼虫,感病率分别达到68.9%和50%。B.p.拌土喂食阔胸幼虫,感病率为28.5%,田间小区试验,保苗效果达49.5%,虫口减退率达40.0%。定向转主驯化B.p.对华北大黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia oblitaFald.)幼虫,注射感病率已由不感病提高至感染率34.6%。 利用病原微生物防治害虫是综合防治的一个重要环节,应用乳状菌防治金龟子幼虫是以菌治虫方面值得研究的课题之一。 早在本世纪三十年代已发现日本金龟子(Popillia japonicaNewm.)幼虫罹患乳臭病的事实。1940年Dutky首先对其病原菌(B.popilliae)和(B.lentimorbus)进行命名和描述,继之White 1941,Beard 1945等对其生理生化、致病机理等作了较多的研究。五十年代后,对这类菌的超显微结构、离体培养等研究更为广泛。它作为第一个商品化的细菌杀虫剂,美国最早用于防治草地下的日本金龟子幼虫,取得了显著的效果。 我国蛴螬种类在千种以上,在华北、东北、西北的农田里为害十分严重,由于蛴螬的种类多,分布广,因而寄生于蛴螬的乳状菌株也相当丰富。目前已从主要蛴螬种类上陆续分离出一些菌株,将为我国开发利用乳状菌提供资源。近几年来,我们除对我国菌株进行研究外,也做了引进菌种Bacillus popilliae Dutky对我国主要蛴螬敏感性的研究,本文主要报道这方面结果。     

花生蛴螬乳状病病原菌的初步研究

<正> 近年来,山东花生产区大面积发生了蛴螬为害,荚果损失达10—20％。经田间调查,发现多种金龟幼虫能自然感染蛴螬乳状病。1977—1978年,我们对蛴螬乳状病及其病原菌Bacillus     

几种主要蛴螬(金龟子)的测报办法及应用的探讨

<正> 近年来,我们在开展花生蛴螬的综合防治研究中,对暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallelaMotschulsky(以下简称暗黑)、华北大黑鳃金龟H.oblita(Faldermann)(以下简称大黑)、铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky(以下     

几种有机磷农药防治蛴螬的研究

吉林省中部平原生态类型的蛴螬主要是东北大黑金龟(Holotrichia diomphalia Bates)的幼虫。也有少量的朝鲜黄金龟(Miridiba koreana N.& K.)、褐条金龟(Anomala straminea Semenov)、棕色金龟(Eotrichia titanis Reitter)和黄褐金龟(Anamala exoeta Fald.)幼虫。以高粱、玉米幼苗受害最重,豆麦互换茬和豆后茬甜菜的根也遭受其害。过去防治蛴螬的主要方法是施用六六六毒谷或毒土,但由于春风大,药易被风吹走,防治效果不好。从1973年到1976年,先后在5个县20多个生产队,500多     

Does interference competition explain why White Terns of Aride Island,Seychelles, breed predominantly when marine productivity is lower?

White Terns Gygis alba breed throughout the year on Aride Island but show a marked preference to nest during the northwest monsoon (November–March), when interspecific competition and also marine productivity are considered to be lower. In this study we investigated and compared breeding and foraging parameters of White Terns between the northwest and southeast (May–September) monsoons to assess whether interspecific competition affected foraging activity and explained the timing of breeding of White Terns. Goatfish (Mullidae) dominated the diet of White Terns and no significant differences were found in diet composition between the northwest and southeast monsoons. Similar diets and patterns of food provisioning of White Terns between the two monsoons do not support the hypothesis of strong exploitation competition during the southeast monsoon. On the other hand, foraging behaviour and frequency of capture attempts of White Terns differed between the two monsoons. The percentages of multi‐species flocks with White Terns and of large flocks with more than 25 noddies Anous and terns Onychoprion were significantly higher during the southeast monsoon. Moreover, capture attempt frequencies of White Terns foraging in multi‐species flocks were lower than those of solitary individuals, and both solitary and flocking White Terns had significantly lower capture attempt frequencies during the southeast monsoon in comparison with the northwest monsoon. These results suggest that interference competition depresses foraging activity of flock‐foraging White Terns, particularly during the southeast monsoon, which could potentially explain why White Terns breed preferentially during the northwest monsoon. However, and despite avoiding interference competition, White Terns nesting during the northwest monsoon did not show higher breeding success than those nesting during the southeast monsoon. Other hypotheses that might explain the preference of White Terns for breeding during the northwest monsoon, such as avoidance of agonistic interactions with Lesser Noddies Anous tenuirostris at nest sites, should also be investigated.     

Protoplast isolation and transient gene expression in different petunia cultivars

Protoplasma - The protocol optimized for Petunia hybrida cv. Mirage Rose produced high protoplast yields in 3 out of other 11 cultivars (Damask White, Dreams White, and Opera Supreme White)....     

利用微卫星标记分析贵州白水牛与普通水牛的遗传多样性与亲缘关系

利用11对微卫星引物对贵州白水牛和6个普通水牛群体的有效等位基因数、基因杂合度、多态信息含量和遗传距离进行了分析。结果表明,11个微卫星基因座在7个水牛群体中均存在多态性,可以用于水牛的遗传多样性评估。贵州白水牛和6个普通水牛群体的平均杂合度和平均多态信息含量分别为0·7450～0·7922和0·7021～0·7605。贵州白水牛和遵义普通水牛的亲缘关系最近,遗传距离为0·0910。由UPGMA聚类法得到的系统聚类图反映了贵州白水牛和6个普通水牛群体的亲缘关系远近程度,贵州白水牛没有单独聚为一类,而是与同分布区的遵义普通水牛首先聚类,然后依次与其余地区的普通水牛聚类。研究提出了贵州白水牛应是其产地的普通水牛群体中的一个突变群的见解,为开展贵州白水牛的遗传资源评估、保护与利用提供了分子水平的遗传学依据。     

Lethal and sublethal effects of rice polishing process on Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The mechanical impact of rice polishingon the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and the subsequent postpolishing effects associated with rice quality were studied. "Brown" rice (not polished), "White (infest then polish)" rice, and "White (polish then infest)" rice were used with different polishing process intensities and different initial weevil densities. Weevil progeny were more numerous in Brown than in White (infest then polish) or White (polish then infest) rice. Polishing corresponding to a weight loss of 11% in rice generated an immediate mortality of approximately 40%; the subsequent mortality caused by rice quality was also 40% (total >80%). A polishing process corresponding to 14 and 16% of rice weight loss generated a drastic mortality in the weevil population (>95%). The progeny per adult weevil was similar with high and low initial weevil densities. The development of weevil progeny was also delayed by about 1 wk in White (infest then polish) rice compared with Brown rice. Furthermore, weevil adults of the progeny were significantly heavier in Brown than in White (infest then polish) or White (polish then infest) rice.     

Relative effects of ultraviolet and visible light on the activities of corn earworm and beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nucleopolyhedroviruses

Five different combinations of fluorescent tubes (UV-B/UV-B, UV-B/UV-A, UV-A/ UV-A, UV-B/White, White/White) were used to determine relative effects of UV and visible light on the nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPV) of Helicoverpa zea and Spodoptera exigua. For both viruses, the greatest inactivation occurred with exposure to UV-B radiation. Both virus concentration and radiation exposure time influenced the rate and degree of inactivation. In the case of the UV-A/UV-A and White/White combinations inactivation occurred only with the longest exposure (24 h) and the lowest virus concentration (0.747 PIB/mm2). The NPV from H. zea was found to be more sensitive to UV radiation than the NPV from S. exigua.     

Comparative nest habitat characteristics of sympatric White‐tailed Haliaeetus albicilla and Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos in western Scotland

Capsule Golden and White‐tailed Eagles selected different habitats for nesting.

Aim To investigate differences in nesting habitat used by sympatrically breeding eagles in western Scotland, following reintroduction of White‐tailed Eagles from 1975 onwards.

Methods Nest‐site locations from national surveys in 2003–05 were entered into a geographical information system (GIS) in order to measure a set of geographic parameters for each nest site. Binary logistic regression with backwards deletion of non‐significant terms was used to derive minimum adequate models at two spatial scales of the likelihood of an eagle nest belonging to one species or the other. We compared changes in occupancy between 1992 and 2003 of Golden Eagle territories inside and outside a GIS model of potential White‐tailed Eagle habitat and according to proximity to White‐tailed Eagle nests.

Results White‐tailed Eagles nested at lower altitudes than Golden Eagles, in more wooded habitats with more open water close by, tending to nest in trees where these were present. There were 3359 km² of potential White‐tailed Eagle nesting habitat within 25 km of existing White‐tailed Eagle nests, containing 54 Golden Eagle territory centres, but we found no difference in change of occupancy for Golden Eagle territories close to White‐tailed Eagles compared with those further away.

Conclusion White‐tailed and Golden Eagles appear to partition nesting habitat in the west of Scotland by altitude. This corresponds with behaviour in western Norway and with the situation described in historical accounts of nest‐sites in western Scotland prior to extinction of White‐tailed Eagles. It is also consistent with recent studies showing little overlap in breeding season diet of Golden and White‐tailed Eagles in western Scotland, and likely partitioning of foraging habitat by altitude. We conclude that the likelihood of competitive exclusion is less than previously suggested.     

LR White is preferable to Unicryl for immunogold detection of fixation-sensitive nuclear antigens

The purpose of this study was to compare two electron microscopy embedding media - LR White and Unicryl - with regard to cell morphologyical and immunohistochemical preservation properties for the study of fixation-sensitive nuclear antigens. Human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde and 0.1% glutaraldehyde, and embedded in parallel in the two resins: LR White and Unicryl using; two different polymerization protocols were used for each resin. Preservation of fine nuclear structure was good after LR White and poor after Unicryl embedding. Immunogold labeling of Sm antigen was significantly stronger on LR White sections. Polymerization by UV light resulted in stronger and more specific labeling than heat polymerization. These results show that LR White is advantageous over Unicryl for the study of nuclear antigens requiring delicate aldehyde fixation.     

广东发现濒危鸟类海南鳽

:1 998年 6月 1 7日、1 999年 8月 1 7日、1 999年 8月 2 6日在广东省始兴县车八岭国家级自然保护区范围内三次获得海南幼鸟各 1只 ;华南濒危动物研究所曾于 1 960年 3月 2 2日在英德县滑水山采获雄成鸟标本 1只。至此 ,广东省内存在濒危鸟类海南得到确切证实。近些年内桂南、粤北是国内仅有海南种群分布的地区     

Mitochondrial DNA-Based Genetic Structure Analysis of Pudong White Pigs

There are extensive debates concerning the origin and the necessity of conservation of Pudong White pigs in the Taihu region of China. To elucidate their genetic ancestry, we sequenced the complete mtDNA D-loop sequences of 25 Pudong White pigs and 9 Shawutou pigs from the Taihu region and reanalyzed 158 published sequences of other breeds in GenBank. Haplotypes of all pigs were classified into two clades, A and E, but Pudong White pigs were found only in clade A. The results of population differentiation demonstrated that there were few genetic exchanges among the eight populations. Furthermore, divergence time estimates suggested that the Pudong White pigs split from four types of Taihu pigs at about 0.26–0.75 million years ago. Overall, the results suggest that the Pudong White pig is a unique population, and conservation practice should concentrate on preserving this isolated population.     

Skin and bones: the contribution of skin tone and facial structure to racial prototypicality ratings

Previous research reveals that a more 'African' appearance has significant social consequences, yielding more negative first impressions and harsher criminal sentencing of Black or White individuals. This study is the first to systematically assess the relative contribution of skin tone and facial metrics to White, Black, and Korean perceivers' ratings of the racial prototypicality of faces from the same three groups. Our results revealed that the relative contribution of metrics and skin tone depended on both perceiver race and face race. White perceivers' racial prototypicality ratings were less responsive to variations in skin tone than were Black or Korean perceivers' ratings. White perceivers ratings' also were more responsive to facial metrics than to skin tone, while the reverse was true for Black perceivers. Additionally, across all perceiver groups, skin tone had a more consistent impact than metrics on racial prototypicality ratings of White faces, with the reverse for Korean faces. For Black faces, the relative impact varied with perceiver race: skin tone had a more consistent impact than metrics for Black and Korean perceivers, with the reverse for White perceivers. These results have significant implications for predicting who will experience racial prototypicality biases and from whom.