[树]麻雀羽再生的能量预算和水代谢散热调节

为探讨[树]麻雀的羽再生能力、能量预算对策和有效的散热调节方式,对3组(对照CF、去飞羽FF和去尾羽组TF)[树]麻雀(Passer montanus)进行4周驯养(Acclimation)。结果发现:[树]麻雀具有较强的羽再生能力和飞羽参与个体保温。羽再生[树]麻雀能量收支水平降低极显著(P﹤0.001),FF组和TF组比CF组减少依次为:摄入能19.77%和7.17%、消化能18.79%和6.47%、同化能18.73%和6.46%、粪能28.66%和13.35%、水代谢散热热能26.95%和7.43%、排泄次数33.71%和14.40%,增加依次为:消化率1.23%和0.78%、同化率1.35%和0.84%。个体能值水平,体重CF、TF和FF组(P﹤0.05)依次降低,体温组间变化不显著(P﹥0.05)。体内能量储备,血糖、肌糖原、体脂和水分含量组间差异不显著(P﹥0.05),肝糖原含量、体脂重组间差异显著(P﹤0.05)。器官水平包括心脏、肾脏、腺胃、小肠、盲肠和总消化道长度及质量出现积极的响应。日代谢水量组间差异极显著(P﹤0.001)。组间日排泄次数最少平均为56.11次和最多可达96.34次/只。结果表明:羽再生[树]麻雀分别选择了不同程度的降低能量收支水平,提高摄入食物的消化、吸收效率,动用体内能量储备来获取摄入能量不足部分,降低器官总能耗的能量预算对策和不同的新羽(再生羽枚数:飞羽部分和尾羽全部)再生的能量投资对策。泄殖腔排出(粪尿混合物)水是鸟类特有的、迅速的和有效的散热调节方式。     

树麻雀代谢率和器官重量在温度驯化中表型的可塑性变化

为探讨温度对树麻雀基础代谢和代谢器官的表型可塑性变化,以人工气候箱驯养4周的光周期为12L:12D、温度为5℃(实验组)和25℃(对照组)的两组成年树麻雀为研究对象,测定其体重、基础代谢率(BMR)、体脂和水分含量以及各器官、组织的湿重和干重.结果实验组麻雀的BMR显著升高,体脂含量和水分含量以及体重均没有显著变化;肝脏重量和肾脏湿重显著增加,干重增加不显著;总消化管干重、小肠干重、直肠湿重和干重显著降低(P<0.01),胃湿重增加显著(P<0.05).由此提示:环境温度改变引起麻雀各器官结构和功能能力相应的可塑性的调整变化,器官能耗总量的增加很可能是引起BMR升高的主要原因,是麻雀器官能耗与功能能力、摄食量与消化率乃至个体适合度价与环境因素进行能量预算的结果.     

短期持续限食对树麻雀体重和基础代谢率的影响及生态学意义

为探讨短期持续限食对树麻雀(Passer monanus)体重和基础代谢率的影响,及其生理适应的调节机制。以正常饲喂树麻雀为对照组(0D组,D为饥饿天数),以进食量相同和持续限食时间不同的4组(1D、3D、5D和7D)树麻雀为研究对象进行限食驯养。结果显示,体重与个体BMR间存在极显著的线性关系(r=0.512,P=0.001);5组树麻雀单位体重的基础代谢率(BMR)差异不显著,5D和7D组树麻雀的个体BMR组间差异显著(P0.05);树麻雀的体重驯养前后变化为对照组增加而4个实验组降低,驯养后,1D和7D组与对照组相比体重降低分别为显著(P0.05)和极显著(P0.01),3D和5D组相对于1D、7D组出现小幅度的上调,1～7d持续限食树麻雀的体重出现降升降的趋势。结论是:当摄食量不足时,消耗体内的能量储备和降低个体的基础能耗对缓解短期持续限食的生存压力有利,但个体适合度随之降低。体内能量储备和个体基础能耗的相应增加是树麻雀应对饥饿环境的关键,也是其重要的生存策略之一。     

饥饿驯化对树麻雀消化道长度和重量的影响

鸟类消化系统的形态结构与能量摄入密切相关.本文以相同环境中进食量充足的树麻雀(Passer montanus)为对照组,与4种处于相同饥饿环境但不同饥饿天数(1D、3D、5D、7D组)树麻雀的各消化器官的长度及重量进行比较.结果显示,饥饿驯化各组树麻雀的体重和体脂含量均低于对照组;1D组树麻雀的消化器官胃、小肠、直肠长度显著增长,重量显著增加;3D、5D、7D组各消化器官的长度和重量表现出波动的变化趋势,摄食量的限制是胃干重没有发生显著变化的原因.结论是,摄能需求的不同引起树麻雀消化器官长度和重量发生显著变化,这种变化可对摄食量及消化吸收率产生直接的影响,同时这种适应性变化应当是快速、可逆和可重复的,是消化器官形态结构与功能能力及器官自身能耗之间能量预算的结果,也是个体与环境及适合度之间能量预算的结果.     

风速和持续时间对树麻雀能量收支的影响

风是自然环境中常见的因子之一,会对动物的行为以及能量收支产生不同程度的影响。为探讨不同风速和持续时间对树麻雀能量收支的影响,以3种风速(0.2-0.4、1.2-1.4、3.2-3.6 m/s)和3种持续时间(1、2、4 h)的9组树麻雀进行为期1周的不同风环境驯化,测定其体重、体温和摄食量、摄水量、排泄粪量、排泄次数、摄入能、排泄粪能、排出水热能散失、消化能、同化能并计算消化率和同化率。去除初体重影响和双因素分析的结果发现,摄水量(排出水量)和排出水热能散失随着风速增大而显著减少(P < 0.001);持续时间与树麻雀的摄入能、粪能和散热调节的次数显著相关(P < 0.01),其能量收支最高和散热调节次数最多为2 h,最低(少)为4 h;双因素交互作用对树麻雀能量收支的影响不显著。3级风速(4 m/s)和持续时间4 h以内的风环境不会对树麻雀的能量收支产生显著影响。     

树麻雀代谢率和器官重量在光周期驯化中的变化

为探讨光周期对树麻雀代谢产热和代谢器官变化的影响,对成年树麻雀 Passer montanus 进行温度为25℃、两种光周期16 L:8 D(LD组)和8 L:16 D(SD组)4周的气候箱驯化后,测定其体重、基础代谢率(BMR)、体脂和水分含量,以及各器官、组织的鲜重和干重.结果 显示,SD组麻雀BMR显著大于LD组,作为代谢活性器官的消化道显著增生是其BMR显著增加的主要原因之一;麻雀通过增加体重和能量储备物脂肪来实现对较长黑暗环境的适应是其成功的生存策略.SD组麻雀体重的显著增加和水分含量显著降低,说明短光照的刺激引起麻雀能量储备的增加和代谢活性器官消化道增生.光周期驯化的结果验证了"中心限制假说",即麻雀体内存在着与BMR相关的"代谢机器",中心器官(消化道)是改变麻雀BMR的基础之一.     

温度和光周期驯化对树麻雀消化道形态特征和能量预算的影响

为探讨温度和光周期驯化对树麻雀消化道形态特征和能量预算的影响,以不同环境温度(5℃和25℃)、不同光周期(16L∶8D和8L∶16D)的4组树麻雀进行为期4周的人工气候箱驯化,并对驯化后的4组树麻雀消化道形态特征各指标以体质量为协变量,采用温度、光周期双因素协方差分析和组间进行单因素协方差分析及进行Tukey HSD比较。结果表明,温度降低或光周期缩短导致消化道长度极显著增加;反之,则缩短。温度显著影响消化道干组织质量;温度和光周期的交互作用对消化道净鲜质量和干组织质量的影响显著;总消化道和各器官的长度(直肠长度除外)、质量均存在明显的组间差异。可见,不同的温度或光周期可引起树麻雀消化道形态结构和功能能力相应的适应性变化,消化道各器官长度和质量的改变与其个体的摄能需求密切相关,消化道各器官功能能力和器官能耗之间高投资高收益的能量预算是个体适合度与环境压力之间能量预算的结果。     

环境温度对(虫)蜓能量需求和食物同化影响的研究

研究了环境温度对成体Yan蜓能量需求和食物同化的影响。在24℃—33℃范围内,雌、雄Yan蜓摄入能、表观消化系数和同化效率的两性差异不显著。温度显著影响Yan蜓的能量摄入和同化效率,27℃时的能量摄入显著高于30℃和33℃,27℃时的同化效率显著高于24℃和33℃。各实验温级表观消化系数的差异不显著。结果表明：环境温度对Yan蜓能量需求和食物同化的影响显著。     

防御性攻击行为对黑线仓鼠能量收支的影响

攻击行为是增强个体生存能力和提高繁殖成功机会的最有效竞争方式之一。为理解攻击行为对小型哺乳动物能量学收支策略的影响,以具有独居且好斗习性的黑线仓鼠为研究对象,基于居留者-入侵者（resident-intruder）争斗方式将入侵鼠放入居留鼠笼中（10min / d）,21d后测定能量摄入、基础代谢率（BMR）,分析BMR和内脏器官重量的相关性。结果显示,攻击行为使居留组BMR增加了26.2%,使摄入能和消化能显著增加。居留组体重、胴体重,以及某些代谢活性器官（肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃、小肠和盲肠）重量显著增加,且这些器官重量与BMR显著正相关。结果表明,增加能量摄入和BMR是黑线仓鼠应对攻击行为的主要能量学收支策略;在种内个体之间强烈的攻击行为可能是该鼠维持较高水平BMR的原因之一。     

光周期对白头鹎（Pycnonotus sinensis）体重、器官重量和能量代谢的影响

光周期是四季环境变化的最直接表现因素之一,并影响动物的生理变化特征。为探讨光周期驯化对白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)体重、器官重量及能量代谢的影响,以室温28℃、不同光周期 (16L ∶ 8D,LD组和8L ∶ 16D,SD组)对两组白头鹎进行为期4周的光周期驯化,测定其体重、各器官鲜重和干重、基础代谢率(BMR)和食物摄入能、排泄能及同化能并计算同化率。结果发现,SD组个体体重、内部器官(肝、小肠)重量、BMR及同化率相应显著高于LD组个体;短光照刺激白头鹎显著降低摄入能、排泄能及同化能。这些结果表明:光周期对白头鹎的体重、器官重量、BMR及能量收支有着一定影响,并且短光照较长光照更能引起白头鹎体重、器官重量及能量代谢的明显变化,同时验证了"中心限制假说",即白头鹎BMR与中心器官代谢(肝、小肠等)具有相关性,中心器官是改变白头鹎BMR的主要原因之一。     

小型哺乳动物繁殖期的能量收支对策

乳动物能世的分配及权衡,尤时无刘不体现于繁殖乃至生活史的各阶段。相应的生活史及繁殖对策构成了繁殖能量收支的基本理论 文章从繁殖期能量蝴分人手。综述了小哺乳动物繁殖期间的能量分配埘策及哺乳期的能量权衡：其中繁殖期闯的能量分配对策包括时间的优化分配 提高能量的同化效宰、利用体内储存及能量的补偿等对策。阐述了哺乳期的能量权衡主要对母体的能量权衡对策咀及后代的权衡理论,较系境地分析了母体与幼体以及幼体之间的能量权衡 这些繁殖能量对策是小哺乳动物长期自然选择的结果。任何单一的繁殖对策都不可能总是最优的,物种在不同的条件下会采取不同的对策适应环境。     

Understanding the low breeding success in Greater Rheas populations through an energy budget model

We propose an individual-based energy budget model of the Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) with the purpose of analyzing the population's recruitment. One remarkable characteristic of this species is that female rheas lay eggs communally and males incubate the eggs and care for the chicks without the assistance of females.The model is based on a system of equations daily updating the weight of each bird as a function of its ingestion rate and the energetic cost of its activity pattern. Ingestion rate is calculated from field experiments. Daily energetic costs are estimated from activity patterns observed in the field, taking into account gender and factors that influence behavior (e.g., photoperiod, season). Concatenating daily model outputs, the weight dynamics of an individual can be calculated over any given period of time.The possible factors that affect the successful breeding of the Greater Rhea and therefore population growth are analyzed using the model. Different reproductive strategies for each gender are analyzed and the minimal body weight, and thus energy reserves, that an individual needs to achieve for ensuring reproductive success is determined. Model outputs show that the reproductive success of males depends strongly on their body weight while females exhibit low nutritional requirements for producing eggs. An analysis of model outputs allows inferring that males in wild populations might not be able to breed in consecutive years but could successfully breed every other year. They also allow estimating the incidence that food availability has on population growth. Management strategies that are easy to implement in extensive and semi-extensive farms may allow obtaining male individuals capable of breeding every year.     

Efficiency of facultative frugivory in the nectar-feeding bat Glossophaga commissarisi: the quality of fruits as an alternative food source

The efficiency of food exploitation correlates positively with the extent of dietary specialization. Neotropical nectar-feeding bats (Glossophaginae) have one of the most specialized diets among mammals, as floral nectar constitutes a sugar-rich and highly digestible but protein and fiber depleted food source. However, dietary constraints, such as a temporary scarcity of nectar, or protein demands may sometimes require the uptake of alternative food items. We investigated the influence of a diet switch from nectar to fruit on intestinal morphology, body mass, and energy budget in the nectar-feeding bat Glossophaga commissarisi and quantified feeding efficiency. We hypothesized that these nectar specialists depend on a constant supply of nectar, if they were lacking the ability for morphological and physiological plasticity in response to a fiber-rich diet. Although capable of harvesting infructescences of Piper hispidum, G. commissarisi was less efficient in extracting energy from fruits (48% digestive efficiency of total fruit energy content) than from nectar (c. 99% digestive efficiency). The intestinal morphology and organ masses did not change after bats were switched from nectar to fruits. Captive bats exhibited lower daily energy expenditures and flight activity when feeding on fruits than during nectarivory. Possibly, this may have been a deliberate regulation to balance reduced feeding efficiency, or simply the consequence of extended digestive pauses. The low digestibility of Piper, in combination with slow digestion and the bats’ inability for morphological and physiological plasticity may cause nectar-feeders to reduce their maximum energy expenditure when feeding on fruits. We argue that although fruits may substitute for nectar, they may cause restricted maximum energy assimilation compared with nectar.     

大熊猫能量和蛋白质营养需要研究进展及策略

本文在总结和分析大熊猫食性、食物选择、摄食量、组织器官和竹子中养分含量测定、养分消化代谢等研究数据的基础上,推测出大熊猫干物质摄入量、总能、消化能、粗蛋白和可消化粗蛋白需要量以及精料中赖氨酸的推荐水平。结合圈养大熊猫单位的饲喂方式和饲喂效果,该研究策略有助于确定圈养条件下大熊猫饲料的精粗比例、精料养分浓度和各养分之间的比例,为圈养大熊猫饲养标准的确立奠定基础。     

大绒鼠在不同驯化温度下产热和能量代谢的变化

为研究不同温度驯化条件下大绒鼠体重、体温和能量代谢水平的可塑性变化,本实验测定了热驯化(30℃ ;12L∶ 12D)转脱热驯化(5℃ ;12L∶ 12D)和冷驯化(5℃ ;12L∶ 2D) 转脱冷驯化(30℃ ;12L∶ 12D)条件下,大绒鼠体重、体温、能量收支、静止代谢率和非颤抖性产热的变化。结果表明:大绒鼠在热驯化转脱热驯化过程中,随着热驯化时间的延长,大绒鼠体重和体温增加,摄入能、静止代谢率和非颤抖性产热逐渐降低,在28 d 时降到最低;转到脱热驯化条件下,表现出相反的趋势。冷驯化转入脱冷驯化过程中,随着冷驯化时间的延长,大绒鼠的体重和体温降低,摄入能、静止代谢率和非颤抖性产热逐渐升高,28 d 时达到最高;转移到脱冷驯化条件时,表现出相反的趋势。以上结果说明大绒鼠在不同温度驯化条件下,其体重、能量代谢和产热具有可塑性变化,即通过调节体重、体温和能量代谢来适应不同温度变化。     

中缅树鼩能量代谢的季节变化

小型哺乳动物的体重和产热特征的季节调节对其生存至关重要。为探讨中缅树鼩的能量代谢适应特征随季节的变化,采用耗氧量测定、食物平衡法、形态测量等方法,分别对其冬季和夏季的基础代谢率(BMR)、非颤抖性产热(NST)、体温、体重、蒸发失水、能量收支和消化道的长度和重量进行了测定。中缅树鼩冬季体温、体重、基础代谢率、NST、蒸发失水散热分别为37. 9℃ ± 0.14℃ ,126.1 ± 2.1 g,42. 94 ± 2.65 J/g· h,54. 97 ±2.14 J/ g·h,5. 69 ±0.33 J/ g·h;夏季体温、体重、基础代谢率、NST、蒸发失水散热分别为38.5℃ ± 0. 27℃ ,106.9 ±5.1 g,28. 69 ±3.06 J/ g·h,47.43 ± 2.45 J / g·h,7.12 ±0. 57 J/ g·h;中缅树鼩的每日摄入能、消化能、可代谢能冬季均比夏季显著增加,消化道特征冬季和夏季存在变化,随着温度降低、食物质量下降,小肠长度和重量增加。这些结果表明:中缅树鼩在冬季,通过增加体重、基础代谢率和NST、能量摄入、消化能和可代谢能,降低蒸发失水等方式应对季节性环境变化。代谢产热和消化生理调节在季节性适应过程中具有重要地位。     

Responses to lactation and cold exposure by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Recently, much interest has been expressed in understanding how animals use phenotypic plasticity of tissue size and function to meet increased metabolic demands. We set out to learn (i) whether female deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) given lactation (two to seven pups per litter), cold (5 degrees C), or cold plus lactation as energy demands display phenotypic plasticity in organ size and function; (ii) whether that plasticity is similar to laboratory mice given the same demands; and (iii) whether lactational performance in deer mice is derived from limits on central or peripheral organs. We found that deer mice responded to lactation by increasing digestible food intake and increasing the masses of the stomach, small intestine, cecum and liver, and the length of the small intestine. Heart mass was lower in lactating than in nonlactating mice. Cold exposure also caused increases in digestible food intake and increases in the masses of the small intestine, kidney, and heart. We conclude that deer mice display organ tissue plasticity in response to both lactation and cold exposure in a similar manner to laboratory mice. We also conclude that deer mice are not limited by central processing organs because they are able to increase digestive organ size continuously with increased energetic demands.     

Digestive constraints on an aquatic carnivore: effects of feeding frequency and prey composition on harbor seals

We hypothesized that increased feeding frequency in captive harbor seals would increase nutrient loads and thus reduce retention time and the digestive efficiency of natural prey. We measured daily feed intake and excretion during 6 feeding trials and fed herring (49% lipid), pollock (22% lipid) or an equal mix of each diet over 24 months. Animals were accustomed to feeding at either high or low frequency. Body mass and intake did not vary with season. Although mean retention times were similar between diets and feeding frequencies, solute and particulate digesta markers separated at high feeding frequency. Consistent dry matter digestibility resulted in greater gut fill from pollock than from herring. Digestible energy intakes from pollock were approximately 25% greater than from either herring or the mixed diet. Lipid digestibility of herring declined from 90% to 50% when lipid intake exceeded 60 g kg^–0.75 day^–1. Our hypothesis of a trade-off between intake and digestion was not supported for protein but was supported for lipid. Results of this study imply that a flexible digestive system for harbor seals can compensate for ingesting prey of lower energy density by increasing gut fill and enhancing protein and lipid assimilation, to sustain digestible energy intake.Abbreviations DM dry matter - DEI digestible energy intake - DIT diet-induced thermogenesis - FF feeding frequency - MRT mean retention time Communicated by: G. Heldmaier     

迁徙鸟类中途停歇期的生理生态学研究

大多数候鸟的迁徙活动由迁徙飞行和中途停歇两个部分组成。在迁徙过程中,鸟类要多次交替经历消耗能量的飞行阶段和积累能量的中途停歇阶段。从鸟类在中途停歇时期的能量积累速度、体重变化模式以及迁徙飞行中的禁食或食物限制、食物种类的改变、中途停歇的能量快速积累过程对消化器官的影响等方面,对目前迁徙鸟类的生理生态学研究成果进行回顾,并提出有待解决的问题及今后的研究方向。