Ca2+信号途径参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成的调控

为了确定Ca2+信号途径是否参与、在哪一时期参与稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的调控,用四种可从不同位点阻断Ca2+信号途径的抑制剂分别处理分生孢子,观察抑制剂对孢子萌发及附着胞形成过程的抑制作用.结果表明Ca2+螯合剂EGTA、Ca2+通道抑制剂Verapamil、抑制磷脂酶C活性的抑制剂U-73122、影响钙调素与钙调素依赖蛋白激酶作用位点的抑制剂KN-93,随着浓度的增加,对孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程的抑制作用明显增强;同一浓度下,抑制剂对附着胞形成过程的抑制作用大于孢子萌发过程;抑制剂影响孢子萌发和附着胞形成过程在萌发早期(1～4h)最有效;在完全被抑制、不能萌发的孢子内出现了许多颗粒状囊泡;抑制剂可使附着胞形态明显变小甚至不能形成.以上结果表明钙信号途径参与了稻瘟病菌孢子萌发及疏水条件下附着胞形成过程的调控.     

电刺激引发骨骼肌细胞钙振荡对nAChRγ启动子活性的影响

利用不同电刺激条件模拟神经电活动 ,研究C2C12细胞 (小鼠骨骼肌成肌细胞系 )内Ca2 + 激活的不同形式及其对nAChR基因表达活性的影响 .电刺激分化 1d的C2C12细胞 ,用共聚焦显微镜记录不同电刺激参数引起的细胞内Ca2 + 信号变化 ,共观察到 3种不同形式的Ca2 + 信号 ,称之为整体Ca2 + 振荡、局部Ca2 + 振荡和局部Ca2 + 振荡诱发的整体Ca2 + 振荡 .在此基础上 ,又构建nAChRγ亚基启动子萤光素酶报告基因质粒并转染C2C12细胞 ,进一步检测不同形式Ca2 + 引起细胞萤光素酶活性的变化 ,测定细胞内PKC活性的改变 .不同Ca2 + 振荡引起细胞内PKC活性升高幅度不同 ;电刺激C2C12细胞可导致nAChRγ基因表达活性降低 ,3种Ca2 + 振荡对nAChRγ基因启动子活性的影响无显著差异 .结果表明 ,电刺激可引起肌细胞产生不同形式Ca2 + 信号 ,但不同形式Ca2 + 信号对nAChRγ启动子活性的抑制无明显差异 ,提示Ca2 + 依赖的PKC途径可能不是nAChR基因表达下调的唯一途径     

去乙酰化酶抑制剂TSA通过激活ERK和p38抑制间充质干细胞成脂分化

本文研究了丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinases, MAPKs)信 号通路在组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibitors, HDACis)曲古抑 菌素A(trichostatin A, TSA)抑制间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs) C3H10T1/2成脂分化中的调节机制.首先利用 MTT法检测TSA对其增殖活性的影响;Western印迹法首先检测MAPKs信号通路中pERK和p-p38蛋白在间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成 脂分化过程中的表达情况,以及不同浓度、不同时间TSA处理对pERK和p-p38蛋白差异变 化情况;其次再用Western印迹检测TSA对成脂分化过程中间充质干细胞pERK和p-p38蛋 白表达的影响.MTT结果显示,TSA浓度在1 nmol/L~100 nmol/L范围内抑制C3H10T1/2细胞 的增殖活性,且TSA浓度约为60 nmol/L时即抑制一半以上的C3H10T1/2细胞增殖活 性.Western印迹结果显示,TSA处理5 min~80 min,及浓度在1 nmol/L~100 nmol/L范围内 激活MAPK信号通路中pERK和p-p38蛋白的表达;C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化过程中,胞内pERK和p-p38蛋白的表达呈现下调趋势;而TSA抑制了成脂分化过程中C3H10T1/2细胞内pERK和p-p38蛋白的表达变化.本研究结果提示,在C3H10T1/2细胞成脂分化过程中,MAPK信号途径分子pERK和p-p38表达下调;TSA可能是通过活化pERK和p-p38进而抑制间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成脂分化.     

Ca~(2+)参与NO对蚕豆气孔运动的调控

观察了Ca2 + 、Ca2 + 的螯合剂和Ca2 + 通道抑制剂对NO调控的蚕豆气孔运动的影响。结果表明 ,NO的供体 1～ 10 0 μmol/LSNP (sodiumnitroprusside ,硝普纳 )可诱导气孔关闭 ;除去表皮条缓冲液中的Ca2 + 后 ,NO不再影响气孔的运动 ;Ca2 + 的螯合剂EGTA和BAPTA几乎可以完全抑制NO诱导的气孔关闭作用 ;胞内钙通道抑制剂钌红 (rutheniumred)和L型Ca2 + 通道阻断剂硝苯吡啶 (nifedipine)能够减弱SNP诱导气孔运动的关闭趋势 ;加入Ca2 + 通道抑制剂LaCl3 ,则外源NO失去其诱导气孔关闭的作用。说明在NO调控的气孔运动中 ,在NO信号途径的下游可能涉及来自胞内和胞外Ca2 + 的参与 ,并且胞外Ca2 + 更为重要。     

细胞内自由钙离子浓度的测定方法

钙离子不仅是植物生长发育所必需的 1种大量元素 ,而且在植物的信号传导中起重要作用。钙离子作为一种第二信使把外源信号 (激素、光、重力、温度等 )转变成胞内信号 ,导致一系列胞内事件的发生。大量的研究表明 ,Ca2 +的信使功能是通过调控细胞内游离 Ca2 +浓度来实现的。 Ca2 + 信号的产生和终止是细胞内 Ca2 + 增减、波动的结果。因此测定细胞溶质中的 Ca2 +浓度是十分重要的。从理论上讲 ,测定细胞内 Ca2 + 浓度的方法应符合如下要求 :首先 ,所使用的 Ca2 +指示剂必须对 Ca2 +有很强的专一性 ;其次 ,是灵敏度高 ,能够测定低浓度的Ca…     

槲皮素诱导Hep G2自噬与胞内游离Ca2+浓度的变化相关

槲皮素具有诱导细胞自噬、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖等抗癌功能,但其诱导细胞自噬的分子机制还不太清楚. 本文通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察槲皮素对Hep G2细胞自噬的影响; Fluo-3 AM和Cyto-IDTM Green Detection Reagent染色标记, 流式细胞术测定了槲皮素对Hep G2细胞内游离钙离子浓度［Ca2+］_i 及Ca2＋螯合剂BAPTA-AM对自噬水平的影响. 探讨了槲皮素诱导人肝癌细胞 Hep G2自噬过程中［Ca2+］i的变化. 结果表明, 在槲皮素较低浓度范围内(0 ～ 50 μg/mL), 可明显抑制Hep G2细胞增殖, 并以剂量依赖方式诱导细胞自噬. 同时发现,槲皮素刺激Hep G2细胞可使［Ca2+］i明显增加, 进而促进自噬. 而当胞内Ca2＋螯合剂 BAPTA-AM存在时, 细胞的自噬水平受到一定的抑制. 这些结果表明,细胞内［Ca2+］i的升高可促进自噬, ［Ca2+］_i 的降低可能会抑制自噬. Hep G2细胞自噬与细胞内游离钙离子浓度的变化有关系.     

三七总皂甙诱导MSCs分化为神经元样细胞时胞内钙离子浓度变化的研究

目的探讨三七总皂甙(tPNS)诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)分化为神经元样细胞过程中细胞内钙离子浓度[Ca2 ]i的变化.方法 L-DMEM冲洗SD大鼠股骨骨髓腔,培养大鼠MSCs.选用第5代MSCs进行诱导分化,用含10μg/L碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)的L-DMEM培养液预诱导24h,加入含10μmol/L Fluo-3/AM的L-DMEM培养液负载30min,最后更换成含三七总皂甙0.25g/L的无血清培养液,同时在波长为488nm激光下扫描观测细胞形态和荧光强度的变化.结果更换三七总皂甙诱导液后,细胞内荧光强度逐渐增加,到100s达高峰值,其后逐渐减弱,但20min时细胞荧光强度仍高于诱导前,此时可见MSCs开始向神经元样细胞分化.结论三七总皂甙在体外诱导MSCs分化为神经元样细胞过程中胞内游离钙离子[Ca2 ]i浓度升高.     

血小板源生长因子-AA对高血压血管平滑肌细胞钙信号的影响

目的 :明确自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞 (SHR VSMC)增殖与血小板源生长因子 AA(PDGF AA)、PDGF α受体表达的关系及钙信号在其中的作用。方法 :在培养的血管平滑肌细胞模型中 ,采用免疫印迹 (Westernblot)、3 H TdR及3 H Leu掺入、荧光探针标记测定单细胞内钙浓度等方法 ,观察不同来源大鼠 (SHR/WKY)VSMC ,PDGF AA、PDGF α受体和PDGF β受体表达的差异性以及在PDGF AA刺激下 ,VSMC增殖肥大反应、胞内 [Ca2 ]i变化和钙离子阻断剂 (nimodipine)对其的影响。 结果 :与WKY VSMC相比SHR VSMC中PDGF AA、PDGF α受体蛋白表达明显增加 ,而PDGF β受体蛋白表达在SHR VSMC与WKY VSMC无明显变化。在PDGF AA刺激下 ,增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)、3 H掺入率及胞内 [Ca2 ]i浓度在SHR VSMC明显增强 ;钙离子阻断剂 (nimodipine)明显抑制PCNA表达及3 H掺入 ,胞内 [Ca2 ]i浓度明显下降。结论 :自发性高血压大鼠VSMCPDGF A链及其α受体的自发性增高 ,可能是导致SHR VSMC异常增殖、肥大 ,从而触发血管反应性和血管构型变化的重要原因之一 ;细胞膜钙通道在调控VSMC的钙内流时起主要作用     

钙与植物乙烯反应的关系研究

研究了Ca2+ 对番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Lichun)黄化幼苗乙烯反应的影响.通过测定不同Ca2+ 浓度条件下番茄黄化幼苗的"三重反应"、内源乙烯释放量、乙烯受体基因NEVER-RIPE(NR)表达量及胞内CaM含量的变化,结果发现,随着培养基中Ca2+ 浓度从0 mmol/L增加到3.8 mmol/L,番茄黄化幼苗的"三重反应"表型明显增强,内源乙烯释放量、NR基因的表达量及胞内CaM的含量都有不同程度的增加;当Ca2+ 浓度由3.8 mmol/L进一步增加到10 mmol/L时,番茄黄化幼苗"三重反应"表型受到抑制,内源乙烯释放量、 NR基因的表达量及胞内CaM的含量都有所下降.因此,Ca2+ 对番茄黄化幼苗"三重反应"的影响与Ca2+ 调节内源乙烯合成和乙烯受体基因的表达有关,而且Ca2+ 可能是通过CaM含量的变化来调节乙烯作用的.     

全反式维甲酸对SD大鼠系膜细胞株增殖和Ⅳ型胶原的影响

目的:观察全反式维甲酸(ATRA)对高糖环境大鼠肾小球系膜细胞(MCs)增殖及Ⅳ型胶原的影响.方法:以高糖(葡萄糖浓度为25mmol.1-1)刺激体外培养的大鼠MCs增殖,然后根据实验分组加入不同浓度的ATRA:对照组:5.6mmol.1-1葡萄糖+2%FBS DMEM培养基;实验组:25 mmol.1-1葡萄糖+2%FBS DMEM培养基+不同浓度的ATRA(分别为0 mol.1-1、10-8 mol.1-1、10-7mol.1-1、10-6mol.1-1,采用MTT比色法观察12、24、48h系膜细胞的增殖情况;Elisa法测定12、24、48h细胞上清液中Ⅳ型胶原的含量.结果:ATRA有抑制高糖所致的MCs增殖、减少细胞外基质(ECM)的作用,并呈剂量时间依赖性.结论:ATRA对高糖所致MCs增殖具有抑制作用,且呈剂量依赖性.     

微流控芯片技术在细胞生物学研究中的应用进展

20世纪90年代以来,微流控芯片技术得到了快速发展。由于具有小型化、集成化、高通量、低消耗、分析快速等特点,微流控芯片作为一种新型的生物学研究平台,能够提供传统方法不具备的精细和可控制的细胞研究条件,在细胞生物学研究领域中得到了广泛关注。该文主要介绍其在细胞培养、分选、裂解、计数、凋亡检测、迁移、单细胞捕获、细胞间作用等方面的研究进展。     

Efficient and Innocuous Live‐Cell Delivery: Making Membrane Barriers Disappear to Enable Cellular Biochemistry

The confluence of protein engineering techniques and delivery protocols are providing new opportunities in cell biology. In particular, techniques that render the membrane of cells transiently permeable make the introduction of nongenetically encodable macromolecular probes into cells possible. This, in turn, can enable the monitoring of intracellular processes in ways that can be both precise and quantitative, ushering an area that one may envision as cellular biochemistry. Herein, the author reviews pioneering examples of such new cell‐based assays, provides evidence that challenges the paradigm that cell penetration is a necessarily damaging and stressful event for cells, and highlights some of the challenges that should be addressed to fully unlock the potential of this nascent field.     

Ultrastructural evidence for two-cell and three-cell neural pathways in the tentacle epidermis of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida.

Sensory and ganglion cells in the tentacle epidermis of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida were traced in serial transmission electron micrographs to their synaptic contacts on other cells. Sensory cell synapses were found on spirocytes, muscle cells, and ganglion cells. Ganglion cells, in turn, synapsed on sensory cells, spirocytes, muscle cells, and other neurons and formed en passant axo-axonal synapses. Axonal synapses on nematocytes and gland cells were not traced to their cells of origin, i.e., identified sensory or ganglion cells. Direct synaptic contacts of sensory cells with spirocytes and sensory cells with muscle cells suggest a local two-cell pathway for spirocyst discharge and muscle cell contraction, whereas interjection of a ganglion cell between the sensory and effector cells creates a local three-cell pathway. The network of ganglion cells and their processes allows for a through-conduction system that is interconnected by chemical synapses. Although the sea anemone nervous system is more complex than that of Hydra, it has similar two-cell and three-cell effector pathways that may function in local responses to tentacle contact with food.     

The role of glutamine, serum and energy factors in growth of enterocyte-like cell lines

Background: Glutamine is routinely added to most cell cultures. Glutamine has been found to be the preferential nutrient to the rapidly replicating intestinal mucosa, but whether this is a metabolic effect or due to other properties of this amino acid is not determined. To study the importance of glutamine on the growth of two enterocyte-like cell lines, the effects of depriving the media or supplementing it with glutamine were assessed in media with different serum and energy supplements. Methods: CaCo-2 and HT-29 cells were grown in serum-free medium, with fetal bovine or synthetic serum, and with or without glucose or galactose. The glutamine content was varied between 0 and 4 mM. All growth assays were performed in triplicate by counting in a hemocytometer. Results: Both cell lines were dependent of serum factors for growth, but displayed distinct requirements on glutamine supplementation. Glutamine was an obligate supplement with dose-dependent correlation to growth (r=0.87, p<0.01) for CaCo-2 cells cultured in synthetic, but not in fetal bovine serum. In HT-29 cells, the correlation between glutamine and growth was significant (r=0,68, p<0,05) only in fetal bovine serum in the absence of galactose. Conclusion: This study shows that glutamine has different growth stimulating effects on two enterocyte-like cell lines studied. This could reflect different modes of action of glutamine on proliferation and differentiation in an enterocyte cell population.     

Of mice, frogs and flies: generation of membrane asymmetries in early development

Embryonic development begins with cleavage of the fertilized egg. Cleavage comprises two major processes: cytokinesis and formation of a polarized epithelial cell layer. The focus of this review is comparison of the generation of membrane polarity during embryonic cleavage in three different developmental model systems. In mammalian embryos, as exemplified by analysis of the mouse, generation of distinct membrane domains is uncoupled from cleavage divisions and is initiated in a specific developmental phase, called compaction. In Xenopus laevis embryos, generation of polarized blastomeres occurs simultaneously with cytokinesis. The origin of specific membrane domains of X. laevis polar blastomeres, however, can be traced back to oogenesis. Finally, in Drosophila melanogaster, generation of polarized cells occurs at cellularization. The relevance of cell adhesion, cell junctions and cytocortical scaffolds will be discussed for each of the model systems. Despite enormous morphologic differences, the three models share many common features; in particular, many important molecular interactions are conserved.     

微囊化K562细胞生长周期及代谢特性的研究

以K562细胞为模型,分别进行微囊化和游离培养,运用流式细胞术考察两种培养体系下细胞周期和生长代谢变化;建立数学模型,模拟了两种培养体系下细胞的生长活性和代谢特性。实验发现：微囊化培养过程中的K562细胞处于DNA合成期（S期）的百分含量显著高于游离培养,并且细胞保持较高的增殖活性。模型计算表明,所建模型动力学参数能够很好地描述微囊化和游离两种培养体系下细胞的代谢情况;对细胞活性的理论计算表明,微囊化的细胞具有较高的增殖和代谢活性,同时细胞能够较长时间保持此活性;模型参数表明,两种培养体系下,葡萄糖对细胞生长的影响无显著差别 (k^Free_L≈k^APA_L),乳酸对游离培养细胞的生长具有明显抑制作用,但对微囊化培养细胞抑制作用较小(kFreeL>≈kAPAL)。     

哺乳动物体细胞核移植中供体细胞的研究进展

在哺乳动物体细胞核移植中,供体细胞是影响其效率的主要因素之一。供体细胞的类型、细胞周期、细胞的培养代数、冷藏与冷冻处理,以及供体动物的性别、年龄等都可能影响核移植胚胎的发育。根据现有资料,简要综述了在哺乳动物体细胞核移植中有关供体细胞的研究进展。     

Engineering Cardiac Cell Junctions In Vitro to Study the Intercalated Disc

Abstract

This review article discusses a recent work using engineered cardiac cells to study the function of the intercalated disc putting emphasis on mechanical and electrical coupling.     

Perivascular cells for regenerative medicine

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are currently the best candidate therapeutic cells for regenerative medicine related to osteoarticular, muscular, vascular and inflammatory diseases, although these cells remain heterogeneous and necessitate a better biological characterization. We and others recently described that MSC originate from two types of perivascular cells, namely pericytes and adventitial cells and contain the in situ counterpart of MSC in developing and adult human organs, which can be prospectively purified using well defined cell surface markers. Pericytes encircle endothelial cells of capillaries and microvessels and express the adhesion molecule CD146 and the PDGFRβ, but lack endothelial and haematopoietic markers such as CD34, CD31, vWF (von Willebrand factor), the ligand for Ulex europaeus 1 (UEA1) and CD45 respectively. The proteoglycan NG2 is a pericyte marker exclusively associated with the arterial system. Besides its expression in smooth muscle cells, smooth muscle actin (αSMA) is also detected in subsets of pericytes. Adventitial cells surround the largest vessels and, opposite to pericytes, are not closely associated to endothelial cells. Adventitial cells express CD34 and lack αSMA and all endothelial and haematopoietic cell markers, as for pericytes. Altogether, pericytes and adventitial perivascular cells express in situ and in culture markers of MSC and display capacities to differentiate towards osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic cell lineages. Importantly, adventitial cells can differentiate into pericyte‐like cells under inductive conditions in vitro. Altogether, using purified perivascular cells instead of MSC may bring higher benefits to regenerative medicine, including the possibility, for the first time, to use these cells uncultured.     

Mammalian testis: a target of in vivo electroporation

Mammalian spermatogenesis consists of three biologically significant processes: stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, meiosis, and haploid cell morphogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these processes might provide clues to the puzzle of species preservation and evolution, and to treatments for male infertility. However, few useful in vitro systems exist to investigate these processes at present. To elucidate these mechanisms, in vivo electroporation of the testis might be a convenient option. Since DNA solution can be injected into the seminiferous tubule via the rete testis, similar to germ cell transplantation, it is easy to transfect expression vectors into various differentiated germ cells and supporting Sertoli cells with adequate electric shock. Unfortunately, it is difficult to create transgenic animals using this method because of its low efficiency. However, gain- and loss-of-function assays, promoter assays, and tagged-protein behavior assays can be conducted with this technique, as in in vitro culture systems.