三江源区退化高寒草甸蒸散特征及冻融变化对其的影响

蒸散(ET)是陆地生态系统水分收支的重要分量。为探究三江源区退化高寒草甸的蒸散特征,基于2016和2017年涡度相关和微气象系统的观测数据,定量研究了其生态系统的蒸散变化及其环境和生物因子的影响。为深入探讨不同时段的蒸散变化,根据土壤冻融状态和植被生长状况进一步将年蒸散划分为3个时段:冻结期、冻融交替期和消融期,其中在消融期中又划分出植物生长季(5—9月),并探讨了土壤冻融对年蒸散量的影响。结果表明:研究区2016和2017年的降水量分别为451.8 mm和442.3 mm,但2017年ET为485.6 mm,明显高于2016年的428.6 mm,两年ET的季节变化趋势相同,ET的最高值出现在生长旺季的7—8月,最低值出现在12月或1月,生长季ET分别占全年ET的73%和72%。2017年的冻结期和冻融交替期比2016年分别减少了8 d,2017年消融期的蒸散量比2016年增加了63.1 mm,其中生长季的蒸散量多36.3 mm。2016和2017年消融期的日蒸散速率分别为1.81 mm/d和1.97 mm/d,其中生长季为2.05 mm/d和2.29 mm/d,冻融交替期分别为0.97 mm/d和0.73 mm/d,而冻结期最低,分别为0.27 mm/d和0.33 mm/d。逐步回归分析结果表明:2016年净辐射(R_n)对ET的影响最大,其次是气温(T_a)和土壤含水量(SWC_5);2017年ET主要受R_n和T_a的影响。生长季和消融期的冠层导度(g_c)和解耦系数(Ω)明显高于其他两个时段,且2017年g_c和Ω值均高于2016年同期。本研究说明,由于辐射、温度等引起的冻融时间变化和植被的年际间差异,导致三江源区退化草甸各时段及年蒸散量出现明显的变化,该研究结果为全面探讨三江源区蒸散特征提供了参考。     

黄土高原春小麦农田蒸散及其影响因素

蒸散与水循环、能量平衡密切相关,是黄土高原雨养农田生态系统最重要的水通量之一。准确测定半干旱区农田生态系统蒸散,对增强陆气相互作用的理解以及科学应对气候变化有重要意义。采用涡度相关技术对黄土高原春小麦农田生态系统蒸散进行了观测,利用气象梯度系统进行环境因子观测;分析了春小麦农田生态系统蒸散日、季动态及其环境影响因子。结果表明,黄土高原半干旱区春小麦农田生态系统蒸散呈早晚低、中午高的"单峰型"日变化特征;最大日峰值出现在8月(0.22mm/h)。生长季蒸散日峰值高于非生长季。春小麦农田最大日蒸散率值相对较低,这可能与该地区干旱少雨的气候特征有关。农田蒸散且具有明显的季节动态,与降水季节分布密切相关。7、8月份降水较多,月蒸散量较高。全年蒸散量(318.0 mm)略低于年降水量(332.3 mm);蒸散量与降水量比值为95.7%。非生长季蒸散量显著低于生长季(4—9月);二者之比为0.26。农田蒸散随土壤含水量和空气温度(低于26℃)增大呈指数增长趋势;随空气相对湿度、太阳辐射、风速增大呈先增大后降低的二次曲线变化趋势。净辐射是黄土高原半干旱区农田生态系统蒸散主要环境控制因子,土壤含水量次之。     

环境因子对民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林蒸散的影响

利用涡度相关系统、土壤水分TDR传感器,于2014年7月—2015年6月连续测定了民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带退化梭梭人工林蒸散量,研究不同天气条件下梭梭人工林的蒸散对外界环境因子的响应.结果表明: 梭梭人工林晴天蒸散量日变化具有明显的季节变化规律.梭梭人工林蒸散量日变化幅度在生长季初期逐渐增大,在生长旺盛期达到最大峰值(0.07 mm·h^-1), 而后逐渐减小,至12月达到最低峰值(0.01 mm·h^-1).不同天气条件下梭梭人工林蒸散日变化波动幅度差异较大,阴天蒸散日变化波动幅度最小,降水后蒸散波动明显增高,强降水(>9 mm·d^-1)后日蒸散量显著增加至雨前的28倍,然后逐渐减少,并持续4个晴朗日后恢复至雨前蒸散量.在整个观测年,梭梭人工林蒸散总量为108 mm,占降水总量的98%,土壤水是梭梭人工林蒸散的水源,为主导因子.净辐射、光合有效辐射、空气温度、水汽压饱和差是决定植被用水和大气边界层水传输的气象动力,为显著影响梭梭人工林蒸散的主要因子.利用日蒸散量与环境因子数据建立了蒸散与土壤含水量和小气候因子的多元回归方程,拟合度(R²)高达0.80.     

黑河下游柽柳根系水力提升对林分蒸散的贡献

准确量化植物根系水力提升(HL)及其生态-水文效应对于陆地生态系统水分循环和全球变化研究具有重要意义。基于2011—2012年黑河下游柽柳林地土壤含水量和涡度协方差观测资料,通过将土壤体积含水量分割为HL和水分损失量(WD),结合涡度协方差测定的潜热通量计算的蒸散量(ET),首次定量黑河下游柽柳根系HL及其对ET的贡献。据估算,柽柳根系HL主要发生在20—60 cm深度,生长季HL大小在0—1.4 mm/d之间变化,平均为0.22 mm/d,WD在0—0.76 mm/d之间变化,平均为0.23 mm/d,HL与WD的年内变化存在同步性,且HL与WD处于正平衡状态,表明HL通过将深层吸收的土壤水或地下水释放在根系吸收层以供植物蒸腾消耗外,还有剩余水分留存在该层内。生长季ET在0.31—5.38 mm/d之间变化,平均为2.82mm/d,但值得注意的是,HL与ET的年内变化存在时间滞后性,HL在5月最高,但ET在7月最大。HL对ET的贡献率在0.06%—108.25%之间变化,平均为19.25%,比例高于100%的时段主要在生长初期,也就是说在蒸散最大的夏季,HL是相对较小的,其原因可能有2个:一是HL受到夏季深层土壤干化的抑制,二是HL受到夏季夜间蒸腾的抑制,究竟是何种原因还有待进一步研究。     

土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾对三江源退化高寒草甸蒸散的影响

蒸散(ET)主要由土壤蒸发(E)和植被蒸腾(T)组成,然而难以把E与T从陆地生态系统ET中区分开。为阐明位于青海省境内的三江源区(89°24′—102°23′E, 31°39′—36°16′N)高寒草甸E和T对生态系统ET的影响,利用小型蒸渗仪和微气象系统定量研究了三江源退化高寒草甸ET、E和T的变化,以及植被和环境因子对其的影响。结果表明:2017和2018年的ET分别为467.7 mm和479.2 mm,其中生长季(5—9月)约占72%,且E对生态系统ET的贡献(56%)大于T(44%),年降水量(P)的90%以上通过ET返回大气(ET/P> 90%)。根据生长季中不同植被覆盖度的蒸渗仪观测结果发现,ET随植被覆盖度的降低而增加。逐步回归分析表明,净辐射(R_n)是驱动生态系统ET、E、T最主要的因子;另外,E对饱和水汽压差(VPD)的响应更敏感,而T受空气温度(T_a)的影响更大;土壤含水量(SWC₅)对蒸散的影响相对较小,可能由于研究区降水相对较多的原因。结果说明,草甸退化将加剧土壤蒸发,进而导致生态系统散失更...     

涡度相关法研究土壤水分状况对沙地杨树人工林生态系统能量分配和蒸散日变化的影响

为了解位于北京大兴区林场杨树人工林在不同的土壤水分环境条件下的水汽交换过程和能量的分配差异及其与环境因子关系,运用涡度相关（Eddy covariance,EC）法开路系统、常规微气象观测系统及土壤热通量板等设施对生态系统生长季内典型水分胁迫和无水分胁迫条件下蒸散日变化、能量分配以及与各环境因子的关系进行了测定分析和比较。结果表明,在水分严重胁迫日（以7月7日为例）,蒸散日变化过程为单峰曲线,全天（24h）蒸散量为2.4mm;而在无水分胁迫典型日（以7月25日为例）,蒸散日变化过程呈多峰曲线,全天蒸散量为4．5mm。能量平衡分析显示,无水分胁迫条件下潜热通量（LE）占净辐射通量（Rn）的比例远高于水分胁迫条件下潜热通量占净辐射通量的比例,说明水分充足时,能量的大部分用于蒸散。水分胁迫条件下蒸散速率与各环境因子的相关性均低于无水分胁迫条件下蒸散速率与环境因子的相关性。水分胁迫条件下,蒸散速率主要与净辐射和下垫面因子关系显著,而与其它因子的相关性较小;无水分胁迫条件下,蒸散速率与下垫面土体含水量和各气象因子均表现出较强的相关性。大气温度对于两个典型日蒸散速率的影响均很小;土壤含水量与水分胁迫日的蒸散速率几乎没有相关性,反应出土壤水分含量低至对蒸散几乎没有贡献了。     

华北平原冬小麦农田蒸散量

以华北平原冬小麦农田为研究对象,采用涡度相关技术和热红外遥感技术,研究了不同环境条件下土壤含水量与农田蒸散量及作物冠层温度的关系.结果表明,冬小麦在农田郁闭(LAI≥3)、晴天和土壤相对含水量低于田间持水量65%的情况下,蒸发比值日变化正午前后出现相对较低且平稳的变化趋势.在晴天情况下,农田潜热通量与作物冠层温度日变化和季节变化均呈极显著的非线性相关关系,而冠气温差、农田相对蒸散量则与0～100 cm土层的土壤相对含水量密切相关.以13:30～14:00的平均冠层温度值T_c、日最高气温T_{a max}和日净辐射总量Rn_d为统计数据,确立了冬小麦农田日蒸散量ET_d （mm）估算简化模式参数.     

海北高寒灌丛草甸蒸散量特征

蒸散是陆地生态系统水分循环的重要分量,研究典型生态系统的蒸散规律有助于认识水分循环过程,进而为水资源合理利用提供依据.本研究基于涡度相关法研究了2003-2011年海北高寒灌丛草甸生态系统的蒸散量变化特征及水分收支状况.结果表明: 2003-2011年,研究区蒸散量的季节变化明显,最大值一般出现在生长旺季的7-8月,达4.4～5.7 mm·d^-1;最小值多出现在1月或12月(0.09±0.04 mm·d^-1).蒸散量的年际动态明显,为451.3~681.3 mm,其中,生长季占70%以上.年蒸散量与年降水量之比的平均值为1.06±0.17,表明该生态系统的年水分收支状况基本平衡,几乎所有的降水都以蒸散的形式消耗.     

黑河流域高寒草甸生态系统水分收支及蒸散发拆分研究

水分收支是对水循环要素降水、蒸发蒸腾、径流以及土壤贮储水量变化等的定量刻画,对水资源的可持续开发及利用至关重要。基于黑河流域阿柔观测站2014和2015年水文气象观测数据,运用水量平衡理论,定量的评估了高寒草甸生态系统的水分收支动态,并结合双源模型对高寒草甸生态系统蒸散发(植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发)进行拆分及评价。研究结果表明(1)在生长季(5—9月)植被蒸腾是高寒草甸生态系统主要的耗水形式,2014和2015年生长季平均蒸散比(T/ET)分别为0.74和0.79;(2)土壤水分的剧烈变化主要发生在0—40 cm处,且受冻融过程影响显著;(3)在降水较多的年份(2014)高寒草甸生态系统水分收支基本平衡,且不受冻融影响的月份(6—9)有地表径流产生约42 mm;在正常年份(2015),生态系统呈现水分亏缺,亏缺量约为134 mm,6—9月约亏缺26 mm;(4)模型估算蒸散发(ET)与实测蒸散发具有很好的一致性,相关系数可达0.90,敏感性分析表明模型输入变量对蒸散发(ET)及蒸散比(T/ET)产生的误差较小,双源模型可以很好地实现对高寒草甸生态系统蒸散发(ET)的拆分。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿-杨柴灌丛生态系统蒸散组分分配及其影响因子

蒸散发(ET)是生态系统水分循环和能量流动的重要组成部分,准确估算ET及其各组分,对认识生态生理过程对水分平衡和植物水分利用策略的影响具有重要意义。本研究于2019年5月20日至9月15日,利用涡度相关技术和微型蒸渗仪对毛乌素沙地油蒿-杨柴灌丛生态系统ET、蒸发(E)和蒸腾(T)进行测定和估算,量化了油蒿-杨柴灌丛生态系统ET组分,并分析ET及其组分的季节特征及影响因素。结果表明: T为毛乌素沙地油蒿-杨柴灌丛生态系统生长季ET的主要组分,T/ET为53.1%。T/ET值随降水减少而升高,E/ET值随降水减少而减少,蒸散组分分配主要受降水调控。在季节尺度上,E与10 cm深处土壤含水量(SWC₁₀)和太阳净辐射(R_n)呈显著正相关,其中,SWC₁₀是E的主要影响因素;T随R_n和叶面积指数(LAI)的升高而升高,随30 cm处土壤含水量(SWC₃₀)的升高呈先升高后降低的单峰趋势,受到SWC₃₀、R_n和LAI的共同影响;水分是ET的主要影响因素。生长季蒸散/降水量(ET/P)为109.2%,5月ET/P为250.5%,表明生长季初期ET耗水部分来自非生长季降水。     

不同土壤水分条件下杨树人工林水分利用效率对环境因子的响应

运用涡度相关(Eddy covariance,EC)开路系统和微气象观测系统,于2007年对位于北京市大兴区永定河沙地杨树(Populus euramertcana)人工林与大气间碳、水和能量交换进行了连续测定.通过分析总生态系统生产力(GEP)、蒸发散(ET)以及水分利用效率(WUE=GEP/ET)随相对土壤含水量(REW)的变化趋势,探讨杨树人工林不同土壤水分条件下水分利用效率对气象因子以及下垫面因素的响应,为杨树人工林经营管理提供理论依据.研究结果表明:当REW＜0.1时,GEP和ET受到严重水分胁迫的影响维持在较低水平,环境因子对GEP、ET和WUE的影响较小;当0.1＜REW＜0.4时,GEP和ET随着土壤体积含水量(VWC)的增加而增大,WUE随VWC的增大而减小;REW＞0.4时,气象因子是影响碳固定和水分损耗的主要原因,由于ET对气象因子变化的响应较GEP更为敏感,因此,WUE随空气饱和水汽压差(VPD)的增大而减小.沙地土壤保水能力较差,不能保证土壤水分被植物有效利用,因此当VWC处于5.2%-8.8％(0.1＜REW＜0.4)范围时,碳固定与水分消耗达到最高效率.研究表明杨树人工林WUE随降水变化而变化,未来气候变化和变异有可能影响杨树林耗水和生产力之间的关系.     

Carbon, Water, and Energy Exchanges of a Hybrid Poplar Plantation During the First Five Years Following Planting

Eddy covariance was used to measure above-canopy exchanges of CO₂ and water vapor at an operational plantation of hybrid poplar (variety ??Walker??) established on marginal agricultural land in east central Alberta, Canada. Winter ecosystem respiration (R _e) rates were inferred from seasonal changes in the normalized respiration rate at 10°C (R ₁₀) for the growing season and observations of soil CO₂ concentration measured with solid-state probes. Over five consecutive growing seasons following planting, gross ecosystem production (GEP) increased each year, ranging from 21?g?C?m^?2?y^?1 in year 1 to 469?g?C?m^?2?y^?1 in year 5. During this period, the annual carbon balance shifted from a net source of greater than 330?g?C?m^?2 in year 1 to approximately C-neutral in year 5. Total carbon (C) release over 5?years likely exceeded 630?g?C?m^?2. Intra- and interannual variations in temperature and soil water availability greatly affected annual C balance each year. GEP and R _e were particularly sensitive to temperature during spring and to soil water availability in summer: year 5 was notable because a cold spring and accumulating drought caused growth and carbon uptake to fall well below their potential. Annual evapotranspiration (ET) increased slightly with leaf area, from 281?mm in year 1 to 323?mm in year 4, but in year 5 it declined, while exceeding total precipitation (P). This trend of increasing annual ET/P suggests that annual GEP could become increasingly water-limited in years with below normal precipitation, as the plantation achieves maximum leaf area. Measured canopy albedos did not change appreciably over three winters, suggesting that estimates of increased radiative forcing resulting from afforestation in high latitudes could be exaggerated in regions where fast-growing deciduous plantations are managed on short (~20-year) rotations.     

Transpiration in a eucalypt plantation and a savanna in Venezuela

In Venezuela 30,000?km² of land is covered by savannas, of which 410,000?ha have been planted with several species and hybrids of Eucalyptus for lumber and pulp production. Popular concern about possible diminutions in water availability of reservoirs near eucalypt plantations prompted our interest in measuring water use by these trees. Since these savannas are markedly seasonal, the response of species to seasonal drought is important. We aimed to compare the seasonal changes in single-leaf and whole-plant transpiration in a seasonally dry savanna with that of trees of E. urophylla in an experimental plantation. We also examined the seasonal changes in xylem water potential and stomatal response to air water-vapour saturation deficit (D). Transpiration in eucalypts and the dominant savanna species Trachypogon vestitus and Curatella americana was evaluated using measurements of leaf gas exchange in all three species, sap flux in eucalypts, microclimatic variables and allometric and photometric determinations of green area. In E. urophylla and T. vestitus, but not in C. americana, stomatal conductance (g _s) proved sensitive to D. Integrated values of daily courses of transpiration rate were scaled to one ha in a preliminary approach to estimating ecosystem transpiration (E _ha). The E _ha of the savanna (the sum of E _ha of T. vestitus and C. americana) was on average 2.4 times that of eucalypts during the daytime; when nocturnal eucalypt transpiration was included, the value was 1.9. The evapotranspiration calculated by the Penman–Montieth equation (ET_c) of eucalypts was lower than the savanna all year round. The reference crop ET (ET_o) varied little throughout the seasons, the highest value occurring in March. The ratio E _ha/ET_o for the savanna was on average near one during the dry season and almost two during the rainy season; the corresponding value for E. urophylla was 0.6 for both seasons. The ratio E _ha/ET_c was on average 0.8 for the species and the savanna. The cumulative E _ha for the days of measurements was higher in the savanna than in the eucalypts during the daytime (39.8 and 17.3?mm, respectively), as was the cumulative ET_c (37.5 vs. 20.3?mm). Measured and calculated cumulative ET in eucalypts, including nocturnal values, were 22.0 and 28.4?mm, respectively. At the leaf level, both eucalypts and trees of C. americana apparently may have accessed water from deep horizons, since their values of Ψ changed less seasonally than in T. vestitus. At the ecosystem level, the species that presented the largest changes in transpiration was T. vestitus, which markedly increased savanna transpiration during the rainy season. Our results suggest that, for the days of this study, and considering the environmental conditions of the ecosystems studied, the type of measurements and the scaling procedures, stands of E. urophylla transpire less water than the savanna.     

Carbon dioxide exchange over multiple temporal scales in an arid shrub ecosystem near La Paz,Baja California Sur,Mexico

Arid environments represent 30% of the global terrestrial surface, but are largely under‐represented in studies of ecosystem carbon flux. Less than 2% of all FLUXNET eddy covariance sites exist in a hot desert climate. Long‐term datasets of these regions are vital for capturing the seasonal and interannual variability that occur due to episodic precipitation events and climate change, which drive fluctuations in soil moisture and temperature patterns. The objectives of this study were to determine the meteorological variables that drive carbon flux on diel, seasonal, and annual scales and to determine how precipitation events control annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Patterns of NEE from 2002 to 2008 were investigated, providing a record with multiple replicates of seasons and conditions. Precipitation was extremely variable (55–339 mm) during the study period, and reduced precipitation in later years (2004–2008) appears to have resulted in annual moderate to large carbon sources (62–258 g C m^?2 yr^?1) in contrast to the previously reported sink (2002–2003). Variations in photosynthetically active radiation were found to principally drive variations in carbon uptake during the wet growing season while increased soil temperatures at a 5 cm depth stimulated carbon loss during the dry dormant season. Monthly NEE was primarily driven by soil moisture at a 5 cm depth, and years with a higher magnitude of precipitation events showed a longer growing season with annual net carbon uptake, whereas years with lower magnitude had drier soils and displayed short growing seasons with annual net carbon loss. Increased precipitation frequency was associated with increased annual NEE, which may be a function of increased microbial respiration to more small precipitation events. Annual precipitation frequency and magnitude were found to have effects on the interannual variability of NEE for up to 2 years.     

永定河沿河沙地杨树人工林生态系统呼吸特征

杨树是世界上广泛采用的人工造林树种之一,也是中国人工林面积最大的树种。研究杨树人工林生态系统呼吸(Re)及其分量土壤呼吸(Rs)的时间动态格局以及强度特征,分析两者对环境因子的响应是提高人工林生态系统净生产力和促进固碳减排等人工林经营管理中考虑的首要问题。采用开路式涡度相关系统、Licor-8150土壤呼吸测定系统以及小气候测定系统连续测定了位于北京大兴区永定河沿河沙地杨树人工林的生态系统呼吸、土壤呼吸和小气候特征。研究结果表明:(1)2007-2009年该生态系统的Re年总量分别为946.68、863.58、817.30gCm^-2a^-1,其中Rs年总量分别为642.11、629.29,609.05gCm^-2a^-1, Rs年总量约占Re年总量的70%;(2)Re和Rs月总量一般在7或者8月份达到最大值,Rs的变化趋势与土壤5cm温度(Ts5)相一致;(3)Ts5是Re和Rs两者的显著影响因子,但Re与空气相对湿度(RH)的相关性最显著。此外,Rs更容易受到Ts5和0-20cm土壤平均体积含水量(vwc)两者耦合效应的限制。     

Summer Precipitation Predicts Spatial Distributions of Semiaquatic Mammals

Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of droughts and intensity of seasonal precipitation in many regions. Semiaquatic mammals should be vulnerable to this increased variability in precipitation, especially in human-modified landscapes where dispersal to suitable habitat or temporary refugia may be limited. Using six years of presence-absence data (2007–2012) spanning years of record-breaking drought and flood conditions, we evaluated regional occupancy dynamics of American mink (Neovison vison) and muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) in a highly altered agroecosystem in Illinois, USA. We used noninvasive sign surveys and a multiseason occupancy modeling approach to estimate annual occupancy rates for both species and related these rates to summer precipitation. We also tracked radiomarked individuals to assess mortality risk for both species when moving in terrestrial areas. Annual model-averaged estimates of occupancy for mink and muskrat were correlated positively to summer precipitation. Mink and muskrats were widespread during a year (2008) with above-average precipitation. However, estimates of site occupancy declined substantially for mink (0.56) and especially muskrats (0.09) during the severe drought of 2012. Mink are generalist predators that probably use terrestrial habitat during droughts. However, mink had substantially greater risk of mortality away from streams. In comparison, muskrats are more restricted to aquatic habitats and likely suffered high mortality during the drought. Our patterns are striking, but a more mechanistic understanding is needed of how semiaquatic species in human-modified ecosystems will respond ecologically in situ to extreme weather events predicted by climate-change models.     

西北旱区1961-2011年参考作物蒸散量的时空分异

全球变化背景下分析参考作物蒸散量的变化特征,对于农业生产和水资源管理等有重要指导意义。根据西北旱区152个气象站点1961—2011年气象资料计算参考作物蒸散量(ET0),分析了其空间分布及时间变化趋势,并探讨了其变化原因。1961—2011年西北旱区年均ET0为1100.4 mm/a,但存在空间变异,低值出现在黄土高原南部区域,高值出现在西北部沿东南-西北方向的条带上。ET0整体呈不显著的上升趋势,但64和36个站点分别呈显著的上升和下降趋势;西北旱区ET0发生突变的年份东部较西部晚。ET0的时空变异是气象因子时空变化的组合效应,ET0对相对湿度和最高温度的变化最敏感,但过去50a ET0变化中风速和最高温度的贡献率最大。西北旱区ET0的变化发生了重要改变,由2000年以前的下降趋势转变为目前的上升趋势,可能加剧该区的水资源短缺状况,需引起足够的重视。     

增加降水对干旱河谷区云南松人工林土壤呼吸的影响

2013年5月至2014年6月,对干旱河谷区云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)人工林进行增加降水试验,试验设置对照(CK,0 mm m~(-2)a~(-1))、增水10%(A1,80 mm m~(-2)a~(-1))、增水20%(A2,160 mm m~(-2)a~(-1))和增水30%(A3,240 mm m~(-2)a~(-1))4个处理水平。采用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统测定每月土壤呼吸速率。结果表明,4个处理云南松人工林土壤呼吸速率均呈明显的季节变化,7月最高,2月最低。与CK相比,A1年均土壤呼吸速率无显著性差异(P0.05),A2显著增加了12.88%(P0.05),而A3明显减少了17.71%(P0.05)。3个增水处理均提高了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性,减弱了土壤呼吸与土壤湿度的关系。与土壤温度相比,土壤湿度对土壤呼吸的影响相对较小。增水增加了湿季土壤微生物碳、氮含量,干季对微生物碳含量无影响,但明显降低了微生物氮含量。这说明,降水增加对干旱河谷区云南松人工林土壤呼吸的影响是不尽相同的,适当的增水会促进土壤呼吸,而过量的增水会抑制土壤呼吸。     

柴达木盆地蒸散发遥感估算与耗水有效性评价

陆面蒸散发(ET)是自然生态系统水分耗散的主要方式,准确把握其时空变化特征,对于区域水资源合理利用与生态环境保护具有重要意义。针对我国西北干旱内陆区实测资料匮乏的现状,基于MODIS产品,构建了具有时空二维属性的地表温度-植被指数特征空间,实现了柴达木盆地陆面蒸散发的时空连续估算;在此基础上,进一步分离土壤蒸发与植被蒸腾,开展研究区自然生态系统耗水有效性评价。结果表明:(1)柴达木盆地近九年多年平均ET为188.75 mm,受降水空间分布格局影响,ET具有明显的从东南向西北减少趋势;(2)土壤蒸发与植被蒸腾多年平均值为171.06 mm和14.26 mm,后者年内峰值出现时间总体比前者晚1个月,具有滞后效应;(3)盆地陆地生态系统多年平均耗水总量为430.94亿m³,其中高效、中效和低效耗水的占比分别为6.55%、52.57%和40.88%。在区域尺度以时空连续的方式揭示了ET水分消耗的有效性,可为基于ET水资源管理目标的实现提供重要科学支撑。     

基于Biome-BGC模型的北方杨树人工林碳水通量对气候变化的响应研究

研究中国北方杨树人工林碳水通量对气候变化的响应,对于制定合理的经营管理措施以应对区域的气候变化具有重要意义。基于对杨树人工林碳水通量的连续监测数据和对Biome-BGC模型参数的校准,模拟分析杨树人工林碳水通量及水分利用效率(WUE)对气候变化(气温上升、降水变化和大气CO_2浓度上升)的响应规律。结果表明,Biome-BGC模型校准后显著提升了其对杨树人工林碳水通量的模拟精度,对GPP、ET模拟结果的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(NS)分别为0.69和0.63,各自提高了64.3%和80%,均方根误差(RMSE)则分别降低至1.94 g C m~(-2) d~(-1)和0.88 mm/d,分别下降了26.5%和25.4%。在未来气候变化情景中,单独的气温上升、降水增加和大气CO_2浓度上升分别造成GPP的降低、升高和升高,其中GPP对大气CO_2浓度上升的响应程度(28%—44%)远高于对气温上升(1%—5%)和降水变化(3%—10%)的,ET则主要受降水的影响,响应程度在5%—14%之间。GPP和ET对气候变化的响应则受不同水平的气温上升、降水变化和大气CO_2浓度上升三者综合作用的影响。基于GPP和ET对气候变化的响应,WUE随气温上升、降水增加表现为降低趋势,随降水减少和大气CO_2浓度升高则呈升高趋势;其对未来气候中大气CO_2浓度升高的响应程度为27.7%—43.6%,远高于对气温上升(1.2%—5.8%)和降水变化(1.2%—3.5%)的,说明未来气候变化中大气CO_2浓度上升是促进杨树生长的主要因素;其中相对于当前WUE(2.8 g C/kg H_2O),C2T2P1和C0T3P0情景下WUE的升高和降低幅度最大,分别为45.4%和5.8%。