海南尖峰岭自然保护区淡水龟类调查

2005年3~4月,采用野外调查和访问调查结合的方法,对尖峰岭自然保护区淡水龟类进行了专项调查。在海拔300~1 000 m设5个研究样区,采用系统抽样法在样区内选取443个研究样点,用笼捕法进行调查。野外调查共发现淡水龟类3种11只,包括8只平胸龟(Platysternon megacephalum)、2只四眼斑水龟(Sacalia quadriocellata)和1只锯缘摄龟(Pyxidea mouhotii)。访问调查得知当地还有黄额闭壳龟(Cuora galbinifrons)、三线闭壳龟(C.trifasciata)、中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)和山瑞鳖(Palea steindachneri)分布。研究表明,尖峰岭自然保护区淡水龟类至少有2科7种,约占海南淡水龟类总种数的60%,其中四眼斑水龟和锯缘摄龟为本次调查到的尖峰岭淡水龟的新记录,三线闭壳龟和山瑞鳖为访问新记录。保护区内淡水龟类种群密度非常低,人为捕猎对淡水龟类资源破坏严重,需要加强保护和管理。     

平顶闭壳龟和黄额闭壳龟日活动节律与时间分配

2015年6—10月,采用瞬时扫描取样法,在海南省吊罗山国家级自然保护区对同域分布的平顶闭壳龟(Cuora mouhotii)与黄额闭壳龟(C.galbinifrons)日活动节律和时间分配进行研究,比较两种闭壳龟日活动节律差异,探究两种闭壳龟资源利用分化模式,揭示两种闭壳龟的野外共存机制。结果显示,平顶闭壳龟和黄额闭壳龟均为昼行性节律,日活动以静息行为为主。平顶闭壳龟的运动行为和摄食行为分别在(06:00—07:00)和(10:00—11:00)有一个高峰期,黄额闭壳龟的摄食行为(13:00—14:00)有一个高峰期,而运动行为有两个高峰期(09:00—10:00和17:00—18:00)。在活动时间分配上,黄额闭壳龟分配在静息行为上的时间多于平顶闭壳龟,而分配在运动行为和摄食行为上的时间少于平顶闭壳龟。比较两种闭壳龟的活动节律,运动行为节律重叠指数较高(Qik=0.78),摄食行为重叠指数较低(Qik=0.38)。研究表明,两物种在利用食物资源上存在时间异质性和分配差异性,达到食物资源的最优利用,实现两者的稳定共存。     

人工饲养条件下黄额闭壳龟的繁殖行为研究

2017—2019年在广西壮族自治区桂林市永福县对7只性成熟(5雌2雄)黄额闭壳龟Cuora galbinifrons的交配与繁殖进行了观察研究,记录人工养殖条件下亲龟的生活、交配及繁殖习性,结合相关研究报导,调整亲龟饲养及龟卵孵化方法,在人工养殖条件下成功繁殖出F₁代个体。结果表明,试验亲龟生长状况良好,体质量年平均增长率达6.37%,交配高峰期为5—6月,产卵期为6—7月。共获得5枚受精卵,2次产卵之间积温为197 230～207 955℃·h,并成功孵化出F₁代稚龟3只,龟卵孵化时间为118～136 d,孵化积温为76 464～88 128℃·h,孵化率60.00%。本研究为黄额闭壳龟的人工饲养繁殖提供了理论依据和实践基础。     

6种中国特有闭壳龟的人工驯养繁育种群状况

2003年1月～2006年6月期间,调查了6种中国特有闭壳龟的人工驯养繁育种群状况。结果显示,三线闭壳龟（含越南三线闭壳龟和中国三线闭壳龟）的人工驯养繁育种群数量最多,种龟8000～10000,其中30％～40％是中国三线闭壳龟;金头闭壳龟134只,潘氏闭壳龟49只;百色闭壳龟39～44只,周氏闭壳龟29只;云南闭壳龟最少,仅2只。6种中国特有闭壳龟中,除中国三线闭壳龟外,其他种类人工驯养繁育种群数量均不超过50～150只;没有形成稳定的人工种群数量。     

野生金头闭壳龟栖息地植被多样性

2006年8—9月通过样方法,对安徽黟县、泾县2地记录有野生金头闭壳龟分布的34个栖息地进行了实地调查,分析了植被的改变对野生金头闭壳龟栖息地其它环境因子的影响。结果表明:对金头闭壳龟栖息地产生较大影响的环境因子包括植物群落结构、溪边沙地、溪流水体环境等;野生金头闭壳龟栖息地植被多是天然林砍伐后形成的次生林、人工毛竹林和杉木林;统计样方中共有维管植物443种,分属129科232属,其中,河柳、枫杨、毛竹、水杨梅、鬼针草、线穗苔草、水蓼等植物在样方中出现频度较高(>50%)。植被的改变对金头闭壳龟生存繁殖产生很大影响,是导致金头闭壳龟濒危的主要原因之一。     

闭壳龟属一新种

闭壳龟属Cuora Gray, 1855现有6种(Pritchard,1967;四川省生物研究所,1977),分布于泰国、柬埔寨、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、菲律宾以及我国南部诸省。 1981年,在陕西大巴山地区调查中,采得闭壳龟标本2只,经研究,与其它6种均有差异,系一新种,记述如下。 潘氏闭壳龟 Cuora pani, 新种(图1—2)     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的全长序列探讨闭壳龟类的系统进化

采用PCR技术对淡水龟科具闭壳结构的黄缘盒龟、黄额盒龟、金头闭壳龟、潘氏闭壳龟、锯缘龟和白腹摄龟的线粒体Cytb基因的全长序列进行了PCR扩增和序列测定,并结合GenBank中16种淡水龟科物种的同源序列,进行了序列变异和系统发生分析。经C lustalX1.8软件对位排列后共有1154个位点,其中可变位点413个,简约信息位点301个;A＋T的平均含量（56.5%）高于G＋C（43.5%）。在氨基酸密码子中,第一位富含A,第二位富含T,第三位富含C;碱基转换/颠换率为5.97,碱基替换多发生在密码子第三位。以中华鳖和马来鳖为外群,通过最大简约法,最大似然法和贝叶斯法重建了分子系统树,均具有一致的拓扑结构,结果表明：金头闭壳龟和潘氏闭壳龟最先聚成一支,再和三线闭壳龟聚成一组,说明形态上相似的三种闭壳龟亲缘关系最近;闭壳龟属、盒龟属和单种锯缘龟属聚成一个单系的闭壳龟群,建议合并为闭壳龟属;齿缘龟属和果龟属聚为一支,它们与新的闭壳龟属关系较远,揭示闭壳结构的形成不是由一个共同祖先分化而来;乌龟属、花龟属和拟水龟属三属为并系起源,建议三属可以合并为一属。     

诱笼法在温带地区蝴蝶调查中的应用

【目的】诱笼法是利用诱饵吸引蝴蝶进而完成收集的调查方法,该方法常应用于热带地区,而在温带地区未见报道。本研究探究了诱笼法在温带地区是否适用,以期在更大范围内应用诱笼法开展蝴蝶监测。【方法】在四川北部老河沟自然保护区(暖温带)尝试使用诱笼法进行蝴蝶调查,以评估该方法的捕获效果。【结果】在2015年和2016年8月的13个捕捉日中,共计捕捉411只蝴蝶,平均4.6只/(笼·日),捕捉能力与热带地区的调查数据基本一致;经鉴定,捕捉到的蝴蝶属于蛱蝶科、眼蝶科和喙蝶科,共计40种,与老河沟自然保护区样线法调查获得的数据相比,有7个新增记录种。【结论】诱笼法用于纬度较高地区的蝴蝶调查是可行的,而且能够对样线法的调查结果进行有效补充,并为建立蝴蝶的长期监测体系提供新思路。     

金钱龟的救护技术

金钱龟为珍稀动物, 其种群数量日益枯竭, 金钱龟的救护意义重大。金钱龟包括2种闭壳龟, 即三线闭壳龟和圆丽闭壳龟。圆丽闭壳龟又可分为2个亚种, 即圆丽闭壳龟指名亚种和圆丽闭壳龟梅氏亚种。金钱龟的救护措施包括加强金钱龟保护的宣传教育、建立金钱龟自然保护区、开展金钱龟野外资源的调查和评估工作、建立金钱龟的种质资源库和大力开展人工繁育。其中人工繁育是金钱龟救护的最主要途径之一, 也是目前形势下最有效的救护措施。人工繁育的关键技术主要包括人工孵化技术、越冬管理及病害防治技术。病害的预防包括合理的养殖密度、保持水质清新和合理的营养。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.