蛤蚧地理变异的初步研究

历代本草和国家《药典》都没有蛤蚧品种分化的记载。动物分类上一直把蛤蚧的体色变异看成是居住环境所致。我们在药用动物资源调查中发现蛤蚧有明显的地理变异。产自我国广东、广西和云南南部及越南、缅甸北部的蛤蚧体型较细,体色较深,色斑较杂,称之为黑蛤蚧;而东南亚及南亚大部分地区出产的蛤蚧则体型粗壮,体重较大,体色较浅,具有醒目的红色斑点,故称之为红蛤蚧或泰国哈蚧。二者的地理分布不重叠,市场售价差异甚大。     

大壁虎不同地理居群的遗传变异与分化

以线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因作为分子标记,对中国广西12个地区,以及越南和老挝大壁虎(Gekko gecko)进行序列测定,获得Cytb基因424bp的序列片段,共有7个单倍型。以白脊壁虎和沙虎为外群,用邻接法和最大简约法构建了大壁虎不同地理种群的系统发育关系,其结果显示中国广西4个不同单倍型黑大壁虎之间的平均遗传距离为0.20%—1.20%,越南红大壁虎与老挝红大壁虎之间的平均遗传距离为0.50%,广西宁明红大壁虎与越南红大壁虎和老挝红大壁虎之间平均遗传距离分别为1.70%和2.20%。广西黑大壁虎种群与红大壁虎种群之间的平均遗传距离为8.60%—9.50%,达到了亚种或种分化的差异。     

大壁虎不同地理居群的遗传变异与分化

以线粒体细胞色素b (Cyt b) 基因作为分子标记，对中国广西12个地区，以及越南和老挝大壁虎(Gekko gecko) 进行序列测定，获得Cyt b基因424 bp的序列片段，共有7个单倍型。以白脊壁虎和沙虎为外群，用邻接法和最大简约法构建了大壁虎不同地理种群的系统发育关系，其结果显示中国广西4个不同单倍型黑大壁虎之间的平均遗传距离为0.20%—1.20%，越南红大壁虎与老挝红大壁虎之间的平均遗传距离为0.50%，广西宁明红大壁虎与越南红大壁虎和老挝红大壁虎之间平均遗传距离分别为1.70%和2.20%。广西黑大壁虎种群与红大壁虎种群之间的平均遗传距离为8.60%—9.50%，达到了亚种或种分化的差异。     

两栖爬行动物发声的神经及内分泌基础

动物的鸣声可分为鸣叫和鸣唱。鸣唱为一系列连续发出的由不同音节组成的固定序列。一般而言,音节数多于两个,由雄性个体在繁殖季节发出。鸣叫多为单音节重复发音,偶尔也有两个音节。除鸣禽外,陆生脊椎动物的鸣声都归为鸣叫类型。鸣唱主要被用于宣告领域或求偶。同时,也被用于亲缘识别和刺激异性同步发情。鸣叫的功用较多,所以包括鸣禽在内的大多数陆生脊椎动物都能发出此类叫声。鸣叫也可用于宣告领域或求偶,如蛙类。鸣叫还可以恐吓竞争对手或敌害,报告敌害或食物的方位以及表达情绪等。1　两栖动物蛙类的绝大多数种类都能鸣叫,有尾类的少数…     

无量山西黑冠长臂猿二重唱的声谱结构和时间特征

2003年3月—2004年3月对无量山大寨子3群西黑冠长臂猿的二重唱的时间特征进行了监测。于2007年3月和2008年3月利用Sony TC-D5 Pro2录音机、Sony C-76指向性话筒和Sony录音磁带对其二重唱进行了录音,对录音效果最好的5个声音用Signal/RTS 4.0软件进行声谱分析。对无量山西黑冠长臂猿二重唱的声谱结构和时间特征的研究结果表明,雄性西黑冠长臂猿的声音由起始音节、简单的重复音节和调节音节组成。根据频率变化的强度,可以将调节音节分为弱调节音节和强调节音节。强调节音节的特征是第二个音节具有非常明显的频率变化,有时第三个音节有类似变化,变频时的最高频率可达到5 828 Hz。雌性长臂猿一般只会发出一种类型的声音,即固定而刻板的激动鸣叫。根据激动鸣叫是否完整可以分为成功的激动鸣叫和失败的激动鸣叫。典型的西黑冠长臂猿二重唱通常由成年雄性发起,并占主导地位,且一般由雄性结束。雌性激动鸣叫结束后,雄性马上发出调节音节与之配合,雄性调节音节与雌性激动鸣叫的时间间隔平均为2.7 s。平均每个群体的鸣叫频次为53%。如果发生鸣叫,一个群体平均每天鸣叫1.09次。91.5%的鸣叫发生在日出前0.5 h至日出后3 h之间,其中48.6%的鸣叫发生在日出后1 h内。在一次鸣叫中,雌性平均发出成功的激动鸣叫4.6次,两次成功的激动鸣叫之间的时间间隔平均为115 s。群体间均未显示鸣叫频次和持续时间上的差异,但激动鸣叫次数和激动鸣叫时间间隔具有显著差异。     

噪音环境下花臭蛙求偶鸣声特征分析

2012年7月份,在黄山浮溪地区利用超声录音设备录制并分析了繁殖季节雄性花臭蛙(Odorrana schmackeri)个体的求偶鸣声。观察发现花臭蛙繁殖活动主要集中在7月中旬,繁殖高峰期活动无昼夜规律,全天均可见求偶鸣叫及抱对产卵等行为,并且多在浅水滩处活动。花臭蛙鸣声根据音节数和声谱特征可分为4种类型:即单音节音、婴儿音、双音节音和多音节断奏音,其中,单音节音、双音节音和婴儿音较为常见。利用Selena软件给出4种声音的语图以及各自对应的能谱图,利用Sound Analysis pro v1.2对单音节音、双音节音和婴儿音的鸣声特征参数进行定量分析,分析的声音参数包括鸣叫持续时间、音节数、音节持续时间、音节间隔、主频、脉冲率等。结果表明,花臭蛙鸣声的主频范围为1.8~4.5 k Hz(n=65)。鸣声不包括超声组分,主频峰值(3.1±0.7)k Hz,与前人电生理实验所得花臭蛙听觉敏感峰值一致,说明花臭蛙主要在这一频段进行通讯。对3种常见鸣叫音声音参数的单因素方差分析结果表明,双音节音与单音节音和婴儿音在声音持续时间上存在显著性差异(P0.01),双音节音和单音节音在第二谐波声强上也具有显著性差异(P=0.01)。花臭蛙的双音节音在3种常见鸣叫音中具有最长的持续时间,为(99.5±8.4)ms,故推测,双音节音为花臭蛙繁殖期主要求偶鸣声,并通过其鸣声时长的变化来体现自身品质的好坏。     

四种蝗虫雄性鸣声的比较研究(直翅目,蝗总科)

应用计算机技术分析了肿脉蝗Stauroderus scalaris scalaris(Fischer-Waldheim)、宽须蚁蝗Myrmeleotettixpalalis(Zubowsky)、邱氏异爪蝗Euchorthippus cheui Hsia、西伯利亚蝗Aeropus sibiricus(Linnaeus)雄性的鸣声特征.这4种蝗虫雄性鸣声特征差异显著.肿脉蝗雄性鸣声具有脉冲序列的分化,每个脉冲序列分为两种不同的脉冲组,第1种脉冲组持续时间约0.081 s,有7个脉冲串组成,每个脉冲串有7个单脉冲构成;第2种脉冲组持续时间不等,有13～18个脉冲串组成,脉冲串持续时间为0.021 s,间隔为0.010 s.鸣声的主能峰频率约8.62 kHz.宽须蚁蝗雄性鸣声的脉冲组持续时间为0.23 s,脉冲组间隔为0.35 s,每个脉冲组由28～31个单脉冲组成,主能峰频率为6.89 kHz、12.75 kHz.邱氏异爪蝗雄性鸣声的脉冲组持续时间为0.22 s,脉冲组间隔为0.76 s,每个脉冲组由6～7个脉冲串组成,每个脉冲串内含有1～5个单脉冲,主能峰频率为9.65 kHz.西伯利亚蝗的脉冲组持续时间约为0.092 s,脉冲组间隔为0.08 s,每个脉冲组分化为5～6个脉冲串;主能峰频率为7.58 kHz.     

饰纹姬蛙求偶鸣声特征分析

2012年5月,用SX950录音笔和Praat声音分析软件对浙江丽水繁殖季节饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla ornata)求偶鸣声进行录制和特征分析.结果表明,饰纹姬蛙发出的求偶鸣声具有单一谐波鸣声结构、多脉冲(7、9～16)及纺锤形振幅等特征;所有鸣声主频率范围为1.22～4.09 kHz (n=233),且由不同脉冲数组成的鸣声主频率平均值几近相等;叫声时程随脉冲数的增加而增大,脉冲时程在不同脉冲数鸣声中的大小几近相等,但最后一个脉冲的时程大小≤其他脉冲;脉冲间隔与叫声时程则刚好相反,即叫声时程越短,脉冲间隔就越大.在7个脉冲的鸣声中,其脉冲间隔最大,脉冲率最小;而在16个脉冲的鸣声中,脉冲间隔则最小,脉冲率最大.除7个脉冲和16个脉冲鸣声的脉冲率分别与其他鸣声存在显著性差异以外,随着叫声时程和脉冲数的增加,脉冲率也出现相应变化.在声强方面,除16个脉冲鸣声与其余所有的脉冲鸣声出现显著性差异以外,其他脉冲鸣声之间的两两比较差异不显著.丽水种群与其他5个地理种群(杭州、宣城、Kamoor、Bajipe和Padil)的鸣声特征比较显示饰纹姬蛙在不同地理种群的鸣声结构相似,而鸣声主频率、叫声时程、脉冲时程及脉冲率等在6个地理种群种均出现不同程度的差异.了解不同物种的声信号特征有助于更好地理解动物通讯行为及其进化特点.     

四种草螽雄性鸣声的研究

对分布于我国的长瓣草螽Conocephalus(Anisoptera)gladiatus,中华草螽C.(Amurocephalus)chinensis,悦鸣草螽 C.(Anisoptera)melaenus和斑翅草螽C.(Anisoptera)maculatus雄性鸣声进行了分析.研究结果表明,这4种草螽雄性鸣声的时域波形较简单,鸣声均由1种类型的脉冲组序列构成.长瓣草螽雄性鸣声每个脉冲组持续时间约0.13 s,脉冲组间隔约0.12 s,每个脉冲组通常由8脉冲构成,鸣声的频率范围5～20 kHz.中华草螽雄性的鸣声脉冲组由2个脉冲构成,每次鸣叫持续时间约为3.3 s,两次连续鸣叫间隔约10.5 s,鸣声频率范围为20 Hz～20 kHz.斑翅草螽雄性鸣声的脉冲组由10～13个脉冲构成,脉冲组持续时间2.1～2.5 s,两次连续鸣叫间隔时间约为3 s;鸣声频率从5.5 kHz到高于20 kHz.悦鸣草螽雄性鸣声由单一规则的重复脉冲组序列构成,每个鸣声脉冲组持续时间约0.035 s,脉冲组间隔约0.023 s,每个脉冲组由3个脉冲构成,脉冲组重复率20/s,鸣声频率6.0～20.0 kHz.     

丹顶鹤性活动的声行为研究

丹顶鹤繁殖期的性活动可分为雄鹤求偶、雌鹤对雄性求偶的应答、两性交配和交配完结4个阶段,其相应的鸣声模式分别为雄性的求偶鸣声、雌性对雄性求偶的应答声和两性的对鸣声、两性对唱的交配声和两性的高声合唱。4个阶段鸣声都是以基本音的主频率(PF)为主音的单音调声,前3个阶段都带数个近似fn=nf0(f0=FP)关系的低幅值谐频成分。第4个阶段带数个近似fn=nf0(f0=FP)关系的高幅值谐频成分;品质因数(Q3dB)多半为4～6,声脉冲重复频率(RFP)一般为150～180Hz,而第2阶段声的RFP一般为180～260Hz。雄性鸣声的每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较少,一般不超过4个;而雌性鸣声比较复杂。每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较多,一般都在7～8个以上;但雌雄鸣声的每个音节都是由3个声脉冲组成。雄鹤鸣唱声频率变化范围较小,而雌鹤鸣唱声频率变化形式是由低到高达到高峰后又开始下降。4个阶段的鸣声都具有较好共鸣。只有第2阶段发声运动较快。而且发现雄鹤鸣唱单次鸣叫声的音节数“增多”。各阶段鸣声特性均存在差异,不同配偶间均存在显著差异,研究结果表明丹顶鹤雌雄都具有不同的鸣声,且其性活动过程中不同的鸣声行为具有较高的个体识别信号潜能。另外,求偶鸣叫声和求偶应答与对鸣声在性活动鸣声中起着决定性的作用。     

Insights from ecological niche modeling on the taxonomic distinction and niche differentiation between the black‐spotted and red‐spotted tokay geckoes (Gekko gecko)

The black‐spotted tokay and the red‐spotted tokay are morphologically distinct and have largely allopatric distributions. The black‐spotted tokay is characterized by a small body size and dark skin with sundry spots, while the red‐spotted tokay has a relatively large body size and red spots. Based on morphological, karyotypic, genetic, and distribution differences, recent studies suggested their species status; however, their classifications remain controversial, and additional data such as ecological niches are necessary to establish firm hypotheses regarding their taxonomic status. We reconstructed their ecological niches models using climatic and geographic data. We then performed niche similarity tests (niche identity and background tests) and point‐based analyses to explore whether ecological differentiation has occurred, and whether such differences are sufficient to explain the maintenance of their separate segments of environmental ranges. We found that both niche models of the black‐ and the red‐spotted tokay had a good fit and a robust performance, as indicated by the high area under the curve (AUC) values (“black” = 0.982, SD = ± 0.002, “red” = 0.966 ± 0.02). Significant ecological differentiation across the entire geographic range was found, indicating that the involvement of ecological differentiation is important for species differentiation. Divergence along the environmental axes is highly associated with climatic conditions, with isothermality being important for the “black” form, while temperature seasonality, precipitation of warmest quarter, and annual temperature range together being important for the “red” form. These factors are likely important factors in niche differentiation between the two forms, which result in morphological replacement. Overall, beside morphological and genetic differentiation information, our results contribute to additional insights into taxonomic distinction and niche differentiation between the black‐ and the red‐spotted tokay.     

Genetic variation and differentiation of Gekko gecko from different populations based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences and karyotypes

Black-spotted and red-spotted tokay geckos are distributed in different regions and have significant differences in morphological appearance, but have been regarded as the same species, Gekko gecko, in taxonomy. To determine whether black-spotted and red-spotted tokay geckos are genetically differentiated, we sequenced the entire mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1147 bp) from 110 individuals of Gekko gecko collected in 11 areas including Guangxi China, Yunnan China, Vietnam, and Laos. In addition, we performed karyotypic analyses of black-spotted tokay geckos from Guangxi China and red-spotted tokay geckos from Laos. These phylogenetic analyses showed that black-spotted and red-spotted tokay geckos are divided into two branches in molecular phylogenetic trees. The average genetic distances are as follows: 0.12-0.47% among six haplotypes in the black-spotted tokay gecko group, 0.12-1.66% among five haplotypes in the red-spotted tokay gecko group, and 8.76-9.18% between the black-spotted and red-spotted tokay geckos, respectively. The karyotypic analyses showed that the karyotype formula is 2n = 38 = 8m + 2sm + 2st + 26t in red-spotted tokay geckos from Laos compared with 2n = 38 = 8m + 2sm + 28t in black-spotted tokay geckos from Guangxi China. The differences in these two kinds of karyotypes were detected on the 15th chromosome. The clear differences in genetic levels between black-spotted and red-spotted tokay geckos suggest a significant level of genetic differentiation between the two.     

Female Sexual Preferences Toward Conspecific and Hybrid Male Mating Calls in Two Species of Polygynous Deer, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cervus elaphu</Emphasis>s and <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. nippon</Emphasis>

The behavioral processes at the basis of hybridization and introgression are understudied in terrestrial mammals. We use a unique model to test the role of sexual signals as a reproductive barrier to introgression by investigating behavioral responses to male sexual calls in estrous females of two naturally allopatric but reproductively compatible deer species, red deer and sika deer. Previous studies demonstrated asymmetries in acoustic species discrimination between these species: most but not all female red deer prefer conspecific over sika deer male calls while female sika deer exhibit no preference differences. Here, we extend this examination of acoustic species discrimination to the role of male sexual calls in introgression between parent species and hybrids. Using two-speaker playback experiments, we compared the preference responses of estrous female red and sika deer to male sexual calls from conspecifics versus red × sika hybrids. These playbacks simulate early secondary contact between previously allopatric species after hybridization has occurred. Based on previous conspecific versus heterospecific playbacks, we predicted that most female red deer would prefer conspecific calls while female sika deer would show no difference in their preference behaviors toward conspecific and hybrid calls. However, results show that previous asymmetries did not persist as neither species exhibited more preferences for conspecific over hybrid calls. Thus, vocal behavior is not likely to deter introgression between these species during the early stages of sympatry. On a wider scale, weak discrimination against hybrid sexual signals could substantially contribute to this important evolutionary process in mammals and other taxa.     

Passively stuck: death does not affect gecko adhesion strength

Many geckos use adhesive toe pads on the bottom of their digits to attach to surfaces with remarkable strength. Although gecko adhesion has been studied for hundreds of years, gaps exist in our understanding at the whole-animal level. It remains unclear whether the strength and maintenance of adhesion are determined by the animal or are passively intrinsic to the system. Here we show, for the first time, that strong adhesion is produced passively at the whole-animal level. Experiments on both live and recently euthanized tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) revealed that death does not affect the dynamic adhesive force or motion of a gecko foot when pulled along a vertical surface. Using a novel device that applied repeatable and steady-increasing pulling forces to the foot in shear, we found that the adhesive force was similarly high and variable when the animal was alive (mean ± s.d. = 5.4 ± 1.7 N) and within 30 min after death (5.4 ± 2.1 N). However, kinematic analyses showed that live geckos are able to control the degree of toe pad engagement and can rapidly stop strong adhesion by hyperextending the toes. This study offers the first assessment of whole-animal adhesive force under extremely controlled conditions. Our findings reveal that dead geckos maintain the ability to adhere with the same force as living animals, disproving that strong adhesion requires active control.     

Variability of Female Responses to Conspecific vs. Heterospecific Male Mating Calls in Polygynous Deer: An Open Door to Hybridization?

Males of all polygynous deer species (Cervinae) give conspicuous calls during the reproductive season. The extreme interspecific diversity that characterizes these vocalizations suggests that they play a strong role in species discrimination. However, interbreeding between several species of Cervinae indicates permeable interspecific reproductive barriers. This study examines the contribution of vocal behavior to female species discrimination and mating preferences in two closely related polygynous deer species known to hybridize in the wild after introductions. Specifically, we investigate the reaction of estrous female red deer (Cervus elaphus) to playbacks of red deer vs. sika deer (Cervus nippon) male mating calls, with the prediction that females will prefer conspecific calls. While on average female red deer preferred male red deer roars, two out of twenty females spent more time in close proximity to the speaker broadcasting male sika deer moans. We suggest that this absence of strict vocal preference for species-specific mating calls may contribute to the permeability of pre-zygotic reproductive barriers observed between these species. Our results also highlight the importance of examining inter-individual variation when studying the role of female preferences in species discrimination and intraspecific mate selection.     

与“全红”瓯江彩鲤体色相关的SRAP及SCAR分子标记

利用相关序列扩增多态性(Sequence Related Amplified Polymorphism,SRAP)技术分析"全红"和"粉玉"瓯江彩鲤,筛选与瓯江彩鲤体色相关的分子遗传标记。从88个SRAP引物组合筛选出的12个引物组合共获得扩增条带104个,并筛选出1个SRAP特异扩增带,即"全红"瓯江彩鲤家系SR2,7173 bp带。该条SRAP特异扩增条带经回收、克隆和测序,并将测序结果进行BLAST分析,发现该片段在GenBank中与斑马鱼的POl多蛋白基因和尿红素基因有较高的同源性。根据序列信息分别设计了4对正、反向引物(22—26 bp)。用4对引物分别在"全红"瓯江彩鲤F2和"粉玉"瓯江彩鲤F2群体中进行PCR扩增,仅发现SC-3(154 bp)能够在"全红"瓯江彩鲤群体中特异扩增,而且在"粉玉"瓯江彩鲤F2群体中未出现此扩增带。采用大样本对该SC-3标记进行验证,结果发现,在"全红"瓯江彩鲤群体中呈现阳性,而在"粉玉"瓯江彩鲤群体中为阴性,可以区分这两种群体。因此SC-3标记可以作为"全红"瓯江彩鲤群体一个重要的分子遗传特征指标,为进一步进行分子标记辅助育种奠定了基础。     

Genetic variability of the tokay gecko based on microsatellite analysis

The black-spotted tokay gecko and red-spotted tokay gecko have different distribution areas and are significantly different in appearance but are classified into the same species Gekko gecko. Twelve microsatellite loci were isolated, characterized and evaluated from wild black-spotted tokay geckos for the first time. Of them, nine loci were successfully amplified in red-spotted tokay geckos using multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). A total of 208 different alleles were observed in the 70 wild black-spotted and red-spotted tokays, and the average number of alleles per locus was 17.3. The average values for observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity and polymorphism information content were 0.762, 0.891 and 0.871, respectively, which showed that the wild G. gecko population had a high level of genetic variability. Both black-spotted tokays and red-spotted tokays showed a significant (P < 0.001) deficit of heterozygotes. The red-spotted tokay (H_E = 0.881, A = 16.4) had a higher level of genetic variability than black-spotted tokay (H_E = 0.804, A = 10.7). The pairwise F_ST (P < 0.001) estimates of the two types of tokay were 0.143, which indicated that there was a significant level of genetic differentiation between the two.     

Complete mitochondrial genome of the red-spotted tokay gecko (Gekko gecko, Reptilia: Gekkonidae): comparison of red- and black-spotted tokay geckos

Here, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the red-spotted tokay gecko (Squamata: Gekkonidae). The genome is 16,590 bp in size. Its gene arrangement pattern was identical with that of black-spotted tokay gecko. We compared the mitochondrial genome of red-spotted tokay gecko with that of the black-spotted tokay gecko. Nucleotide sequence of the two whole mitochondrial genomes was 97.99% similar, and the relatively high similarity seems to indicate that they may be separated at the subspecies level. The information of mitochondrial genome comparison of the two morphological types of tokay gecko is discussed in detail.     

云南作物资源特征特性及生态地理分布研究Ⅰ.云南地方稻种资源中特种稻资源

对6121份云南地方稻种资源中的特种稻资源,即黑（紫）米、红米、香米、糯米（酒米）和软米的特征特性进行综合评价;以云南省128个县为基本单位,应用GIS平台统计整理云南省每个县所属的气候类型,并结合云南省的5个稻作分区分析研究云南特种稻资源的生态地理分布。通过研究综合评价了云南特种稻资源的特征特性,初步摸清了云南特种稻资源除香米资源集中分布在中亚热带和中温带外,其他特种稻资源都集中分布在南亚热带的生态地理分布习性,其研究结果可为稻作资源收集保护、农作物生态地理分布、特优稻育种、生态育种、生物育种、农业产业开发和产业区划结构调整等研究提供参考依据。