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1.
A HPLC method for the determination of ergometrine, ergotamine, ergocristine, α-ergocryptine and ergocornine in cereals for
animal feed and in mixed feed with high cereal content was developed. Samples were extracted under acidic conditions using
a mixture of phosphoric acid and acetonitrile, the extract purified with solid phase extraction cartridges (strong cation
exchange), and ergot alkaloids detected after gradient elution on a C18 column by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Detection
and determination limits for each individual alkaloid were at 5 (μ/kg and 10 (μg/kg, respectively. With this method, high
recovery (82–120%) and good reproducibility was achieved for wheat, rye and mixed feeds, at a sum of total determined alkaloids
of < 500 (μg/kg. This method was used to analyse Bavarian feeds (n=124) over three years (2005–2007), and ergot alkaloids
were detected in 91 % of the samples. The majority of positive samples had ergot alkaloid contents of < 250 μg/kg, the median
alkaloid level was at 70 (μg/kg. The maximum sum of total determined alkaloids exceeded 1000 (μg/kg in wheat, triticale, rye,
and mixed feeds, the highest result was obtained for mixed feed (4880 (μg/kg).
Parts presented at the Feed Safety Conference, Namur, Belgium, Nov 27–28, 2007 相似文献
2.
Ergot alkaloids are toxins produced by some species of fungi in the genus Claviceps, that may infect rye and triticale and, in a minor degree, other types of cereals. In this study, a new UHPLC-FLD method for the quantification of the six major ergot alkaloids as well as their corresponding epimers was developed. The sample preparation was done by a solid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile and clean-up via freeze-out. The method was fully validated and then applied to 39 samples (wheat, rye, triticale, and barley) harvested in Luxembourg in 2016. Samples were sieved (1.9?×?20 mm) prior to analysis in order to remove sclerotia, hosting the alkaloids. However, 23 samples still contained at least one ergot alkaloid >?LOQ and concentrations of the sum of the 6 ergot alkaloids ranged from 0.3 to 2530.1 μg/kg. Interestingly, the highest concentrations were measured in wheat and not in rye or triticale, suggesting that all kinds of cereals should be included in monitoring programs. The outcome of this study allowed giving a first overview of ergot alkaloid concentrations in cereals harvested in Luxembourg, and the measured concentrations were in similar ranges than in other parts of the world (e.g., Canada, France, Germany). 相似文献
3.
Kristina Liesener Valeriu Curtui Richard Dietrich Erwin Märtlbauer Ewald Usleber 《Mycotoxin Research》2010,26(1):23-30
A total of 62 samples of commercial horse feed preparations (complementary feeds) containing cereal mixtures (“muesli” or
mash, n = 39; pelleted feeds, n = 12), and plain horse feed grains (maize, n = 5; oats, n = 4; barley, n = 2) were purchased from 21 different producers/distributors from the German market. All samples were analysed by competitive
enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for six different mycotoxins (mycotoxin groups). Analytes (detection limit, mean recovery) were:
deoxynivalenol (DON, 10 μg/kg, 84%), zearalenone (ZEA, 5 μg/kg, 93%), fumonisin B1 (FB1, 2 μg/kg, 113%), T-2 toxin (T-2, 0.1 μg/kg, 71%), sum of T-2 + HT-2 toxin (T-2/HT2, 0.2 μg/kg, 97%), ochratoxin A (OTA, 0.2 μg/kg,
67%), and total ergot alkaloids (Generic Ergot Alkaloids “GEA”, 30 μg/kg, 132%). All samples contained DON (16–4,900 μg/kg,
median 220 μg/kg), T-2/HT-2 (0.8–230 μg/kg, median 24 μg/kg), and T-2 (0.3–91 μg/kg, median 7 μg/kg). ZEA was detected in
98% of the samples (7–310 μg/kg, median 61 μg/kg). Most samples (94%) were positive for FB1 (2–2,200 μg/kg, median 27 μg/kg). Ergot alkaloids were detected in 61% of samples (28–1,200 μg/kg, median 97 μg/kg), OTA
was found in 42% of samples (0.2–4 μg/kg, median 0.35 μg/kg). The results demonstrate that a co-contamination with several
mycotoxins is very common in commercial horse feed from the German market. The toxin concentrations were in most cases well
below the levels which are usually considered as critical or even toxic. The highest mycotoxin concentrations were mostly
found in single-grain cereal feed: the maximum values for DON and FB1 were found in maize, the highest T-2/HT-2 toxin concentrations were found in oats, and the highest concentration of ergot
alkaloids was found in barley. In composed feeds, no correlation between cereal composition and mycotoxin levels could be
found. 相似文献
4.
A. Carvalho H. Guedes-Pinto J. S. Heslop-Harrison J. Lima-Brito 《Plant Molecular Biology Reporter》2008,26(1):46-52
The DNA hypomethylation effect of 5-azacytine (5-AC; a cytosine analog) is widely known. This agent has been used for rRNA
gene expression studies of Triticeae amphiploids and hybrids regarding rye rRNA genes suppression caused by the wheat nucleolar dominance phenomenon. However,
this situation is reverted by 5-AC treatment which activates rye rRNA gene expression as it has been intensively observed
in triticale. For nucleolar dominance studies, we produced F1 multigeneric hybrids (AABBRHch; 2n = 6x = 42) from crosses between the triticale cultivar ‘Corgo’ (AABBRR; 2n = 6x = 42) and the tritordeum cultivars HT9 and HT31 (AABBHchHch; 2n = 6x = 42). The hybrid seeds were germinated in a low concentration of 5-AC (treatment) and in distilled water (nontreated control
plants). Silver nitrate staining performed in one 5-AC-treated F1 hybrid revealed a reduced number of interphase cells with
seven nucleoli, metaphases with eight Ag-NORs, and neocentromeres in the long arm of three wheat chromosomes. Nontreated hybrids
presented six Ag-NORs per mitotic metaphase cell and a maximum of six nucleoli per interphase because of the 1R Ag-NOR suppression.
No neocentromere was found in the control F1 hybrid plants. Both treated and nontreated seedlings were subsequently evaluated
by fluorescent in situ hybridization performed with genomic and repetitive DNA probes to identify Hch and rye genomes, to confirm Ag-NORs location, and to detect inactive rDNA loci. DAPI counterstaining was also helpful for
the detection of neocentromeres in the long arm of three wheat chromosomes. This study allowed us to suggest that 5-AC treatment
specifically induced wheat neocentromeres in the F1 multigeneric triticale × tritordeum hybrids. 相似文献
5.
Bread, flour, infant formula and baby food samples (n=109, from which n=54 made of or containing rye), collected in 2001,
2003, and 2005, were analysed for ergot alkaloids. Samples were extracted using acidic conditions and the extracts subjected
to an automated solid-phase clean up using combined cation exchange/reversed-phase sorbent cartridges (Oasis-MCX). Subsequent
chromatographic separation and analysis was performed by liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) and
by LC with mass spectrometric detection (MS/MS). The ergot alkaloid (EAs) content of a sample was defined as the sum of the
16 alkaloids ergometrin(in)e, ergosin(in)e, ergotamin(in)e, ergostin(in)e, ergocornin(in)e, α-ergocryptin(in)e, β-ergocryptin(in)e
and ergocristin(in)e. Comparability of results obtained by LC-FLD and LC-MS/MS was satisfactory, but varied for different
alkaloids. The use of dihydro-ergocristine as an internal standard considerably improved the reliability of analytical data
from LC-MS/MS. Compared with earlier data (Baumannet al., 1985) for median levels of ergot alkaloids in rye flour (140 ng/g) and bread (21.3 ng/g) from Switzerland, the median values
for ergot alkaloids in rye flour collected in 2001 (n=13) and in 2005 (n=2) were 172 ng/g and 160 ng/g, respectively. The
median values for bread (fresh weight) collected in 2001 (n=14), 2003 (n=7), and 2005 (n=2) were 87 ng/g, 120 ng/g, and 156
ng/g, respectively. Low levels of ergot alkaloids were also found in wheat products and in some infant formulae and baby foods
containing rye. By additional LC-MS/MS experiments, the possible natural occurrence of ergot congeners containing the 9,10-unsaturated
ergoline cation (m/z=223) was investigated. In a few samples, ergovalin(in)e was tentatively identified by these means.
Presented at the 29th Mykotoxin-Workshop, Fellbach, Germany, May 14–16, 2007 相似文献
6.
《Archives of animal nutrition》2013,67(6):377-395
Abstract Diets containing 0, 1 and 10 g ergot (Claviceps purpurea) per kg, corresponding to mean total alkaloid contents of 0.05, 0.60 and 4.66 mg/kg (sums of ergometrine, ergotamine, ergocornine, α-ergocryptine, ergocristine, ergosine and their -inine isomers analysed by a HPLC-method), were each fed ad libitum to 12 pigs in the BW range of 30–115 kg to study the effect of ergot-contaminated feed on growth and slaughtering performance and the carry over of ergot alkaloids. Additionally, balance trials were conducted to investigate the digestibility of nutrients. Tendencies towards reduced feed intake and BWG were observed at a feeding level of 4.66 mg total alkaloids per kg diet. Typical symptoms of ergot poisoning were not observed. Heart and spleen weights showed significant linear increases. Differences in carcass quality due to dietary treatment were not detected. No genuine ergot alkaloids were found in physiological samples. The balance trials demonstrated a significantly decreased protein digestibility for the most highly supplemented diet. 相似文献
7.
Data on zinc concentration in the human body may be used to interpret the results obtained in cases of chronic and acute poisonings
with zinc compounds, i.e., in clinical and forensic toxicology. In this paper, the concentrations of zinc in human tissues
and body fluids obtained from autopsy cases concerning non-poisoned people (n = 203), aged from 14 to 80 years, between 1995 and 2008, are presented. The following values were found by the flame atomic
absorption method (mean ± SD, median, range, in microgram per gram or microgram per milliliter): brain 10.3 ± 1.36, 10.2,
7.99–13.8 (n = 48); stomach 14.2 ± 3.63, 13.6, 8.00–22.5 (n = 71); intestines 15.7 ± 5.22, 15.8, 8.36–28.1 (n = 35); liver 39.6 ± 16.1, 36.6, 16.0–78.8 (n = 109); kidney 33.8 ± 10.1, 31.8, 16.4–60.9 (n = 93); lung 12.0 ± 3.88, 11.0, 6.13–18.7 (n = 26); spleen 14.7 ± 2.53, 14.6, 11.4–18.3 (n = 5); heart 26.5 ± 3.63, 26.7, 22.5–31.8 (n = 5); blood 6.81 ± 1.21, 7.00, 4.02–8.68 (n = 50); urine 0.69 ± 1.70, 0.60, 0.39–1.00 (n = 5), and bile 4.92 ± 1.64, 3.75, 3.20–7.09 (n = 9). The accuracy of the method was checked through the use of SRM Bovine Liver 1577b (certified: 127 ± 16 μg Zn/g, found:
117 ± 0.7 μg Zn/g (n = 6)). 相似文献
8.
Hehai Wang Michael L. Looper Zelpha B. Johnson Rick W. Rorie Charles F. RosenkransJr 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal》2009,45(8):483-489
There is evidence that ergot alkaloids can directly interact with mammalian spermatozoa affecting sperm functions. Ergot alkaloids
exert their toxic or pharmaceutical effects through membrane receptor-mediated activities. This study investigated the signaling
pathways involved in the in vitro inhibitory effects of both ergotamine (ET) and dihydroergotamine (DEHT) on the relative
motility of bovine spermatozoa using specific inhibitors. Motile bovine spermatozoa were prepared using a Percoll gradient
and incubated with ergot alkaloids with and without signaling pathway inhibitors. Co-incubation of ET or DHET with 100 μM
prazosin (alpha 1-adrenergic receptor inhibitor) decreased (p < 0.05) relative motility of spermatozoa when compared with controls. In addition, preincubation of spermatozoa with 10 or
20 μM prazosin and DHET also reduced (p < 0.05) the number of motile spermatozoa. Relative sperm motility (motility of treated spermatozoa normalized to control sperm
motility) was increased (p < 0.05) when co-incubations included ET and yohimbine (alpha 2-adrenergic receptor inhibitor); conversely, co-incubation of
yohimbine (100 μM) and DHET decreased (p < 0.05) the percentage of motile spermatozoa when compared with controls. Pertussis toxin and cholera toxin (effectors of
inhibitory and stimulatory G-proteins, respectively) altered (p < 0.05) relative sperm motility in a concentration dependent manner; however, co-incubation of pertussis or cholera toxin
with ergot alkaloids had no interactive (p = 0.83) effects on the relative motility of spermatozoa. Co-incubation of Rp-cAMP (a membrane-permeable cAMP inhibitor) with
50 μM DHET had no effect (p > 0.05) on relative sperm motility; whereas, the co-incubation of 22.4 or 44.8 μM Rp-cAMP with 50 μM ET increased (p < 0.05) the percentage of motile spermatozoa when compared with 0 or 224 μM Rp-cAMP (49%, 65%, 59%, and 54%, respectively,
for 0, 22.4, 44.8, and 224 μM of Rp-cAMP. An interaction between BAPTA-AM (a chelator of intracellular calcium) and alkaloids
also impacted (p < 0.05) relative sperm motility. Generally, co-incubating spermatozoa with BAPTA-AM and ET increased the percentage of motile
spermatozoa; however, co-incubation with DHET decreased relative sperm motility except with 41 μM BAPTA-AM. Collectively,
these observations suggest that ET and DHET decreased the percentage of motile bovine spermatozoa via alpha adrenergic receptors.
However, the second messenger systems involved with ergot alkaloid inhibition of relative motility of bovine spermatozoa remain
to be elucidated. 相似文献
9.
Kerry L. Nicholson Paul R. Krausman Adrian Munguia-Vega Melanie Culver 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2011,57(6):1151-1163
Spatial and temporal interactions among individual members of populations can have direct applications to habitat management
of mountain lions (Puma concolor). Our objectives were to evaluate home range overlap and spatial/temporal use of overlap zones (OZ) of mountain lions in
Arizona. We incorporated spatial data with genetic analyses to assess relatedness between mountain lions with overlapping
home ranges. We recorded the space use patterns of 29 radio-collared mountain lions in Arizona from August 2005 to August
2008. We genotyped 28 mountain lions and estimated the degree of relatedness among individuals. For 26 pairs of temporally
overlapping mountain lions, 18 overlapped spatially and temporally and eight had corresponding genetic information. Home range
overlap ranged from 1.18% to 46.38% (
[`(x)] = \text24.\text43 \overline x = {\text{24}}.{\text{43}} , SE = 2.96). Male–male pairs were located within 1 km of each other on average, 0.04% of the time, whereas male–female pairs
on average were 3.0%. Two male–male pairs exhibited symmetrical spatial avoidance and two symmetrical spatial attractions
to the OZ. We observed simultaneous temporal attraction in three male–male pairs and four male–female pairs. Individuals from
Tucson were slightly related to one another within the population (n = 13, mean R = 0.0373 ± 0.0151) whereas lions from Payson (n = 6, mean R = −0.0079 ± 0.0356) and Prescott (n = 9, mean R = −0.0242 ± 0.0452) were not as related. Overall, males were less related to other males (n = 20, mean R = −0.0495 ± 0.0161) than females were related to other females (n = 8, mean R = 0.0015 ± 0.0839). Genetic distance was positively correlated with geographic distance (r
2 = 0.22, P = 0.001). Spatial requirements and interactions influence social behavior and can play a role in determining population density. 相似文献
10.
Lidia Irzykowska Zbigniew Weber Jan Bocianowski 《Central European Journal of Biology》2012,7(5):839-849
Background
The phytopathogenic ascomycete Claviceps purpurea causes the ergot — serious disease of rye and grasses. Its sclerotia containing toxic ergot alkaloids decrease a quality of cereal grain. The fungus infects young, unfertilized ovaries of the hosts. Due to the very short time in which infection can occur, growth rate of mycelium can play some role in the infection process. Resistance genes to C. purpurea have not been found so far. 相似文献11.
《Archives of animal nutrition》2013,67(2):81-98
Two dose response trials were conducted with piglets and chickens to study the effects of increasing amounts of ergot (Claviceps purpurea) with a defined alkaloid content and pattern on performance, biochemical serum characteristics and organ weights (of chickens). The ergot was mixed into the cereal-soybean meal based diets at levels of 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4?g/kg. The total alkaloid content of the ergot was analysed to be 2775?mg/kg and showed the following composition: ergometrine 8.1%, ergotamine 5.4%, ergocornine 3.2%, α-ergocryptine 1.9%, ergocristine 14.9% and residue 66.5%. Each treatment was tested with eight castrated male and eight female piglets over a period of 35 days (8?kg initial live weight) and 28 male chickens for 21 days (43?g initial live weight). Cumulative daily dry matter intake and live weight gain [g/d] were 595, 535, 560, 577 and 490 and 413, 399, 420, 443 and 347 for the piglets fed the unsupplemented control diet and the diets containing 0.5, 1, 2 and 4?g ergot per kg, respectively. Feed intake and live weight gain of the piglets fed the highest ergot supplemented diet were significantly decreased. Serum aspartate aminotransferase activity of the 4?g ergot treatment was significantly increased. Also serum albumin concentrations showed significant linear alterations. Serum activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, γ-glutamyltransferase, total protein and porcine growth hormone were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment. The experiment with chickens demonstrated no significant effects on performance due to dietary ergot exposure. The serum activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment while serum activities of γ-glutamyltransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and the concentrations of albumin and total bilirubin were significantly affected. Heart weights showed a significant linear decrease due to ergot feeding. According to these results, piglets seemed to react more sensitively on the occurrence of ergot in the diet as compared to chickens. The critical level of total ergot alkaloids for piglets seemed to be in the range from 5.6?mg to 11.1?mg/kg diet for the present study. Ergot effects on signs of inflammation in the proximal duodenum occurred in chickens fed diets containing 2.8?mg and 11.1?mg total ergot alkaloids/kg although live performance remained unaffected. Further studies are necessary to define the critical level of ergot alkaloids in dependence on alkaloid pattern. 相似文献
12.
Kizilpinar I Civelek E Tuncer A Dogan C Karabulut E Sahiner UM Yavuz ST Sackesen C 《International journal of biometeorology》2011,55(4):623-631
Pollen plays an important role in the development and exacerbation of allergic diseases. We aimed to investigate the days
with highest counts of the most allergenic pollens and to identify the meteorological factors affecting pollen counts in the
atmosphere of Ankara, Turkey. Airborne pollen measurements were carried out from 2005 to 2008 with a Burkard volumetric 7-day
spore trap. Microscope counts were converted into atmospheric concentrations and expressed as pollen grains/m3. Meteorological parameters were obtained from the State Meteorological Service. All statistical analyses were done with pollen
counts obtained from March to October for each year. The percentages of tree, grass and weed pollens were 72.1% (n = 24,923), 12.8% (n = 4,433) and 15.1% (n = 5,219), respectively. The Pinaceae family from tree taxa (39% to 57%) and the Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae family from weed taxa, contributed the highest percentage of pollen (25% to 43%), while from the grass taxa, only the Poaceae family was detected from 2005 to 2008. Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae families, which are the most allergenic pollens, were found in high numbers from May to August in Ankara. In multiple logistic
regression analysis, wind speed (OR = 1.18, CI95% = 1.02–1.36, P = 0.023) for tree pollen, daily mean temperature (OR = 1.10, CI95% = 1.04–1.17, P = 0.001) and sunshine hours (OR = 1.15, CI95% = 1.01–1.30, P = 0.033) for grass pollen, and sunshine hours (OR = 3.79, CI95% = 1.03–13.92, P = 0.044) for weed pollen were found as significant risk factors for high pollen count. The pollen calendar and its association
with meteorological factors depend mainly on daily temperature, sunshine hours and wind speed, which may help draw the attention
of physicians and allergic patients to days with high pollen counts. 相似文献
13.
Toshihiro Yokoo Kouki Kanou Masato Moteki Hiroshi Kohno Prasert Tongnunui Hisashi Kurokura 《Ichthyological Research》2006,53(4):330-336
Juveniles of three eleotrid Butis species (B. butis, B. humeralis, and B. koilomatodon) are described; their occurrence patterns were examined in Sikao Creek, a mangrove estuary located in southern Thailand.
Juveniles of each species were distinguished by the following characters: B. butis with no bands on body and pale pelvic fins; B. humeralis with no bands on body and densely pigmented pelvic fins; and B. koilomatodon with 5–6 regular bands on body and a fleshy process (preorbital knob) on the snout. Although B. butis shared the aforementioned characters with B. amboinensis found in the same estuary, the former was distinguished from the latter by having a greater number of pectoral fin rays (18–21
vs. 17) and a deeper caudal peduncle. Distribution patterns of the three Butis species in Sikao Creek were distinguishable from each other. Smaller B. butis [mean ± SD = 22.7 ± 16.9 mm in standard length (SL), n = 32] occurred in the upper reach of the estuary, while larger specimens (52.4 ± 26.2 mm SL, n = 18 and 51.5 ± 29.7 mm SL, n = 10, respectively) were found in the middle and lower reaches and none in the marine area. In B. humeralis and B. koilomatodon, only juveniles were caught except for one adult specimen each. Juveniles (8.9–16.5 mm SL, n = 79) of B. humeralis occurred in the upper and middle reaches and the marine area. B. koilomatodon juveniles (9.9–13.7 mm SL, n = 30) were distributed in all areas from the lower to upper reaches. 相似文献
14.
Tudzynski P Hölter K Correia T Arntz C Grammel N Keller U 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1999,261(1):133-141
A gene (cpd1) coding for the dimethylallyltryptophan synthase (DMATS) that catalyzes the first specific step in the biosynthesis of ergot
alkaloids, was cloned from a strain of Claviceps purpurea that produces alkaloids in axenic culture. The derived gene product (CPD1) shows only 70% similarity to the corresponding
gene previously isolated from Claviceps strain ATCC 26245, which is likely to be an isolate of C. fusiformis. Therefore, the related cpd1 most probably represents the first C. purpurea gene coding for an enzymatic step of the alkaloid biosynthetic pathway to be cloned. Analysis of the 3′-flanking region of cpd1 revealed a second, closely linked ergot alkaloid biosynthetic gene named cpps1, which codes for a 356-kDa polypeptide showing significant similiarity to fungal modular peptide synthetases. The protein
contains three amino acid-activating modules, and in the second module a sequence is found which matches that of an internal
peptide (17 amino acids in length) obtained from a tryptic digest of lysergyl peptide synthetase 1 (LPS1) of C. purpurea, thus confirming that cpps1 encodes LPS1. LPS1 activates the three amino acids of the peptide portion of ergot peptide alkaloids during D-lysergyl peptide
assembly. Chromosome walking revealed the presence of additional genes upstream of cpd1 which are probably also involved in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis: cpox1 probably codes for an FAD-dependent oxidoreductase (which could represent the chanoclavine cyclase), and a second putative
oxido-reductase gene, cpox2, is closely linked to it in inverse orientation. RT-PCR experiments confirm that all four genes are expressed under conditions
of peptide alkaloid biosynthesis. These results strongly suggest that at least some genes of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in C. purpurea are clustered, opening the way for a detailed molecular genetic analysis of the pathway.
Received: 26 August 1998 / Accepted: 19 October 1998 相似文献
15.
Ute Meister 《Mycotoxin Research》2009,25(3):133-139
Over a period of 8 years (2000–2007), wheat (n = 407) and rye (n = 510) samples of integrated and organic cultivation in the Federal State of Brandenburg were analyzed by HPLC for the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA). In the years 2002 and 2007, the overall contamination level was higher
than in the other years. The percentage of DON-positives (>50 μg/kg) varied from 5 to 86%, the median and maximum levels varied
from 50 to 380 μg/kg and from 50 to 10,400 μg/kg, respectively. The percentage of ZEA-positives (>3 μg/kg) varied from 2
to 41%, the median and maximum levels varied from 8 to 84 μg/kg and from 10 to 451 μg/kg. In the 8 years of testing, frequency
and levels of DON and ZEA were significantly lower in cereals of organic cultivation compared with cereals of integrated cultivation. 相似文献
16.
Data on the concentration of the elements in the human body are important, for example, to estimate the amounts required to
maintain a good healthy state or find their connections with morbidity and mortality. In this paper, the concentration of
copper (by flame atomic absorption spectrometry) in material obtained from autopsy cases of nonpoisoned people (n = 130), aged from 14 to 80 years, between 1990–2006, is presented. The following values were found (mean ± SD in micrograms
of copper per gram or per milliliter): brain 3.32 ± 1.50 (n = 43), liver 3.47 ± 1.51 (n = 79), kidney 2.15 ± 0.90 (n = 76), stomach 1.10 ± 0.76 (n = 65), intestines 1.54 ± 1.19 (n = 25), lung 1.91 ± 1.30 (n = 27), spleen 1.23 ± 0.28 (n = 3), heart 3.26 ± 0.59 (n = 5), bile 3.60 ± 1.67 (n = 13), and blood 0.85 ± 0.19 (n = 73). 相似文献
17.
A. G. Kozlovskii V. P. Zhelifonova N. G. Vinokurova S. M. Ozerskaya 《Microbiology》2000,69(5):536-540
Penicillium citrinum VKM F-1079 was found to produce clavine ergot alkaloids and citrinin, a secondaryO-heterocyclic metabolite. Citrinin was produced in the idiophase, whereas the production of ergot alkaloids paralleled fungal
growth. The addition of manganese ions to the growth medium stimulated the biosynthesis of both citrinin and ergot alkaloids.
Zinc ions stimulated only citrinin synthesis. The presence of these microelements in the growth medium influenced the proportion
between the ergot alkaloids synthesized. Copper, manganese, and iron ions slightly affected fungal growth and alkaloid production.
The effect of microelements on the main kinetic parameters of growth and alkaloid production was studied. 相似文献
18.
The local meta-GGA exchange correlation density functional (TPSS) with a relativistic effective core potential was employed
to systematically investigate the geometric structures, stabilities, and electronic properties of bimetallic Ca2Au
n
(n = 1–9) and pure gold Au
n
(n ≤ 11) clusters. The optimized geometries show that the most stable isomers for Ca2Au
n
clusters have 3D structure when n > 2, and that one Au atom capping the Ca2Au
n−1 structure for different-sized Ca2Au
n
(n = 1–9) clusters is the dominant growth pattern. The average atomic binding energies and second-order difference in energies
show that the Ca2Au4 isomer is the most stable among the Ca2Au
n
clusters. The same pronounced even–odd alternations are found in the HOMO–LUMO gaps, VIPs, and hardnesses. The polarizabilities
of the Ca2Au
n
clusters show an obvious local minimum at n = 4. Moreover, the inverse corrections to the polarizabilities versus the ionization potential and hardness were found for
the gold clusters. 相似文献
19.
Ergot alkaloids produced by the fungus Claviceps parasitizing on cereals, include three major groups: clavine alkaloids, d-lysergic acid and its derivatives and ergopeptines. These alkaloids are important substances for the pharmatech industry, where they are used for production of anti-migraine drugs, uterotonics, prolactin inhibitors, anti-Parkinson agents, etc. Production of ergot alkaloids is based either on traditional field cultivation of ergot-infected rye or on submerged cultures of the fungus in industrial fermentation plants. In 2010, the total production of these alkaloids in the world was about 20,000 kg, of which field cultivation contributed about 50%. This review covers the recent advances in understanding of the genetics and regulation of biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids, focusing on possible applications of the new knowledge to improve the production yield. 相似文献