山罗花和天柱山罗花四个居群的数值分析

对山罗花和天柱山罗花的4个居群的15项形态特征进行了数值分析。结果表明:形态性状在4个居群间均存在一定程度的变异,居群间变异系数的平均值从小到大排列为:天柱山居群(天柱山罗花)、天柱山居群(山罗花)、黄山居群(山罗花)、鹞落坪居群(山罗花);天柱山罗花与山罗花种间的形态差异已达到极显著水平,山罗花的3个居群间部分性状也具有极显著的形态差异;以形态特征为基础的Q-聚类分析可以把天柱山罗花和山罗花聚为两类,但山罗花(天柱山居群)和其他2个居群在较远处聚在一起,R-聚类分析发现了强正相关关系、弱正相关关系、弱负相关关系的性状。     

Zearalenone Production by Fusarium Species

One-hundred-and-thirteen isolates of Fusarium were tested for their ability to produce zearalenone on autoclaved corn. They belonged to the following species (number of producers per number tested): F. epispheria, (0/1); F. moniliforme, (0/8); Gibberella fujikuroi, (0/3); F. nivale, (0/7); F. oxysporum, (0/15); F. roseum, (31/51); F. solani, (0/9); F. tricinctum (3/19). The isolates of individual species produced the following amounts of zearalenone per gram of corn: 3 isolates of F. roseum (0.6 to 119 mug), 3 of F. roseum "Culmorum" (1 to 210 mug), 3 of F. roseum "Equiseti" (0.6 to 2.0 mug), F. roseum "Gibbosum" (115 to 175 mug), 21 of F. roseum "Graminearum" (0.2 to 230 mug), and 3 of F. tricinctum (0.2 to 6.0 mug). All isolates of F. roseum "Graminearum" which formed the perithecial stage of G. zeae (G. roseum) produced zearalenone. Production occurred by the wild but not the appressed cultural type. Zearalenone production by F. tricinctum was confirmed by a mouse bioassay.     

Distribution of Zearalenone-Producing Fusarium Species in Japan

One hundred sixty-six isolates of Fusarium spp. from domestic cereal grains, feed, and other sources were examined for their ability to produce zearalenone on autoclaved moist rice grains. They belonged to the following species (number of producers/number tested): F. roseum (9/28), F. roseum (Culmorum) (3/4), F. roseum (Gibbosum) (2/5), F. roseum (Avenaceum) (1/2), F. roseum (Scirpi) (0/1), F. tricinctum (1/4), F. tricinctum (Sporotrichiella) (0/7), F. lateritium (1/1), F. episphaeria (0/2), F. moniliforme (0/3), F. oxysporum (0/12), F. rigidiusculum (0/4), F. solani (0/4), F. splendens (0/1), F. nivale (0/2), and Fusarium spp. (15/86). Zearalenone was isolated from molded rice by ethanol extraction and purified by column chromatography. Selected isolates of F. roseum M-3-2 and F. roseum (Gibbosum) A-O-2 produced 50 to 100 mg of zearalenone per kg of rice. Increased yields (250 to 407 mg/kg of rice) were obtained by F. roseum M-3-2 when the substrate was supplemented with 1% peptone.     

Evaluation of Gliocladium roseum Against Wood-Degrading Fungi in vitro and on Major Canadian Wood Species

The protection of wood from fungal stain using biological agents has considerable potential for reducing discoloration of freshly sawn logs and lumber, while decreasing fungicide use. A number of biocontrol candidates have been reported worldwide, and Gliocladium roseum is one of such microorganisms. In this study, the bio-activity of G. roseum was investigated against different wood-degrading fungi on agar plates and wafers of 12 major Canadian wood species. Of the four sap-staining fungi tested on agar plates, Ophiostoma piceae and Alternaria alternata showed greater sensitivity than Aureobasidium pullulans or Cladosporium sphaerospermum to G. roseum . On wood wafers, a spore suspension of G. roseum (1 10 6 spores/ ml) provided satisfactory protection of wood from stain on western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ), white spruce ( Picea glauca ), amabilis fir ( Abies amabilis ), balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ) and jack pine ( Pinus banksiana ). The antagonist also restricted the development of moulds and stain on black spruce ( Picea mariana ), lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ) and white pine ( Pinus strobus ), but did not protect Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ), red pine ( Pinus resinosa ), white birch ( Betula papyrifera ) and trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ). Logs of black spruce and jack pine treated with G. roseum were much less stained than untreated ones after a 4-month period of summer storage in the field. In an anti-decay test, no significant difference was found for weight loss between wood blocks treated with G. roseum and untreated samples. Application of G. roseum with low levels of an anti-sap stain chemical (NP-1) to wood wafers simultaneously did not produce a noticeable improvement in wood protection against stain compared with the chemical treatment alone.     

植物激素对破囊壶菌生长与产DHA的影响

研究了植物激素对破囊壶菌(Thraustochytrium roseum) MF2产DHA的影响作用。实验结果表明：植物激素对T.roseum MF2的生长和产DHA有很大影响;赤霉素(GA)能促进DHA的合成,6苄基腺嘌呤(BA)能显著促进T.roseum　MF2的生长,二者的配合使用能明显增加DHA的产量;培养基中适宜的添加量为2mg/L GA和3mg/L BA,可使DHA产量达到982mg/L。     

Trichothecene inactivation by proteolytic enzymes from Trichothecium roseum Lk ex Fr]

Trichothecium roseum Lk ex Fr produces simultaneously trichothecin and proteolytic enzymes possessing fibrinolytic, thrombolytic and esterase activity. In addition to the function of splitting and consuming the substrate, the proteolytic enzymes of T. roseum are probably able to hydrolize the other bond in the molecule of trichothecin, which results in partial inactivation of the antibiotic in both the fungus culture and the model experiment on trichothecin contact with the preparations of the proteolytic enzymes. Presence of proteases of T. roseum may be considered as a protective mechanism for detoxication of the metabolites toxic for the organism.     

Characterization and biocontrol ability of fusion chitinase in Escherichia coli carrying chitinase cDNA from Trichothecium roseum

The antifungal mechanism of mycoparasitic fungi involves fungal cell wall degrading enzymes such as chitinases. Trichothecium roseum is an important mycoparasitic fungus with significant antifungal ability, but studies on chitinases of T. roseum were poor. Here, we report a novel chitinase cDNA isolated from T. roseum by PCR amplification based on conserved chitinase sequences. Southern blot analysis suggested that a single copy of the gene exists in the genome of T. roseum. The deduced open reading frame of 1,143 nucleotides encodes a protein of 380 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 41.6 kDa. The fusion chitinase expressed in Escherichia coli has been purified by single-step chromatography. It has a pI of pH 5.4 and expresses a thermal stability, but is insensitive to pH in a broad pH range. According to expectation, E. coli efficiently yielded a high amount of active chitinase. Remarkably, the fusion chitinase offered high antifungal activity.     

The significance of organic carbon compounds for in situ metabolism and chemotaxis of phototrophic consortia

The significance of organic carbon substrates for the chemotaxis and physiology of phototrophic consortia was investigated in a dense chemocline community of Pelochromatium roseum. For the first time, the monopolar monotrichous flagellation of the central bacterium could be visualized. In situ, intact motile P. roseum consortia were strongly attracted by sulphide and 2-oxoglutarate, which indicated a potential role of these compounds in the metabolism of P. roseum. In chemocline water samples, 2-[14C(U)]-oxoglutarate was utilized at nanomolar concentrations (half saturation constant of uptake Kt < or = 10-40 nM), and at a maximum uptake rate of Vmax approximately 6 nM h-1. The calculated turnover of 2-oxoglutarate at in situ concentrations was approximately 6 h. Microautoradiography of chemocline water samples revealed that 87.5% of the P. roseum consortia incorporated 2-oxoglutarate when both light and sulphide were present, whereas uptake was detected in less than 1.4% of the consortia if either light or sulphide were absent. Because the green sulphur bacterial epibionts in P. roseum have been shown to grow autotrophically, 2-oxoglutarate most likely is taken up and utilized by the central bacterium. Thus, our results indicate that incorporation of 2-oxoglutarate by the central bacterium is regulated by the metabolic state of the green sulphur bacterial epibionts.     

The influence of detergents and active components of detergent on bioproduction of organic matters and enzymatic activity of some species of fungi.

Detergent (Merix, "Merima " Krusevac) applied in concentration of 1% vol. showed specific influence on the bioproduction of some 15 different amino acids and on the enzyme activity of the species of fungi A. niger, A. alternata and T. roseum. Detergent has significantly stimulated the production of 15 analyzed amino acids of the fungi species A. niger. The same applied concentration of detergent has decreased or considerably decreased the production of some 14 of totally 15 analyzed amino acids of investigated fungi species A. alternata and T. roseum. The enzyme activity of the fungi A. niger was more intensive in relation to the species A. alternata and T. roseum during the experimental period or in some phases of the experimental period. The detergent component, ethoxyled oleyl-cetyl alcohol, in concentration of 0.01%, 0.1% and 1% showed an inhibitory effect, or significant inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity of the examined species of fungi (A. niger, A. alternata and T. roseum).     

Zearalenol and 8'-hydroxyzearalenone from Fusarium roseum

Fusarium roseum f. sp. gibbosum and F. roseum f. sp. semitectum were isolated from blighted culms of grain sorghum. Zearalenol and 8'-hydroxyzearalenone were produced by these isolates cultured on grain sorghum or cracked yellow field corn. Zearalenol is reported to have uterotropic activity and might be an important mycotoxin in sorghum.     

兰科虎舌兰属Epipogium种类增补与修订

报道日本虎舌兰Epipogium japonicum Makino在中国四川西部的新记录,并讨论了该种与虎舌兰E. roseum (D. Don) Lindl.的形态差异。过去将日本虎舌兰处理为虎舌兰的异名是不恰当的。日本虎舌兰间断分布于日本和中国的四川西部高海拔地区及台湾。     

Role of zearalenone lactonase in protection of Gliocladium roseum from fungitoxic effects of the mycotoxin zearalenone

Zearalenone is a mycotoxin with estrogenic effects on mammals that is produced by several species of Fusarium. We found that zearalenone and its derivatives inhibit the growth of filamentous fungi on solid media at concentrations of < or =10 microg/ml. The fungitoxic effect declined in the order zearalenone > alpha-zearalenol > beta-zearalenol. The mycoparasitic fungus Gliocladium roseum produces a zearalenone-specific lactonase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of zearalenone, followed by a spontaneous decarboxylation. The growth of G. roseum was not inhibited by zearalenone, and the lactonase may protect G. roseum from the toxic effects of this mycotoxin. We inactivated zes2, the gene encoding zearalenone lactonase in G. roseum, by inserting a hygromycin resistance cassette into the coding sequence of the gene by means of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation. The zes2 disruption mutants could not hydrolyze the lactone bond of zearalenone and were more sensitive to zearalenone. These data are consistent with a hypothesis that resorcylic acid lactones exemplified by zearalenone act to reduce growth competition by preventing competing fungi from colonizing substrates occupied by zearalenone producers and suggest that they may play a role in fungal defense against mycoparasites.     

连作大豆根分泌物对根腐病病原菌的化感作用

采用砂培,水培和室内培养等试验方法研究了连作大豆根分泌物对根腐病病原菌的化感作用。结果表明,与对照相比,连作和轮作大豆根分泌物对半镰孢菌,粉红粘帚功和尖镰孢菌尤其是对半裸镰孢菌的生长有明显的化感促进作用,差异达显著或极显著水平,低浓度时,连作大豆根分泌物对半裸镰孢菌和粉红粘帚菌生长的化感促进作用明显大于轮作大豆,差异达显著水平,同一茬口,高浓度根分泌物半裸镰孢菌生长的化感促进作用小于低浓度,而且在连作大豆中差异达显著水平。与对照相比,高浓度的邻苯二甲酸和丙二酸（L5和B5）对半裸镰孢菌,粉红粘帚菌和尖镰孢菌尤其是对半裸镰孢菌的生长有化感抑制作用,差异达显著或极显著水平,而低浓诬的邻苯二甲酸和丙二酸对半裸镰孢菌,粉红粘帚菌和尖镰孢菌的生长有化感促进,部分差异达显著水平。     

Natural occurrence of Fusarium toxins in feedstuff.

The mycotoxins diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone, produced by Fusarium roseum, were found naturally occuring in mixed feed samples. In all cases analyzed, deoxynivalenol occurred together with zearalenone. The natural occurrence of zearalenone in sesame seed is reported for the first time. Strains of F. roseum isolated in various parts of the world form feed implicated in animal mycotoxicosis produced monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone.     

云南引种的玫瑰天竺葵精油主要化学成份分析

玫瑰天竺葵从摩洛哥引入云南已试种成功,并开始大面积推广。其各生长期精油分析结果表明,随月份的推移,香叶醇含量下降。其香气特征与云南产香叶天竺葵(Pelargonium graveolens)精油不同,更接近印度波尔蓬香叶油的香气。     

Mycoparasites effect on reproductive ability of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia.

The ability to parasitise Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the effect on apothecia production was evaluated for the following antagonists: Trichoderma harzianum; Trichoderma koningii; Gliocladium roseum and Chaetomium globosum. Plastic trays were filled with of steam-sterilized soil. Each one of them was infested with sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum and the culture of the antagonists. The trays were kept in a greenhouse and after 30, 60 and 90 days, evaluations were made. The rates of carpogenic germination, myceliogenic germination, mycoparasitism and destruction were evaluated. To assess carpogenic germination, the sclerotia were put in a growth chamber over moistened filter paper at 20 -/+ 2 degrees C and 12 light hours. The rates of myceliogenic germination and mycoparasitism were evaluated on Petri dishes with 2% APD. Antagonists effect on carpogenic germination was observed one month after the start of the assay. In the evaluation made at 60 and 90 days, T. harzianum; T. koningii and G. roseum kept inhibitory properties. Such inhibition was not observed in the trays containing C. globosum. In the evaluations made at 30 days, mycoparasitism rate was high in the trays with T. harzianum; T. koningii and G. roseum. G. roseum and T. harzianum destroy S. sclerotiorum sclerotia.     

Competitive ability of the antagonists Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum at temperatures favourable for Botrytis spp. development

Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum are fungal antagonists capable of suppressing sporulation of Botrytis spp. on dead plant parts. The effect of temperature (3 to 36 °C) on antagonist conidial germination and mycelial growth was assessed on agar. In addition conidial germination of U. atrum was measured on dead lily leaves. The optimum temperature of both antagonists for both conidial germination and mycelial growth was between 27 and 30 °C. U. atrum was less affected by lower temperatures than G. roseum. At optimum temperature, 50% of conidia of U. atrum and G. roseum germinated within 2.6 and 10.0 hrs, respectively. At low sub-optimal temperatures (6 °C), 50% of conidia germinated within 18 and 96 hours, respectively.In bioassays on dead onion leaves, U. atrum suppressed sporulation of B. cinerea and B. aclada at all temperatures tested (6 to 24 °C) by more than 85%. On dead cyclamen leaves, G. roseum was more efficient than U. atrum at 21 and 24 °C but, in contrast to U. atrum, showed no antagonistic activity at temperatures below 21 °C. On dead hydrangea leaves, U. atrum significantly reduced sporulation of B. cinerea at temperatures as low as 3 and 1 °C. Under Dutch growing conditions, the mean air temperature during leaf wetness periods in onion and lily fields was 15 °C with temperatures only occasionally above 20 °C. In greenhouse crops of cyclamen, the mean temperature during high humidity periods was 17 °C. It is therefore concluded that U. atrum is better adapted than G. roseum to temperatures which occur in the field, in greenhouse crops such as cyclamen, or during cold storage of plant stocks.     

Monoclonal antibodies to Gliocladium roseum, a potential biological control fungus of sap-staining fungi in wood.

Immunological probes were developed to discriminate between a potential biological control fungus and sap-staining fungi present in wood. This paper describes the production of monoclonal antibodies to isolated cell wall fragments of the biological control fungus Gliocladium roseum. Two monoclonals, designated 6A5 and 3F12, were characterized. Their specificity was assessed by ELISA, by immunogold silver staining light microscopy, by immunogold electron microscopy, and by immunoblotting. Monoclonal 6A5 specifically recognized G. roseum and closely related species and did not react with any of 21 sap-staining fungi tested. Monoclonal 3F12 recognized most of the biological control fungi tested and also showed reactivity with two of the 21 sap-staining fungi. Both monoclonals appeared to recognize carbohydrate epitopes of the cell wall in G. roseum. Although the antibodies were produced against the cell wall of fungus grown in liquid culture, they also detected specific fungi in wood and, therefore, can be used for studies of wood colonization by fungi and for investigations of the interactions between different fungi growing on wood.     

Variation in fruit- and seed set among and within inflorescences of Melampyrum roseum var. japonicum (Scrophulariaceae)

Abstract Variations in fruit set and seed set among and within inflorescences of the annual herb, Melampyrum roseum var. japonicum, were studied. Under natural conditions, although the mean fruit set was slightly different among inflorescences, the mean seedset was not significantly different among inflorescences within the plants. In constrast, within the inflorescences, the flowers located at a lower position of the inflorescence and which opened earlier showed higher fruit set than those at a higher position and which opened later. However, the seed set of matured capsules were not significantly different from each other, regardless of the position of flowers within the inflorescences. Patterns of the fruit- and seed set under open pollination indicated that variation in seed reproduction of M. roseum is due to variation in fruit production. The results of clipping experiments of flowers revealed that there was no functional limitation in seed production among flowers located at various positions within the inflorescence. It seemed that the variation in the fruit set within the inflorescences of M. roseum was not attributable to 'architectural effects'. Reduction of the number of flowers within the inflorescences resulted in an increase of fruit set and seed weight, indicating that the flowers in an inflorescence compete for resources. This phenomenon supports the 'resource competition hypothesis', and variation in fruit set within the inflorescence is attributable to competition among flowers within the inflorescence for limited resources. Consequently, it was concluded that, under natural conditions, the early blooming flowers located at lower positions of the inflorescences obtain more resources and produce more fruits than the late blooming flowers located at higher positions in M. roseum .     

Hydroxylation of the triterpenoid nigranoic acid by the fungus Gliocladium roseum YMF1.00133

The ability of the fungus Gliocladium roseum YMF1.00133 to transform the bioactive nigranoic acid (=(24Z)-9,19-cyclo-3,4-secolanosta-4(28),24-diene-3,26-dioic acid) was investigated. Three new products from the co-cultures of nigranoic acid and G. roseum YMF1.00133 were obtained by employing a combination of Sephadex LH-20 and silica-gel column chromatography. The major metabolite was identified as 15beta-hydroxynigranoic acid, and the minor metabolites as 6alpha,15beta-dihydroxynigranoic acid and 7beta,15beta-dihydroxynigranoic acid by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. This is the first report of the biotransformation of the A-ring-secocycloartene triterpenoid, nigranoic acid.