Effect of age,behaviour and social environment on honey bee brain plasticity

We examined the effects of behaviour, age and social environment on mushroom body volume in adult bees. The mushroom bodies are regions of the central brain important for sensory integration and learning. Their volume was influenced by behaviour throughout life: always larger in forager bees than age-matched nurse bees, even in old bees up to 93 days of age as adults. Mushroom body development was influenced by the social environment in the first 8 days of adult life, with different environments having markedly different effects on mushroom body size. Compared to hive-reared bees, isolation slowed mushroom body growth, but bees reared in isolation confined with a single dead bee showed a dramatic increase in mushroom body volume comparable to that seen in active foragers. Despite their precocious mushroom body development, these bees did not show improved performance in an olfactory learning test. Since simple environmental manipulations can both accelerate and delay mushroom body growth in young bees, and since mushroom body volume is sensitive to behaviour throughout life, the honey bee has great potential as a model for exploring the interactions between environment, behaviour and brain structure.     

基于文献信息的食用菌病害研究热点与趋势分析

病害是影响食用菌产量和品质的重要因素之一,目前尚缺少对食用菌病害研究现状与发展方向的直观了解。从2010年以来国内外发表的食用菌病害论文入手,对论文数量、发文期刊、被引率和研究机构进行了分析,展示了国内外食用菌病害的研究概况。此外,对相关论文进行了关键词共现分析,明确了国内外食用菌病害研究的热点。分析显示,绿霉病、褐斑病、蛛网病、病毒感染、湿泡病和软腐病是目前国内外最受关注的6类食用菌病害,干泡病的关注度日趋减少,而蛛网病侵染的食用菌种类持续增加。结合历史发文动态研究了食用菌病害的发生趋势,并认为环境有害微生物检测、消毒剂筛选和食用菌土传真菌病害防控将是未来食用菌病害的重点研究领域。     

Behavioral functions of the insect mushroom bodies

New methods of intervention in Drosophila and other insect species reveal that the mushroom bodies are involved in a diverse set of behavioral functions. The intrinsic Kenyon cells (those neurons with projections within the mushroom bodies) house part of the short-term memory trace for odors and are required for courtship conditioning memory. A pair of extrinsic mushroom body neurons (neurons with projections both inside and outside the mushroom bodies) provides a neuropeptide important for 1-hour olfactory memory. In addition, the mushroom bodies are necessary for context generalization in visual learning and for regulating the transition from walking to rest.     

果蝇学习记忆行为的分子机制

分子遗传学技术的应用一方面发展了新的神经组织学方法,使果蝇脑中的细微结构得以展示;另一方面,对记忆从形成到提取过程中信息处理的研究,表明蘑菇体可能在形成长时程记忆方面起重要作用,而一对背内侧核团（dorsal paired medial cells）与蘑菇体之间的信息传递对于记忆的“提取(retrieval)”是至关重要的.行为功能检测为视觉信号整和的研究提供了新的实验依据,从而使果蝇蘑菇体的高级脑中枢功能逐渐被揭示出来.     

全球野生双孢蘑菇种质资源的研究现状

双孢蘑菇 (Agaricusbisporus)是世界最重要的人工栽培的食用菌 ,近 10a来对其野生种质资源的研究在广泛地进行 ,试从野生双孢蘑菇的自然居群的分布 ,遗传变异、交配类型和生活史等方面对全球野生双孢蘑菇种质资源的研究现状进行综述。     

A new circular economy approach for integrated production of tomatoes and mushrooms

Spent mushroom Substrate is the by-product generated at the end of the mushroom growing cycle. It can be used in agriculture for different purposes, including seedling production, soil conditioning or application as an organic fertilizer. Tomato is one of the world?s most important crops, requiring considerable care, in terms of both nutrition and disease control. The objective of this study was to investigate the viability of spent mushroom substrate as a nutrient source for tomato seedlings and develop an integrated tomato and mushroom co-production system. For seedling production, different compositions were evaluated with spent mushroom substrate from Pleurotus ostreatus or substrate colonized with Agaricus bisporus. The parameters evaluated comprised germination rate, seedling quality and physicochemical analysis. A tomato and mushroom integrated production system was developed using a 40-liter pot divided into upper (spent mushroom substrate and soil), middle (spent mushroom substrate from P. ostreatus) and lower (gravel) layers. For seedlings production, plants treated with the substrate colonized with A. bisporus presented a superior root length (10.1 cm) and aerial part length (6.6 cm). Co-production of tomato and mushrooms was also shown to be viable. In this co-cultivation system between tomato and mushroom, the treatment with the substrate colonized with A. bisporus differed from others, with this treatment presenting high yields of tomato (2.35 kg/plant pot) and mushrooms (1.33 kg/plant pot) within the same bucket. With this co-production system, the tomato production time was reduced by 60 days and prolonged continuous mushroom production by 120 days. These findings show a sustainable approach to manage different agroindustrial residues, encouraging the use of these residues for olericulture and fungiculture production.     

Beneficial interactions between bacteria and edible mushrooms

Mushroom-forming fungi establish mutual beneficial interactions with plants and degrade organic waste. These fungi also play an important role in human societies to produce mycelium materials, as a source of medicinal compounds, and as food. Bacteria interact with mushroom-forming fungi not only as competitors for nutrients and as pathogens but also to establish beneficial interactions. This review discusses the positive interactions of bacteria during the different stages of the life cycle of the white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus and other highly consumed mushroom-forming fungi. Bacteria are key in forming a selective substrate, in providing nutrients, in stimulating growth and mushroom formation, and in protection against pathogens. Implications for the mushroom industry are being discussed.     

The cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase encoded by the Drosophila dunce gene is concentrated in the mushroom body neuropil.

Drosophila dunce (dnc) flies are defective in learning and memory as a result of lesions in the gene that codes for a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE). Antibodies to the dnc PDE showed that the most intensely stained regions in the adult brain were the mushroom body neuropil--areas previously implicated in learning and memory. In situ hybridization demonstrated that dnc RNA was enriched in the mushroom body perikarya. The mushroom bodies of third instar larval brains were also stained intensely by the antibody, suggesting that the dnc PDE plays an important role in these neurons throughout their development. The role of the dnc PDE in mushroom body physiology is discussed, and a circuit model describing a possible role of the mushroom bodies in mediating olfactory learning and memory is presented.     

Mushroom bodies are not required for courtship behavior by normal and sexually mosaic Drosophila

To elucidate the effect of feminization of male Drosophila brain cells on courtship control, we performed a large scale screening of expression drivers that can suppress male-specific behavior with transformer gene expression. Two drivers caused essentially total courtship suppression. The expression pattern of these drivers did not show any correlation with the mushroom bodies or the antennal lobes, the regions that have been suggested to play important roles in courtship. Ablation of mushroom bodies using hydroxyurea treatment did not affect this courtship suppression. The ablation did not change either wild-type heterosexual behavior or bisexual behavior caused by transformer expression driven by the same drivers used in the previous studies to suggest the involvement of the mushroom bodies in courtship. Our results show that feminization of different nonoverlapping cells in other parts of the protocerebrum was sufficient to cause the same bisexual or suppressed-courtship phenotype. Thus, contrary to previous assumptions, the mushroom bodies are not required for the control of courtship. Present evidence supports its mediation by other distributed protocerebral regions.     

Development and evolution of the insect mushroom bodies: towards the understanding of conserved developmental mechanisms in a higher brain center

The insect mushroom bodies are prominent higher order neuropils consisting of thousands of approximately parallel projecting intrinsic neurons arising from the minute basophilic perikarya of globuli cells. Early studies described these structures as centers for intelligence and other higher functions; at present, the mushroom bodies are regarded as important models for the neural basis of learning and memory. The insect mushroom bodies share a similar general morphology, and the same basic sequence of developmental events is observed across a wide range of insect taxa. Globuli cell progenitors arise in the embryo and proliferate throughout the greater part of juvenile development. Discrete morphological and functional subpopulations of globuli cells (or Kenyon cells, as they are called in insects) are sequentially produced at distinct periods of development. Kenyon cell somata are arranged by age around the center of proliferation, as are their processes in the mushroom body neuropil. Other aspects of mushroom body development are more variable from species to species, such as the origin of specific Kenyon cell populations and neuropil substructures, as well as the timing and pace of the general developmental sequence.     

Diversity and spacio‐temporal distribution of mushrooms in a Nigerian savanna: implication for their conservation

We surveyed the macrofungi of an area dominated by northern Guinea savanna habitats in north‐east Nigeria. A total of 93 different species of mushrooms were found in the study area. These species belong to 29 different families, most species belonging to the family Agaricaceae, Lyophyllaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Pluteaceae and Polyporaceae. A total of 48 species belonged to the Agaricaceae, followed by Lyophyllaceae represented by 6 species. The micro‐habitats of mushrooms in the study area include wood, soil around dead tree stump, waste dump, cow dung, fallow, arable land, and 22 different living trees species. The most important habitats in term of mushroom species diversity were Parkia biglobosa, Tamarindus indica and dead wood. The Parkia biglobosa tree had the highest species richness (45) and species diversity (Shannon diversity index, SDI: 3.6). Tamarindus indica was the second, having 28 species richness and 2.7 SDI. These were followed by dead wood where 22 different mushroom species were recorded and has of 2.1 SDI. Also, these three habitats (Parkia biglobosa, dead wood and Tamarindus indica) had the highest number of mushroom species (14, 8 and 6 respectively) that were confined to them. Most of the other mushroom species were confined to only one microhabitat. There was no statistically significant difference in mushroom abundance between arable land and fallow. Collectively, the indigenous trees were associated by more mushroom species (63) than the exotic trees (20) and the indigenous trees also had significantly higher mushroom abundance than the exotic trees. However, the non‐indegenous trees had more species forming mycorrhiza than the indegenous trees, presumaby because the former were able to form symbioses with both native fungi and introduced species from their origina habitats. Inter‐annual variation of mushroom species diversity was also observed. Human activities contribute positively to mushroom diversity in the study area by creating some unique micro‐habitats that support the growth of certain unique mushroom species. Therefore, for maximum conservation of mushroom diversity, conservation measures excuding all human activities should be avoided.     

中国南方地区松乳菇遗传多样性分析

松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus是一种对松树的生长具有重大意义的外生菌根真菌,具有很高的经济价值,因无法人工培育,过度的人工采摘造成产地生态的严重破坏。比较中国南方3个省9个不同地区的68个松乳菇的rDNA ITS区碱基序列的差异,以期研究各不同群体的ITS单倍体型多样性,不同地区群体之间的遗传关系,以及遗传分化与地理隔离的关系。遗传分析发现,得到的68个松乳菇样品的ITS序列可认定为7种单倍体型,这些单倍体型聚集为2个不同的系统进化群体,表现出两种不同的系统进化方向。7种单倍体型中,两个主     

食用菌培植业思考与展望

食用菌生产应该与种植业、养殖业并驾齐驱,称之为食用菌培植业,是农业生产领域内的三大基础产业。解决野生食用菌的产量、质量问题,是野生食用菌产业化开发的瓶颈;必须另辟蹊径,发展食用菌原生态野生化生产,实现野生食用菌的规模化、产业化发展。对双孢蘑菇野生化生产和菌菜轮作进行了探讨,为我国双孢蘑菇的生产发展另辟蹊径;建议我国的双孢蘑菇生产朝两化一作的方向发展。     

Mitochondrial genome and diverse inheritance patterns in Pleurotus pulmonarius

Journal of Microbiology - Pleurotus pulmonarius, a member of the Pleurotaceae family in Basidiomycota, is an edible, economically important mushroom in most Asian countries. In this study, the...     

我国食用菌遗传学的发展及展望

食用菌遗传学是食用菌学科体系的重要分支之一,40年来我国食用菌遗传学研究紧密围绕为育种服务、最新分子生物学技术的应用和生产实践中的科学问题的解决等主题开展了众多科学活动.为了促进食用菌遗传学研究的系统性和全面性,本文梳理出9个方面的研究主题,主要包括食用菌种质资源调查和地方品种研究、食用菌农艺性状控制基因定位和分子辅助...     

从专刊论文管窥我国食用菌科学研究动态

1978年以来,我国食用菌产业科学技术研究成果斐然,近年来基础研究和应用基础研究在各个领域迅速展开,科学研究为食用菌产业发展提供了有力的技术支撑。本期《菌物学报》“食用菌专刊”共刊登了27篇论文,其中综述1篇,研究论文26篇。尽管这些论文尚不能代表我国食用菌科学研究的最高水平,但基本上反映了我国食用菌科学研究的最新动态。论文主要以香菇、侧耳类、金针菇、羊肚菌类、草菇等为研究材料,研究课题主要集中在食用菌组学分析、营养及生物活性物质和重要性状遗传等方面。总体而言,我国食用菌基础研究和应用基础研究相对滞后,它亟需学术界凝聚共识,鼎力支持以国家自然科学基金为代表的基础研究项目,提高我国食用菌基础研究水平。     

Reversal of the TPA-induced inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) extracts: effects on MAP kinases

Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) has continued to receive attention as a folk medicine with indications for the treatment of cancers and digestive diseases. The anticarcinogenic effect of Chaga mushroom extract was investigated using a model system of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in WB-F344 normal rat liver epithelial cells. The cells were pre-incubated with Chaga mushroom extracts (5, 10, 20 microg/ml) for 24 h and this was followed by co-treatment with Chaga mushroom extracts and TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, 10 ng/ml) for 1 h. The inhibition of GJIC by TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), promoter of cancer, was prevented with treatment of Chaga mushroom extracts. Similarly, the increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p38 protein kinases were markedly reduced in Chaga mushroom extracts-treated cells. There was no change in the JNK kinase protein level, suggesting that Chaga mushroom extracts could only block the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase. The Chaga mushroom extracts further prevented the inhibition of GJIC through the blocking of Cx43 phosphorylation. Indeed cell-to-cell communication through gap junctional channels is a critical factor in the life and death balance of cells because GJIC has an important function in maintaining tissue homeostasis through the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and adaptive functions of differentiated cells. Thus Chaga mushroom may act as a natural anticancer product by preventing the inhibition of GJIC through the inactivation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase.     

Influence of spatio-temporal resource availability on mushroom mite diversity

Although biodiversity in nature is of fundamental importance because it improves the sustainability of ecosystems, communities of microscopic organisms are generally excluded from conservation targets for biodiversity. Here, I hypothesize that mushroom mite species richness is correlated with both spatial (i.e., mushroom size) and temporal (i.e., longevity of fruiting bodies) resource availability. I collected fruiting bodies in an old-growth forest over 4 years to collect mites and insects inhabiting the mushrooms. Mites were collected from 47 % of the fruiting bodies and approximately 60 % of the mite species were collected only once. Mite species richness was significantly correlated with the availability of long-lasting fruiting bodies. For example, bracket fungi contained more mite species than ephemeral fruiting bodies. Insect presence was also correlated with mushroom mite richness, probably as phoretic hosts and food resources for predacious mites. On the other hand, mushroom size seemed to be less important; small fruiting bodies sometimes harbored several mite species. Although mite species richness was correlated with mushroom species richness, mushroom specificity by mites was not clear except for a preference for long-lasting fruiting bodies. Therefore, I suggest that a constant supply of coarse woody debris is crucial for maintaining preferred resources for mushroom mites (e.g., bracket fungi) and their associated insects (mycophilous and possibly saproxylic insects).     

Discrimination training with multimodal stimuli changes activity in the mushroom body of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta

Background

The mushroom bodies of the insect brain play an important role in olfactory processing, associative learning and memory. The mushroom bodies show odor-specific spatial patterns of activity and are also influenced by visual stimuli.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Functional imaging was used to investigate changes in the in vivo responses of the mushroom body of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta during multimodal discrimination training. A visual and an odour stimulus were presented either together or individually. Initially, mushroom body activation patterns were identical to the odour stimulus and the multimodal stimulus. After training, however, the mushroom body response to the rewarded multimodal stimulus was significantly lower than the response to the unrewarded unimodal odour stimulus, indicating that the coding of the stimuli had changed as a result of training. The opposite pattern was seen when only the unimodal odour stimulus was rewarded. In this case, the mushroom body was more strongly activated by the multimodal stimuli after training. When no stimuli were rewarded, the mushroom body activity decreased for both the multimodal and unimodal odour stimuli. There was no measurable response to the unimodal visual stimulus in any of the experiments. These results can be explained using a connectionist model where the mushroom body is assumed to be excited by olfactory stimulus components, and suppressed by multimodal configurations.

Conclusions

Discrimination training with multimodal stimuli consisting of visual and odour cues leads to stimulus specific changes in the in vivo responses of the mushroom body of the hawkmoth.