石磺科3种贝类皮肤显微结构比较

应用石蜡切片和H.E染色技术,对石磺科(Onchidiidae)3个属的代表物种:瘤背石磺(Onchidium struma)、平疣桑椹石磺(Platevindex mortoni)和里氏拟石磺(Paraoncidium reevesii)的皮肤进行了组织学观察及参数测量比较。结果表明,3种石磺的皮肤虽然厚度不一,但基本结构相似,均由角质膜、表皮和真皮构成。角质膜是一层覆盖于表皮角质层上的蛋白质薄膜;表皮由多层上皮细胞构成,包括角质层、颗粒层和生发层;真皮包括疏松层和致密层,疏松层中嵌有颗粒腺和黏液腺两种腺体。3种石磺的皮肤厚度、各组织相对厚度及腺体数量等均存在差异。将结构差异与石磺的栖息环境进行比较分析后得到:陆栖为主的瘤背石磺皮肤表皮角质化程度高,颗粒腺发达;以水栖为主的里氏拟石磺表皮角质化程度相对低,黏液腺发达;而水陆两栖的平疣桑椹石磺,皮肤角质化程度介于前述二者之间,颗粒腺与黏液腺均不发达。研究结果体现了三者不同的生态适应特征,也为深入探讨海洋无脊椎动物从海洋向陆地进化的研究提供形态学依据。     

雄性峨眉髭蟾“胡子”的组织结构特征

采用石蜡切片与苏木精-伊红染色及扫描电镜,对雄性峨眉髭蟾Leptobrachium boringii的角质刺及其周边皮肤进行了显微结构和亚显微结构的观察。显微结构观察发现,峨眉髭蟾的角质刺属于皮肤衍生物,突起呈倒"V"形。角质刺由表皮和真皮构成,表皮为复层扁平上皮,可分成4层;最外层细胞角质化,细胞轮廓不清,被染成深红色。真皮由疏松结缔组织构成,分辨不出致密层与疏松层,其内未见皮肤腺,但有少量色素细胞与毛细血管分布。表皮嵴伸入到真皮层,在以往的无尾两栖类研究中未见报道。角质刺基部可见皮肤褶翻起将其包裹在内,皮肤褶向上延伸形成角质刺。扫描电镜观察表明,角质刺顶端呈锥形的"小山丘"状,表面可分辨出表皮细胞轮廓,细胞为呈覆瓦状排列的角质化细胞。角质刺与皮肤交界处为多边形的角质化细胞。角质化上皮细胞的上表面与下表面均具有凹凸不平的花纹结构,细胞之间以镶嵌的方式连接。     

十一种无尾两栖类物种皮肤和肺显微结构

无尾两栖类动物的呼吸方式为肺呼吸和皮肤辅助呼吸,为探究两种呼吸器官的显微结构,本文采用解剖学和组织学的方法,对大蹼铃蟾(Bombina maxima)、腺角蟾(Megophrys glandulosa)、中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)、华西雨蛙(Hyla gongshanensis)、昭觉林蛙(Rana chaochiaoensis)、滇蛙(Dianrana pleuraden)、双团棘胸蛙(Gynandropaa yunnanensis)、贡山树蛙(Rhacophorus gongshanensis)、斑腿泛树蛙(Polypedates megacephalus)、饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla fissipes)、多疣狭口蛙(Kaloula verrucosa)的皮肤和肺的形态及显微结构进行观察。结果显示,背部和腹部皮下可见血管交错成网状,皮肤由表皮层和真皮层构成。除华西雨蛙外,其余10种均有分布于真皮疏松层与致密层间的钙化层;色素细胞位于疏松层上层,体背色素层较发达。肺囊状,中空密布血管,分为大小相当的左右肺叶,两肺叶相通并与心粘连,无气管和支气管。肺由肺囊壁、隔膜、毛细血管、肺泡细胞等结构组成。肺囊壁分为胸膜层、中间层和内层:胸膜层由扁平细胞构成,中间层由结缔组织构成,内层由肺细胞和毛细血管组成,隔膜由毛细血管和结缔组织构成,游离隔膜向中部靠拢可形成半封闭腔室,结合隔膜与肺囊壁形成封闭小腔室。在这11个物种中,肺较发达的个体,其皮肤结构中黏液腺的数量就会相对较少,组织形态学特征表现出与环境适应性关系较大,而受到系统发育关系影响较小。     

金佛拟小鲵幼体皮肤的显微结构观察

采用光镜和扫描电镜对金佛拟小鲵(Pseudohynobius jinfo)幼体皮肤进行组织学和形态学观察。金佛拟小鲵幼体皮肤由表皮和真皮构成。不同部位皮肤厚度不同,头部背侧皮肤最薄,其厚度为(45.99±12.77)μm,尾部腹侧的皮肤最厚,其厚度为(95.21±42.72)μm。表皮角质层仅躯干背部和尾部明显,由仍具有一定生理活性的复层扁平上皮细胞构成。皮肤腺体包括黏液腺和颗粒腺。黏液腺广泛分布于身体各个部位的皮肤,颗粒腺呈区域性分布,仅见躯干部和尾部皮肤,其体积大于黏液腺。毛细血管多分布于真皮疏松层腺体周围,与表皮层紧密接触并凸向表皮。色素细胞主要分布于表皮和疏松层的交界处,呈多细胞聚集的状态,形成厚度不一的色素层。     

On the vascularization and structure of the skin of a Korean bullhead Pseudobagrus brevicorpus (Bagridae, Teleostei) based on its entire body and appendages

To investigate the vascularization and structure of the skin and its relationship to cutaneous respiration in Pseudobagrus brevicorpus , a histological study by light microscopy was carried out on 15 regions of the skin, including eight body regions, six fins and the barbel. The skin consisted of the epidermis, dermis and subcutis in all regions, except for the barbel that had a relatively thin dermis and subcutis. The epidermis was composed of the outermost layer, the middle layer and the stratum germinativum. There were two kinds of gland cells: the unicellular mucus cells and large club cells. The middle layer had a small number of fine blood capillaries accompanied by dermal collagen in all regions; the mean number of blood capillaries ranged from 0.9 to 5.9. The mean diffusion distance between the capillary endothelial cells and the surface of the epidermis ranged from 50.6 to 126.8 μm. Based on these intra-epithelial blood capillaries, the relative surface area of the respiratory epithelium ranged from 0.1 to a maximum value of 1.2%. The dermis lacking scales had collagen bundles arranged parallel to each other, but vertical fiber bundles around the dorso-lateral regions were seen at intervals. Sensory organs such as taste buds, pit organs and lateral canals were found whereby the taste buds in particular were more abundant in the epidermis of the barbel. The vascularization of the skin may be closely related to an additional respiratory system used to deal with an extreme hypoxic condition during dry seasons.     

Morphological,immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characterization of the skin of turbot (Psetta maxima L.)

This study was undertaken to identify the normal morphologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of skin of the turbot (Psetta maxima L.). In the turbot skin, three morphologically distinct layers were identified: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis was non-keratinizing, stratified squamous epithelium that varies in thickness from 5 to 14 cells and 60 to 100 μm in size. Goblet cells were seen randomly distributed between malpighian cells in the epidermal layer. These mucous cells were mainly located in the upper third of the epidermis and displayed a spherical to elongated morphology. Dermis was divided in two well-differentiated layers, the superficial stratum laxum and the deeper stratum compactum. Hypodermis was a loose layer mainly composed by adipocytes but we could observe variable amounts of fibroblast, collagen and blood vessels. In turbot two pigmentary layers could be identified: the pigmentary layer of dermis was located between basement membrane and dermis and the pigmentary layer of hypodermis immediately above the muscular layer. Three different types of chromatophores were present: melanophores, iridophores and xanthophores. The main differences observed between groups of fish with different colouration were in the amount of melanophores and xanthophores. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of normal cutaneous biology prior to consideration of specific cutaneous alterations and diseases in turbot.     

Structure of the skin of an air-breathing mudskipper, Periophthalmus magnuspinnatus

The epidermis of the mudskipper Periophthalmus magnuspinnatus consisted of three layers: the outermost layer, middle layer and stratum germinativum. Extensive vascular capillary networks were present near the superficial layer of epidermis and outermost layer. The diffusion distance between the vascular capillaries and the surface of epidermis was c . 1.5 ± 0.9μm. The middle layer consisted of small or voluminous cells swollen by epidermal cells. Due to the swollen cells, the thickness of the epidermis increased and the epidermis appeared web-like. The swollen cells contained tonofilaments, lucent contents and desmosomes. Fine blood capillaries were also discernible in this layer. Well-developed lymphatic spaces containing lymphocytes existed in the stratum germinativum. Numerous blood capillaries were present under the basement membrane. The dermis consisted of a stratum laxum and stratum compactum, and there was a definite area with acid mucopolysaccharides and a small scale in the stratum laxum. The skin had an epidermal pigment cell, dendritic melanophores (-cytes) containing melanin granules within their cytoplasm, and two kinds of dermal pigment cells, melanophores and colourless pigments containing reflecting platelets.     

Ultrastructural features of skin pigmentation in the lizard Heloderma suspectum with emphasis on xanto‐melanophores

The morphological origin of the dark and pink‐orange areas in the skin of the venomous lizard Heloderma suspectum is not known. Histology and electron microscopy show that dark‐grey areas of the skin derived from dermal chromatophores localized in specific areas present underneath the epidermis. A dynamic chromatophoric unit in the dermis is absent. In the darkest areas of the skin, the accumulation of melanosomes in cells of the beta‐layer contributes to increase the black intensity. In the orange‐pink areas, the superficial dermis contains xantophores storing numerous carotenoid vesicles, rare or absent lamellated pterinosomes and a variable number of melanosomes. These xanto‐melanophores predominate over the remaining chromatophores and form a continuous stratum underneath the epidermis. Beneath this lipoid‐rich stratum, iridophores are infrequent and do not form a continuous layer in the dermis. In the paler areas of the skin, melanophores are sparse in both superficial and deeper part of the dermis where irregularly oriented bundles of collagen fibrils are present. The prevalent xanto‐melanophores localized in the pink‐orange areas of the skin contribute to an effective sunlight protection in desert conditions in addition to the darker regions occupied by melanophores.     

Localization of prolactin receptor in the dorsal and ventral skin of the frog (Rana ridibunda)

The dorsal and ventral skin in amphibians plays an important role in osmoregulation. Prolactin hormone is involved in regulation of amphibian skin functions, such as water and electrolyte balance. Therefore, amphibians may be useful as a model for determining the sites of the prolactin receptor. In this study, prolactin receptor was detected in frog dorsal and ventral skin using immunohistochemical staining method. Prolactin receptor immunoreactivity was localized in all epidermal layers except stratum corneum of dorsal skin epidermis, stratum germinativum layer of ventral skin epidermis, myoepithelial cells, secretory epithelium and secretory channel cells of granular glands in both skin regions. The mucous glands and secretory granules of granular glands did not show immunoreactivity for the prolactin receptor. According to our immunohistochemical results, the more widespread detection of prolactin receptor in dorsal skin epidermis indicates that prolactin is more effective in dorsal skin. Presence of prolactin receptors in epidermis points out its possible osmoregulatory effect. Moreover, detection of receptor immunoreactivity in various elements of poison glands in the dermis of both dorsal and ventral skin regions suggests that prolactin has a regulatory effect in gland functions.     

Expression pattern of glycoconjugates in the integument of Bufo ictericus (Anuran, Bufonidae): biochemical and histochemical (lectin) profiles

Mucous consists of glycoproteins and proteoglycans produced by specific secretory cells (mucocytes). In anurans the cutaneous mucous is produced by intradermal glands and displays both mechanical and chemical protection functions. Indeed, mucous maintains the integument moist and facilitates gas exchange (cutaneous respiration). In this work, the carbohydrate moiety distribution was investigated in the integument of Bufo ictericus using conventional and lectin histochemistry to describe the pattern of cutaneous glycoconjugate expression, including both secretory and structural proteoglycans. As a preliminary step, the descendent chromatography in Whatmann 1MM paper was undertaken to prepare the histochemical trials involving the lectins. In B. ictericus, the integument exhibits the basic morphological structure found in lower terrestrial vertebrates: the epidermis is a keratinized squamous stratified epithelium supported by spongious and compact layers. The spongy dermis contain secretory portion of both mucous and serous (or poison) glands. The paper chromatography identified galactose, fucose and mannose as characteristic sugar residues. The secretory cells of the mucous gland in the dermis, as well as the interstice between the stratum corneum and the subjacent stratum spinosum in the epidermis exhibit alpha-l-fucose and alpha-galactose residues. The serous glands give no reaction. The alpha-mannose residue was detected in the extracellular matrix of spongious dermis, but not in the dermal glands. The different glycoconjugate location reflects in two glycoconjugates categories: the secretory which participate in the water flow regulation, and the structural which is involved in the dermal maintenance.     

Protein gene product 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibres and cells in human skin

Summary Sections of human skin were processed according to the indirect immunofluorescence technique with a rabbit antiserum against human protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). Immunoreactivity was detected in intraepidermal and dermal nerve fibres and cells. The intraepidermal nerves were varicose or smooth with different diameters, running as single processes or branched, straight or bent, projecting in various directions and terminating in the stratum basale, spinosum or granulosum. The density of the intraepidermal nerves varied between the different skin areas investigated. PGP 9.5-containing axons of the lower dermis were found in large bundles. They separated into smaller axon bundles within the upper dermis, entering this portion of the skin perpendicular to the surface. Then they branched into fibres mainly arranged parallel to the epidermal-dermal junctional zone. However, the fibres en route to the epidermis traversed the upper dermis more or less perpendicularly. Furthermore, immunoreactive dermal nerve fibres were found in the Meissner corpuscles, the arrector pili muscles, hair follicles, around the eccrine and apocrine sweat glands and around certain blood vessels. Such fibres were also observed around most subcutaneous blood vessels, sometimes heavily innervating these structures. Numerous weakly-to-strongly PGP 9.5-immunoreactive cells were found both in the epidermis and in the dermis.     

Estradiol distribution and penetration in rat skin after topical application, studied by high resolution autoradiography

Transdermal pathways and targets in the skin for estradiol were investigated using dry-mount autoradiography. 3H-estradiol-17 beta was applied at doses of 30.1 pmol, 120.4 pmol and 301 pmol/cm2 to shaved rat skin in the dorsal neck region. Vehicles were DMSO, ethylene glycol or sesame oil. After 2 h of topical treatment with 30.1 pmol 3H-estradiol x cm-2 dissolved in DMSO a distinct cellular distribution was apparent. Target cells with concentrations of radioactivity were found in epidermis, sebaceous glands, dermal papillae of hair and fibroblasts. After treatment with 120.4 and 301 pmol/cm2, a penetration gradient of radioactivity was recognizable however it masked specific cellular and subcellular uptake. The stratum corneum accumulated and retained radioactivity, apparently forming a depot for the hormone. Strong concentration and retention of the hormone was conspicuous in sebaceous glands for more than 24 h, suggesting that sebaceous glands serve as a second storage site for the hormone. In all autoradiograms two penetration pathways to the dermis were visible: one through the stratum corneum and epidermis, the other through the hair canals and hair sheaths.     

松江鲈鱼皮肤的显微和亚显微结构

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜,对松江鲈鱼(Trachidermus fasciatus)成体皮肤的显微和亚显微结构进行了观察。结果表明,松江鲈鱼体表不同部位皮肤的厚薄不一,但基本结构相似。皮肤由表皮和真皮层构成。松江鲈鱼的皮肤裸露无鳞,表皮层较薄,由约4～8层细胞构成,主要由复层上皮细胞和黏液细胞及基底细胞组成。表层细胞呈扁平、多边形,细胞之间主要靠桥粒紧密连接,连接处形成增厚的边缘嵴状突起。表皮细胞游离面向内凹陷,表面形成指纹状微嵴。黏液细胞呈圆形或卵圆形,散布在上皮细胞之间。黏液细胞内的黏原颗粒具有椭圆颗粒状、均匀致密的块状和疏松丝状3种不同形态。真皮通过基膜与表皮相连,由稀疏层和致密层构成。真皮结缔组织在腹部较厚而在其他部位较薄。表皮与真皮连接处有色素层,头部、背部、尾柄和体侧皮肤色素细胞分布多,色素层明显,而腹部和颏部皮肤缺少色素。松江鲈鱼黄河群体真皮层中有角质棘状突起,而滦河群体则无。头部、体侧和尾柄处皮肤上还分布有侧线孔和表面神经丘等感觉器官。     

Structure and development of spines over the skin surface of the river puffer Takifugu obscurus (Tetraodontidae,Teleostei) during larval growth

The histological structure and development of spines on the skin surface of Takifugu obscurus were studied during larval development conducted artificially with an average 30‰ salinity and 18.0–20.3°C water temperature. The epidermis comprises an outermost layer, middle layer, and the stratum germinativum, and contains three types of gland cells: small spherical or flask‐shaped mucous cells, larger sacciform mucous cells, and large granular cells. The dermis and subcutis follow. The spines first appear over the ventral region at 10 days after hatching and consist of two parts: a central long tapering portion which projects into the epidermis and eventually outside of the body, and a short supporting basal portion that is embedded within the stratum compactum layer of the dermis. The central, long tapering portion has two very short processes on top until 25 days after hatching, but these two separate spines fuse into one 30 days after hatching. In contrast, the short supporting spines rooted at the base consist of three to six small spines (usually four to five spines) and are present even in the adult stage. Therefore, calcareous spines consisting of one central long spine and three to six smaller supporting spines form tetra‐ and septaradiate spines (mainly penta‐ and hexaradiate). The spines first appear over the ventral region.     

Structure of the integument of a fresh-water teleost,Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) (Sisoridae,pisces)

The skin of Bagarius bagarius (Ham.) is devoid of scales but is rough due to the presence of numerous pentagonal epidermal elevations, which are separated by deep furrows at regular intervals. These elevated pentagonal regions of the epidermis are covered by dead cornified cells in the form of caps. As the old cap goes off a new one is formed by the death of the underlying epidermal cells. The middle layer of the epidermis is mainly composed of well defined polygonal cells. Their cytoplasm is granular in nature and give reactions for protein bound sulphydryl groups. The stratum germinativum is composed of two types of basal cells, the columnar cells and the spherical cells. The flask shaped mucous glands are restricted to the epidermal furrows and secrete either neutral or acidic mucopolysaccharides. Certain large specialysed granular cells are found in the epidermis which are grouped around the taste buds. These specialysed cells may be the photocytes. Two layers of the dermis can be distinguished—the relatively thin stratum laxum and the thick stratum compactum. Dermal papillae mainly support the taste buds. The pigment cells are arranged in two layers in the dermis. The subcutis is composed of loose connective tissues, richly infiltrated with the fat cells, nerves and blood capillaries.     

Histology,ultrastructure, and pigmentation in the horny scales of growing crocodilians

Alibardi L. 2011. Histology, ultrastructure, and pigmentation in the horny scales of growing crocodilians. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 92 : 187–200. The present morphological study describes the color of hatchling, juvenile, and adult crocodilian skin and the origin of its pigmentation. In situ hybridization and immunostaining indicate that crocodilian scales grow as an expansion of the proliferating epidermis of the hinge region that form thin lateral rings. In more central areas of growing scales, new epidermal layers contribute to increase the thickness of the stratum corneum. The dark pigmentation and color pattern derive from the different distribution of epidermal and dermal chromatophores. The more intensely pigmented stripes, irregular patches and dot‐like spots, especially numerous in dorsal scales, derive from the incorporation of the eumelanosomes of epidermal melanocytes in differentiating beta cells of the epidermis. Dermal melanophores, mainly localized in the loose upper part of the dermis, also contribute to the formation of the dark or gray background of crocodilian scales. The eumelanosomes of dermal melanophores determine the darkening of the skin pattern in association with the epidermal melanocytes. Iridophores are infrequent, while xantophores are present in the species analyzed with a sparse distribution in the superficial dermis among melanophores. The presence of xantophores and of the few iridophores in areas where epidermal melanocytes are absent appear to determine the brown or the light yellow‐orange background observed among the darker regions of crocodilian scales.     

The tentacles of Ichthyophis (Amphibia: Caecilia) with special reference to the skin

The skin of the paired tentacles of Ichthyophis consists of a cornified epidermis of 5–7 layers of epidermal cells, and a glandular dermis of ducted mucous glands, in association with collagen, blood vessels, fibroblasts, granulocytes, sparse melanophores and characteristic laminophores of unknown function. The epidermis is highly innervated at all levels below the stratum corneum by naked neurites, which originate as branches from large unmyelinated nerve bundles (and associated Schwann cells), located sub-epidermally, and which are part of the trigeminal cranial nerve. Myelinated nerves are also present below the epidermis, spatially associated with capillaries and glands. The study of the ultrastructure of the tentacle supports a concept of a sensory function, possibly tactile, though until further information from experimentation is available, any ideas on the specific nature of these sensory activities must remain speculative.     

The shift from aquatic to terrestrial phenotype in Lissotriton italicus: larval and adult remodelling of the skin

Morphology and ultrastructure of the skin of Lissotriton italicus (previously named Triturus italicus) have been described in different phases of its biological cycle: larval stage, metamorphic stage and adult stage with emphasis on modifications occurring between aquatic and terrestrial adults. In the present study, light microscopy and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy were employed to analyze the histological and cytological remodelling that occurs in the skin of L. italicus during metamorphosis. The ultrastructure of the larval epidermis is arranged into three principal layers comprising an external layer of pavement cells, a basal layer and 1-3 intermediate layers consisting of Leydig cells along with accessory cells and mitochondria-rich cells. By the onset of metamorphosis, morphological changes of the skin include stratification and flattening of epidermal layers and disappearance of typical larval cells. In both aquatic and terrestrial adult phases the thin, cornified epidermis shows the same general arrangement as found in other vertebrates with an external stratum corneum and a variable number of intermediate cell layers. During the terrestrial adult phase, the skin is characterized by the presence of numerous tubercles; moreover, the lower epithelium is thicker than in the aquatic phase. Ultrastructural analysis revealed no substantial differences in the cellular composition of the skin between aquatic and terrestrial phases.     

角蟾亚科3物种皮肤的组织学观察

应用石蜡切片和H.E染色技术,对角蟾亚科3个属的代表物种:短肢异角蟾(Xenophrys brachykolos)、宽头短腿蟾(Brachytarsophrys carinense)和小口拟角蟾(Ophryophryne microstoma)的皮肤进行了组织学观察及参数测量比较。分别取头背、体背和体腹3个部位的皮肤进行观察。结果表明,3物种的皮肤基本结构相似,均由表皮和真皮组成,真皮包括疏松层和致密层,疏松层中有大量腺体分布,包括黏液腺和颗粒腺2种。皮肤厚度、各组织层相对厚度以及腺体密度之间存在种间差异和部位差异。在宽头短腿蟾背部皮肤中,发现了与尖吻山角蟾(Megophrys nasuta)皮肤中一种片层状、H.E染色呈蓝色的皮肤真皮骨化结构(osteoderms)很相似的结构;短肢异角蟾皮肤中有明显的钙化层结构,小口拟角蟾皮肤钙化程度较弱。皮肤的骨化和钙化可能具有防止水分流失,抵御干燥的功能。2种内骨骼在角蟾亚科中同时存在,为探讨两栖动物皮肤内骨骼的进化提供了重要的研究基础。