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1.
Mounawer Badri Adel Zitoun Sameh Soula Houcine Ilahi Thierry Huguet Mohamed Elarbi Aouani 《Conservation Genetics》2008,9(6):1509-1520
In this paper, we analyze the genetic variability in four Tunisian natural populations of Medicago ciliaris using 19 quantitative traits and six polymorphic microsatellite loci. We investigated the amplification transferability of
30 microsatellites developed in the model legume M. truncatula to M. ciliaris. Results revealed that about 56.66% of analyzed markers are valuable genetic markers for M. ciliaris. The most genetic diversity at quantitative traits and microsatellite loci was found to occur within populations (>80%).
Low differentiations among populations at quantitative traits Q
ST
= 0.146 and molecular markers F
ST
= 0.18 were found. The majority of measured traits exhibited no significant difference in the level of Q
ST
and F
ST
. Furthermore, significant correlations established between these traits and eco-geographical factors suggested that natural
selection should be invoked to explain the level of phenotypic divergence among populations rather than drift. There was no
significant correlation between population differentiation at quantitative traits and molecular markers. Significant spatial
genetic structure consistent with models of isolation by distance was detected within all studied populations. The site-of-origin
environmental factors explain about 9.07% of total phenotypic genetic variation among populations. The eco-geographical factors
that influence more the variation of measured traits among populations are the soil texture and altitude. Nevertheless, there
were no consistent pattern of associations between gene diversity (He) and environmental factors. 相似文献
2.
Camssonia guadalupensis ssp. clementina (Onagraceae) and Cryptantha traskiae (Boraginaceae) share many species characteristics that affect levels and pattern of genetic variation. In addition, they have a similar distribution, are found in the same habitat, and share ecological history by virtue of co-occurring at nearly all of the locations at which they are found. All populations of the two taxa on San Clemente Island were surveyed for genotypes at 16 allozyme loci, revealing generally low levels of genetic variation. However, Cam. g. clementina has more genetic variation than Cryp. traskiae at the taxon level (P = 37.5 versus 18.8, A = 1.69 versus 1.31, and HE = 0.088 versus 0.003) and significantly more alleles and higher heterozygosity within populations (A = 1.09 versus 1.03, AE = 1.02 versus 1.00; HO = 0.013 versus 0.001 and HE = 0.017 versus 0.003). Some populations of each taxon are monomorphic at all loci. Much greater differentiation among populations occurs in Cam. g. clementina (GST = 0.810) than in Cryp. traskiae (GST = 0.042). Locations of the more variable populations of each taxon do not coincide, and the pattern of genetic similarity of localities differs in the two taxa. Striking population genetic differences exist between these taxa despite shared species characteristics, distribution, habitat, and recent history. 相似文献
3.
The genetic variability and population genetic structure of six populations of Praecereus euchlorus and Pilosocereus machrisii were investigated. The genetic variability in single populations of Pilosocereus vilaboensis, Pilosocereus aureispinus, and Facheiroa squamosa was also examined. All of these cacti species have a patchy geographic distribution in which they are restricted to small
areas of xeric habitats in eastern Brazil. An analysis of genetic structure was used to gain insights into the historical
mechanisms responsible for the patchy distribution of P. euchlorus and P. machrisii. High genetic variability was found at the populational level in all species (P=58.9–92.8%, Ap=2.34–3.33, He=0.266–0.401), and did not support our expectations of low variability based on the small population size. Substantial inbreeding
was detected within populations (FIS=0.370–0.623). In agreement with their insular distribution patterns, P. euchlorus and P. machrisii had a high genetic differentiation (FST=0.484 and FST=0.281, respectively), with no evidence of isolation by distance. Accordingly, estimates of gene flow (Nm) calculated from FST and private alleles were below the level of Nm=1 in P. machrisii and P. euchlorus. These results favored historical fragmentation as the mechanism responsible for the patchy distribution of these two species.
The genetic distance between P. machrisii and P. vilaboensis was not compatible with their taxonomic distinction, indicating a possible local speciation event in this genus, or the occurrence
of introgression events. 相似文献
4.
P. Marchelli C. Baier C. Mengel B. Ziegenhagen L. A. Gallo 《Conservation Genetics》2010,11(3):951-963
Fragmentation of the habitat due to glaciations, fires and human activities affected the distribution range of Araucaria araucana in southern South America. On the borders of the Argentinean Patagonian steppe, the species is restricted to isolated patches
without natural regeneration. Our objective is to test the hypothesis that these populations are relicts of pre-Pleistocene
origin. A total of 224 individuals from 16 populations were sampled. Twenty chloroplast microsatellites, 19 non-coding chloroplast
DNA regions and eight mitochondrial DNA fragments were screened for polymorphisms. A low transferability rate of universal
primers from Pinaceae and also a low variation were detected for this ancient species. Only one non-coding region of the chloroplast
DNA showed polymorphism allowing the identification of five haplotypes. A low genetic differentiation (G
ST
= 0.11; G′
ST
= 0.267) and lack of geographic structure was found. Allelic richness was lower and genetic differentiation higher among
the eastern isolated populations, suggesting a long lasting persistence. Conservation guidelines are given for these relictual
populations, which are located outside the limits of the National Parks. 相似文献
5.
O. M. Fedorenko M. V. Gritskikh I. E. Malysheva T. S. Nikolaevskaya 《Russian Journal of Genetics》2009,45(9):1134-1138
In natural populations of Festuca pratensis Huds. from the islands of Onega Lake, the level of genetic diversity was evaluated. In three populations variability of 64
RAPD loci was tested. The level of genetic diversity (P
95% = 30.2; H
exp = 0.093) was low for a cross-pollinating plant species. Furthermore, genetic similarity between the plants from insular populations
was found to be high (I
N = 0.887). It was demonstrated that genetic variation among the population accounted for at most 5.3% of total genetic diversity,
which, however, was higher than the F
ST values for continental populations (F
ST = 0.022). It was suggested that specific features of the genetic structure of insular population, i.e., low gene diversity
within the populations along with high differentiation among the populations, were caused by the gene flow attenuation, as
a result of isolation, and intensification of inbreeding. These features had negative effect on total population adaptation. 相似文献
6.
DUAN GÖMÖRY LADISLAV PAULE JOZEF VYNÝ 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2007,154(2):165-174
Fagus sylvatica L. is one of the most widespread broad‐leaved trees in the temperate forests of the northern hemisphere. In addition to two subspecies, F. sylvatica ssp. sylvatica in Europe and F. sylvatica ssp. orientalis in south‐western Asia, two further taxa were described: F. moesiaca (Maly) Czeczott in the south‐western Balkans and F. taurica Popl. in Crimea. The opinions about the number and ranks of taxa within this complex are highly controversial. To assess the degree of genetic differentiation among them, and to reveal geographical patterns of genetic diversity and their relationships to history and biogeography of beech populations, genetic variation at 12 allozyme loci was studied in 279 populations in western Eurasia. A Bayesian analysis of population structure revealed the existence of two clusters, which fairly well coincided with F. sylvatica ssp. sylvatica and F. sylvatica ssp. orientalis, whereby the populations from the south‐western Balkans and Crimea contained a mixture of these two gene pools. On the other hand, a neighbour‐joining tree based on pairwise FST failed to separate the subspecies into well‐defined distinct clades. Populations of F. sylvatica ssp. orientalis proved to be incomparably more differentiated than ssp. sylvatica (FST = 0.157 and 0.032, respectively). Asian populations also showed higher levels of allelic richness both on population and taxon levels than the European ones (the number of alleles after rarefaction was 3.40 and 4.27 in F. sylvatica ssp. sylvatica and ssp. orientalis, respectively). This indicates that the gene pool of F. sylvatica ssp. orientalis has not been depleted by reduced population sizes during the Pleistocene glaciations, as is the case of F. sylvatica ssp. sylvatica. Genetic similarities between isolated regional populations are explained by shared ancestral polymorphisms and/or range overlaps with subsequent hybridization in the past. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 154 , 165–174. 相似文献
7.
A cline of allozyme variation inAbies mariesii 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Genetic variation at 22 allozyme loci was examined for 1,003 trees from 11 isolated natural populations ofAbies mariesii covering all except the southernmost region of its geographic range. Genetic diversity within species (H
es=0.063) was low compared to many other long-lived woody species. Most of the genetic variation is found within populations
(G
ST=0.144) despite their isolated distribution. Genetic distance between populations was positively correlated with geographic
distance. Genetic diversity within populations was generally low (meanH
ep=0.054), but varied across populations in a clinal fashion such that genetic variation decreased with increasing latitude.
These genetic characteristics may reflect the distribution history of this species. 相似文献
8.
Allozyme variation at eleven loci encoding seven enzyme systems were examined in 20 populations of diploid (genome AA, 2n = 16)Scilla scilloides in China. In comparison with the average species of seed plants studied, populations of this species display a high amount of genetic variation (A = 2.0, P = 58.6%, Ho = 0.172, and He = 0.185). Allozyme variation pattern revealed predominant outcrossing within populations and considerable differentiation (FST = 0.314) among populations as well as between the subtropic and temperate regions. The wide distribution, long existence and outcrossing are presumably the main factors responsible for the high genetic diversity within populations. But the gravity dispersal of seeds and pollination by small insects set limits to the increase of genetic variation within populations and promote differentiation between populations and regions. In addition, allozyme variation does not distinguishS. scilloides var.albo-viridis and suggests that subtropic populations may be considered as a genetic entity. 相似文献
9.
The contemporary distribution of genetic variation within and among high latitude populations cannot be fully understood without taking into consideration how species responded to the impacts of Pleistocene glaciations. Broad whitefish, Coregonus nasus, a species endemic to northwest North America and the Arctic coast of Russia, was undoubtedly impacted by such events because its geographic distribution suggests that it survived solely within the Beringian refuge from where it dispersed post‐glacially to achieve its current range. We used microsatellite DNA to investigate the role of glaciations in promoting intraspecific genetic variation in broad whitefish (N = 14 localities, 664 fish) throughout their North American range and in one Russian sample. Broad whitefish exhibited relatively high intrapopulation variation (average of 11.7 alleles per locus, average HE = 0.61) and moderate levels of interpopulation divergence (overall FST = 0.10). The main regions assayed in our study (Russia, Alaska, Mackenzie River and Travaillant Lake systems) were genetically differentiated from each other and there were declines in genetic diversity with distance from putative refugia. Additionally, Mackenzie River system populations showed less developed and more variable patterns of isolation‐by‐distance than populations occupying former Alaskan portions of Beringia. Finally, our data suggest that broad whitefish dispersed from Beringia using coastal environments and opportunistically via headwater stream connections that once existed between Yukon and Mackenzie River drainages. Our results illustrate the importance of history (e.g. glaciation) and contemporary dispersal ecology in shaping the current genetic population structure of Arctic faunas. 相似文献
10.
Climatic oscillations during the Quaternary strongly affected the distribution of warm-temperate tree species, which experienced
local restrictions into ice-free areas and posterior expansions. To evaluate the impact of these range movements on the genetic
structure of populations, we performed a phylogeographical analysis of the species Nothofagus obliqua with chloroplast DNA markers. A total of 27 populations covering the whole natural distribution range were analyzed using
polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Diversity (h
T, h
S), allelic richness (r
g), and differentiation among populations for unordered (G
ST) and ordered alleles (N
ST) were calculated. The relationships among haplotypes were evaluated by the construction of a minimum spanning network. The
spatial distribution of the genetic variation was analyzed through a Mantel test and with a nested analysis of molecular variance
to differentiate between geographic regions. The screening of 11 non-coding regions allowed the identification of 14 haplotypes.
A high genetic differentiation was detected (N
ST = 0.875 and G
ST = 0.824) with the existence of phylogeographic structure (p < 0.05). The distribution of the genetic variation was partially explained by the topography of the region when the populations
were divided longitudinally into Coastal Mountains, Central Valley, and Andes Mountains (ϕ
RT = 0.093, p = 0.001). In agreement with pollen records, our results support the hypothesis of Coastal refuges since the region harbors
high diversity together with older and private haplotypes. Long-lasting persistence of some Coastal populations without contribution
to re-colonization is proposed. Additional refuges are also postulated along the Andes and Longitudinal Valley. Survival in
multiple glacial refuges is discussed together with the possible migratory routes. 相似文献
11.
L. Petersen H. Østergård H. Giese 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1994,89(6):676-681
Genetic variability of cultivated and wild barley, Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare and spontaneum, respectively, was assessed by RFLP analysis. The material consisted of 13 European varietes, single-plant offspring lines of eight land races from Ethiopia and Nepal, and five accessions of ssp. spontaneum from Israel, Iran and Turkey. Seventeen out of twenty-one studied cDNA and gDNA probes distributed across all seven barley chromosomes revealed polymorphism when DNA was digested with one of four restriction enzymes. A tree based on genetic distances using frequencies of RFLP banding patterns was estimated and the barley lines clustered into five groups reflecting geographical origin. The geographical groups of land-race lines showed less intragroup variation than the geographical groups of spontaneum lines. The group of European varieties, representing large variation in agronomic traits, showed an intermediate level. The proportion of gene diversity residing among geographical groups (FST) varied from 0.19 to 0.94 (average 0.54) per RFLP pattern, indicating large diversification between geographical groups. 相似文献
12.
In order to elucidate the factors affecting the genetic diversity of Quercus serrata in secondary forests in mountainous regions, we evaluated the level and distribution of genetic variation within and between 15 populations using seven microsatellite markers. The populations were at altitudes ranging from 140 to 1200 m in and around the Chichibu Mountains, central Japan.The expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.766 to 0.837. The two populations that exhibited the highest and the second highest values of HE are located beside a river and a lake, respectively. The two populations exhibiting the lowest and the second lowest values of HE are, in contrast, located on a summit and a ridge. The observed heterozygosity (HO) varied between 0.638 and 0.844, and the value of this variable was also higher for the populations beside water than those on summits or ridges. The soils at the waterside are wet, in contrast to those on ridges and summits, which tend to be shallow and subject to rapid desiccation. These results suggest that a lack of soil moisture is likely to inhibit the development and regeneration of Q. serrata, and that genetic diversity is reduced in arid areas. The genetic differentiation was low (FST=0.013) among the investigated populations, although all five populations in Yamanashi prefecture clustered together in an UPGMA tree. According to a multiple regression analysis, there was no significant isolation by distance among the populations along either the horizontal or vertical axes. Therefore, genetic variation within populations is affected by topography, but variation between populations is hardly affected by geographical factors. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest two conclusions. First, that altitude is not always a useful variable when estimating the genetic diversity of plant populations in mountainous regions. Second, that genetic diversity can vary even among the undifferentiated plant populations in small areas like the Chichibu Mountains. 相似文献
13.
Mounawer Badri Adel Zitoun Houcine Ilahi Thierry Huguet Mohamed Elarbi Aouani 《Journal of genetics》2008,87(3):241-255
Genetic variability in 10 natural Tunisian populations of Medicago laciniata were analysed using 19 quantitative traits and 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci. A large degree of genetic variability
within-populations and among-populations was detected for both quantitative characters and molecular markers. High genetic
differentiation among populations for quantitative traits was seen, with Q
ST
= 0.47, and F
ST
= 0.47 for microsatellite markers. Several quantitative traits displayed no statistical difference in the levels of Q
ST
and F
ST
. Further, significant correlations between quantitative traits and eco-geographical factors suggest that divergence in the
traits among populations may track environmental differences. There was no significant correlation between genetic variability
at quantitative traits and microsatellite markers within populations. The site-of-origin of eco-geographical factors explain
between 18.13% and 23.40% of genetic variance among populations at quantitative traits and microsatellite markers, respectively.
The environmental factors that most influence variation in measured traits among populations are assimilated phosphorus (P205) and mean annual rainfall, followed by climate and soil texture, altitude and organic matter. Significant associations between
eco-geographical factors and gene diversity, H
e
, were established in five-microsatellite loci suggesting that these simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are not necessarily biologically
neutral. 相似文献
14.
Dysosma pleiantha, an important threatened medicinal plant species, is restricted in distribution to southeastern China. The species is capable
of reproducing both sexually and asexually. In this study, inter-simple sequence repeat marker data were obtained and analyzed
with respect to genetic variation and genetic structure. The extent of clonality, together with the clonal and sexual reproductive
strategies, varied among sites, and the populations under harsh ecological conditions tended to have large clones with relatively
low clonal diversity caused by vegetative reproduction. The ramets sharing the same genotype show a clumped distribution.
Across all populations surveyed, average within-population diversity was remarkably low (e.g., 0.111 for Nei’s gene diversity),
with populations from the nature reserves maintaining relatively high amounts of genetic diversity. Among all populations,
high genetic differentiation (AMOVA: ΦST = 0.500; Nei’s genetic diversity: G
ST = 0.465, Bayesian analysis: ΦB = 0.436) was detected, together with an isolation-by-distance pattern. Low seedling recruitment due to inbreeding, restricted
gene flow, and genetic drift are proposed as determinant factors responsible for the low genetic diversity and high genetic
differentiation observed. 相似文献
15.
Microsatellite DNA Polymorphism in Intensely Enhanced Populations of Sea Trout (Salmo trutta) in the Southern Baltic 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sea trout (Salmo trutta) is an anadromous form of brown trout, a commercially important salmonid species in Europe. Stocking has been used to compensate for the decrease of natural populations and maintenance of fishery and angling catches. Over 1.5 million smolts and 4.5 million alevins are released to Polish coastal rivers each year. Variation at 7 microsatellite loci (Ssa197, Ssa171, Ssa85, Str15, Str73, Str591, and Str543) was used to study genetic polymorphism of spawners returning to 6 rivers. Application of distance method for comparison of pairs of populations based on number of different alleles (F
ST) revealed significant differences between Vistula and Wieprza, and Parseta as well as between Drweca and Wieprza, and Slupia. The level of heterozygosity was similar between most of the studied sea trout populations; considerable differences were found only for Str591. Differences in frequencies of a few alleles between populations were observed. An exact test of sample differentiation based on allele frequencies confirmed lack of significance of differentiation between the 6 pairs of populations (F
ST and R
ST). No admixture was observed in the studied populations. Possible effects of stocking on the genetic polymorphism of the sea trout populations in wild with implications for biotechnology are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Multilocus genetic analyses and spatial modeling reveal complex population structure and history in a widespread resident North American passerine (Perisoreus canadensis)
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An increasing body of studies of widely distributed, high latitude species shows a variety of refugial locations and population genetic patterns. We examined the effects of glaciations and dispersal barriers on the population genetic patterns of a widely distributed, high latitude, resident corvid, the gray jay (Perisoreus canadensis), using the highly variable mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and microsatellite markers combined with species distribution modeling. We sequenced 914 bp of mtDNA control region for 375 individuals from 37 populations and screened seven loci for 402 individuals from 27 populations across the gray jay range. We used species distribution modeling and a range of phylogeographic analyses (haplotype diversity, ΦST, SAMOVA, FST, Bayesian clustering analyses) to examine evolutionary history and population genetic structure. MtDNA and microsatellite markers revealed significant genetic differentiation among populations with high concordance between markers. Paleodistribution models supported at least five potential areas of suitable gray jay habitat during the last glacial maximum and revealed distributions similar to the gray jay's contemporary during the last interglacial. Colonization from and prolonged isolation in multiple refugia is evident. Historical climatic fluctuations, the presence of multiple dispersal barriers, and highly restricted gene flow appear to be responsible for strong genetic diversification and differentiation in gray jays. 相似文献
17.
Nieves Bouza Juli Caujap‐Castells Miguel ngel Gonzlez‐Prez Pedro A. Sosa 《Journal of phycology》2006,42(2):304-311
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker variation was analyzed in female gametophytes in natural populations of Gelidium canariense (Grunow) Seoane‐Camba ex Haroun, Gil‐Rodríguez, Diaz de Castro et Prud'Homme van Reine from the Canary Islands to estimate the degree and distribution of genetic variability and differentiation. A total of 190 haploid individuals were analyzed with 60 polymorphic RAPDs bands which produced 190 distinct multilocus genotypes. A high level of polymorphism was detected in all populations analyzed. Within‐population gene diversity ranged from 0.156 to 0.264. The populations on the island of Gran Canaria showed higher genetic variation than the other populations analyzed. The partitioning of molecular variance by analysis of molecular variance showed that most genetic variation resides within populations (68.85%). These results suggest that sexual reproduction is the predominant mode of reproduction for G. canariense gametophytic populations, and the main determinant in reaching high levels of genetic diversity. The Neighbor‐Joining tree and FCA analysis displayed two subclusters that correspond to the populations from the western islands (Tenerife, La Palma, Gomera) and the eastern island (Gran Canaria). In addition, we have detected a significant relationship between FST/(1?FST) and geographical distance consistent with data on water circulation and age of islands. The results obtained agree with an isolation by distance model, with gene flow from eastern to the western islands, and a high level of genetic differentiation between populations (FST=0.311, P<0.001). 相似文献
18.
BJÖRN ROGELL MARTIN EKLUND HANNA THÖRNGREN ANSSI LAURILA JACOB HÖGLUND 《Molecular ecology》2010,19(11):2229-2240
Although loss of genetic variation is frequently assumed to be associated with loss of adaptive potential, only few studies have examined adaptation in populations with little genetic variation. On the Swedish west coast, the northern fringe populations of the natterjack toad Bufo calamita inhabit an atypical habitat consisting of offshore rock islands. There are strong among‐population differences in the amount of neutral genetic variation, making this system suitable for studies on mechanisms of trait divergence along a gradient of within‐population genetic variation. In this study, we examined the mechanisms of population divergence using QST–FST comparisons and correlations between quantitative and neutral genetic variation. Our results suggest drift or weak stabilizing selection across the six populations included in this study, as indicated by low QST–FST values, lack of significant population × temperature interactions and lack of significant differences among the islands in breeding pond size. The six populations included in this study differed in both neutral and quantitative genetic variation. Also, the correlations between neutral and quantitative genetic variation tended to be positive, however, the relatively small number of populations prevents any strong conclusions based on these correlations. Contrary to the majority of QST–FST comparisons, our results suggest drift or weak stabilizing selection across the examined populations. Furthermore, the low heritability of fitness‐related traits may limit evolutionary responses in some of the populations. 相似文献
19.
Twelve natural populations ofZ. indianus from India, collected along lines of latitude, were analyzed electrophoretically and the geographical pattern of variation was compared at 15 allozyme loci. Except forMdh-2, all the loci revealed extensive polymorphism. The allele frequency variation revealed a statistically significant correlation as well as regression coefficients with the latitude. The populations revealed extensive clinal variation at all the polymorphic loci, which depicted moderate to higherF
ST values. Thus, the observed genetic divergence in colonizing populations ofZ. indianus shows the role of natural selection that varies spatially along the north-south axis of the Indian subcontinent.Financial assistance from UGC, New Delhi, is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
20.
Theresa R. Pope 《International journal of primatology》1998,19(1):95-109
The muriqui or woolly spider monkey (Brachyteles arachnoids) is an endangered primate endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, <5% of which remains. The known muriqui population consists of <700 individuals separated into approximately 15 geographically isolated forest fragments. I present data on the distribution of genetic variation within and between two such remnant populations (FE and FBR) and summarize the implications of these results for long-range management of species genetic diversity. Eleven of 32 allozyme loci were polymorphic, representing an overall level of polymorphism of 34.4% and a mean heterozygosity per locus of 11%. Both values are among the highest reported for New World monkeys. Genetic differentiation between the two localities is highly significant (FST = 0.413, p < 0.001). Genetic distance between them is an order of magnitude greater than that between other populations of platyrrhine subspecies, but this could be an artifact of the small sample size from FBR. High levels of genetic diversity apparently characteristic of this species persist because (1) fragmentation and size reduction of muriqui populations has occurred very rapidly relative to the muriqui life span—although both polymorphism and heterozygosity were lost between generations in the largest population, the high genetic diversity present in the parent population was still in evidence; and (2) genetic diversity before population fragmentation by human activity was not distributed uniformly throughout the species' historic distribution. Thus, remnant muriqui populations are important genetic reservoirs of alleles that are unique or rare in the species gene pool as a whole. These results emphasize the need for the integration of conservation management efforts throughout the species range. 相似文献