棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schreckii(Strauch)生态初步观察(图版Ⅶ)

棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schreckii是东北最大形的蛇类,本文结合野外考察工作和室内饲养观察,着重介绍了其栖息地、繁殖习性、摄食行为等生态问题.     

棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schrenckii（Strauch）生态初步观察（图版Ⅶ）

棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schrenckii是东北最大形的蛇类,本文结合野外考察工作和室内饲养观察,着重介绍了其栖息地、繁殖习性、摄食行为等生态问题。     

棕黑锦蛇卵的孵化观察

从１９７５－１９９０年,观察了棕黑锦蛇卵在室内的孵化。共获东北三省（黑龙江、吉林、辽宁）棕黑锦蛇５１条,其中雌蛇２６条。收集卵８３枚,在室温下孵化,孵化期为４５－６２天。仔蛇第一次蜕皮后即可饮水捕食。投饲乳鼠（每只重２．５－３．５克）咬住猎物不松口,并缠绕挤压,然后寻其头部吞食,如食物丰富,仔蛇易成活。     

棕黑锦蛇消化系统和呼吸系统的解剖

目的解剖观察东北体型最大的棕黑锦蛇。了解其消化系统和呼吸系统的基本形态结构及特点。方法采自辽宁东部丹东市和桓仁县棕黑锦蛇共6条,其中雌性3条,雄性3条。采用福尔马林固定后．沿腹面正中线部位将皮肤从泄殖孔剪至颏部。对消化和呼吸系统进行观察和测量。结果消化系统和呼吸系统的基本形态结构与其它蛇类相似。但也有其特点：上颌的两侧左右各有两排细小的牙齿,胰管在十二指肠壁外与胆总管汇合共同开口于十二指肠。呼吸系统主要由气管和肺构成。气管位于食管腹面,末端连接正常的右肺,末端一侧则连接着退化的左肺。右肺长囊状,明显分为呼吸部和气囊部。左肺很小,呈卵圆形囊状。结论由于生活习性和生存环境的不同,各蛇种在漫长的进化过程中也表现形态结构方面的不同。     

棕黑锦蛇的研究概况及保护问题

本文对棕黑锦蛇（Elaphe schrenckii）进行分类学等研究,棕黑锦蛇被认为包含两个亚种：指名亚种（Elaphe s.schrenckii）和赤峰亚种（Elaphe s.anomala）,但也有学者将后者提升为种,即赤峰锦蛇（Elaphe anomala）.有关该种分类问题,仍需要进一步综合考虑形态学和分子系统学分类研究.作为我国东北和华北地区体形最大的蛇种,棕黑锦蛇具有重要的生态和经济价值,但目前对其生物学特性和生态学研究极为有限,人工驯养繁育技术不成熟,过度利用导致野外种群遭到严重破坏.建议加强棕黑锦蛇生态学和人工繁育技术的研究,为有效保护和可持续利用提供科学依据.     

山东省昆嵛山的棕黑锦蛇非模亚种

20 0 2年 6月 ,在山东省胶东半岛最大的山脉—昆嵛山的野外实习中 ,采集到一锦蛇类标本。经鉴定为锦蛇属棕黑锦蛇非模亚种Ｅｌａｐｈｅｓｃｈｒｅｎｃｋｉｉａｎｏｍａｌａ(Ｂｏｕｌｅｎｇｅｒ,1 91 6) ,现报道如下。体型粗大长圆 ,头长圆而略扁平 ,颈不明显 ,尾较短。头端圆形 ,吻鳞呈梯形 ,长为宽的 2倍 ,从背面可见 ;鼻孔位于两鳞之间 ,恰在鼻间鳞宽的 1 /2处 ,鼻后缘略微下陷 ;鼻间鳞一对 ,近矩形 ,长略大于宽 ;前额鳞约为鼻间鳞的两倍 ;额鳞前宽后窄 ,呈等腰三角形 ;眶上鳞似斜置的矩形 ,在眼眶处缺少了一角 ,宽为长的2 /3 ;顶鳞大 ,其…     

赤峰锦蛇的生态观察

赤峰锦蛇的生态观察周玉峰（沈阳师范学院生物系,１１００３４）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＯｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｌａｐｈｅａｎｏｍａｌａ．￥ＺｈｏｕＹｕｆｅｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇＴｅａｃｈｅｒ＇ｓＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ１１...     

养殖条件下3种锦蛇血细胞比较研究

为了掌握蛇在养殖状态下的血液学参数,对人工孵化繁育的棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schrenckii、赤峰锦蛇E. anomala和王锦蛇E. carinata进行了比较研究。观测的参数包括血细胞形态和大小、红细胞计数、白细胞计数和白细胞分类计数,以及血栓细胞计数。结果表明:3种蛇血细胞的形态、大小和数量各有不同,种间差异有统计学意义;其中王锦蛇的红细胞表面积和体积最大,数量最多;白细胞中淋巴细胞所占比例均为最高;除王锦蛇为嗜酸性粒细胞数量仅次于淋巴细胞外,其余2种蛇嗜中性粒细胞的数量在白细胞总数中所占比例仅次于淋巴细胞。特别的是王锦蛇的嗜酸性颗粒细胞和血栓细胞均高于其他2种锦蛇的2倍以上,而嗜中性颗粒细胞却只有其他2种锦蛇的一半。     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for eastern foxsnakes (Elaphe gloydi)

New statistical techniques and software have improved our ability to quantify fine-scale population structure. We isolated 11 microsatellite markers for eastern foxsnakes (Elaphe gloydi) and surveyed the variability of each using 115-136 individuals from one population in southwestern Ontario. We determined that all loci were variable and conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations and that no locus demonstrated linkage disequilibrium. We are using these markers to quantify the scale of gene flow, and to assess the effect of variable landscapes on connectivity and genetic diversity of three disjunct regional populations in the northern portion of the species' range.     

王锦蛇的高效饲养技术研究

目的为了更好地保护和利用王锦蛇的自然资源。方法利用“仿生态自然养蛇单元”建造蛇房来饲养王锦蛇。在饲养过程中,观察王锦蛇的生物学特性,探讨王锦蛇的饲养管理技术和疾病防治技术。结果解决了王锦蛇“仿生态自然养蛇单元”的建造技术、解决了饲料来源、降低了饲养成本。     

Large-scale habitat association modeling of the endangered Korean ratsnake (Elaphe schrenckii)

We used radio-telemetric monitoring and statistical models to investigate habitat associations of the endangered Korean ratsnake (Elaphe schrenckii) in a mountain region of Woraksan National Park based on the data collected from July 2007 to April 2009. We evaluated a priori models at landscape scales that incorporated natural and artificial variables to explain ratsnake presence and absence using geographic information system (GIS) databases. We generated models using logistic regression combined with Akaike's information criterion (AIC) to determine which variables are most important. The best-ranked model predicted that the ratsnakes are likely to use areas with high annual solar radiation and that they are closer to streams, coniferous and mixed forests, farmland, houses, and barren ground. We next evaluated the model by applying it to an internal and an external dataset, where the model showed high power of prediction and discrimination on the internal dataset with estimated mean probability of 94% while showing suitability as a predictive model on the external dataset with 64% probability. The present study suggests that a created habitat model can provide valuable contributions to conservation and management efforts directed towards ratsnake populations.     

黑眉锦蛇人工越冬试验研究

作者于1994年12月至1995年4月对黑眉锦蛇进行人工越冬试验,试验结果发现黑眉锦蛇冬眠温度为5℃-8℃,高于8℃以上时出现活动;阳光直射可调节蛇洞温度;保持供应饮水在越冬重要;越冬期自然损失率为18.09％,体长并有缩短的现象,体长缩短率为4.55％;冬季仍然出现培皮现象。     

珠子参地上部分氨基酸测定及营养评价

对珠子参茎、叶、花的氨基酸组成与含量进行测定和营养评价分析。结果表明,珠子参茎、叶、花中均含有17种常见氨基酸,氨基酸总量分别为3.73%,14.80%和8.72%;珠子参的茎中必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值(E/T)为0.39,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(E/N)为0.64,叶中E/T为0.41,E/N为0.71,花中E/T为0.39,E/N为0.63,氨基酸配比较为合理;珠子参茎、叶、花中蛋氨酸+胱氨酸均为第一限制氨基酸;珠子参茎、叶、花中均含有γ-氨基丁酸,含量分别为0.12%,0.26%和0.16%,叶片中γ-氨基丁酸的含量最高。     

宁夏蛇类一新纪录——王锦蛇

2005年7月26 13和2006年11月6日,在宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区大水渠沟护林点附近和滚苏公路苏峪口至贺兰口公路旁采集到蛇类标本2条,经鉴定为王锦蛇Elaphe carinata,是宁夏回族自治区爬行动物新纪录种(于有志等,1990;王香亭,1990;刘晓红等,2004;代金霞等,2007).前者为王锦蛇活体和该蛇的蛇蜕标本,拍照和记录后活休放生;后者王锦蛇标本存放在宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区管理局标本室,标本号:HLS-R104(图版,封3).     

Peculiarities of phosphoglycerate kinase-1 pseudogene evolution in Schrenck salamander (Salamandrella schrenckii Strauch 1870)

Processed copies of genes generally evolve in neutral mode as pseudogenes, however, some of them might be important sources of new functional genes. The ψPGK1 pseudogene has been discovered in Schrenck salamander (Salamandrella schrenckii, Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) via polymerase chain reaction used to amplify the phosphoglycerate kinase 1 gene (PGK1). This pseudogene is an intronless copy of PGK1 gene absent of exon 6. Analysis of ψPGK1 pseudogene polymorphism has demonstrated that it lacks mutations, which results in shifts in the stop codons and reading frames, as well as that the interspecies variation of this pseudogene was inconsistent with the neutral model of evolution. In addition, the pattern of phylogeographic differentiation of the ψPGK1 variants mainly coincides with that observed in mitochondrial DNA. These observations allow it to be suggested that the ψPGK1 pseudogene is a new functional gene in the Schrenck salamander.