林木花药培养研究进展及展望

多数林木在遗传上高度杂合,给育种和遗传研究带来很多不便。与农作物相比,林木花药培养的意义更为重大。对国内外林木花药培养的现状及影响花药培养的主要因素进行了概述,讨论了其在21世纪分子生物技术时代的应用前景,旨在促进林木花药培养技术的完善并开拓其应用领域。     

茄子花药培养及单倍体育种

取花粉发育为单核中期的茄子(Solanum melongena Uar.Serpentinum Bailey)花药进行离体培养。以Co~(?)对茄子进行花药予处理,提高愈伤组织诱导频率。对花药采用30℃恒温培养一用,然后降至17～28℃,加速花粉起动。通过愈伤组织及胚状体的途径获得花粉植株。观察了其后代分离及稳定,并通过田间鉴定及筛选,培育出抗病、高产、质佳的茄子新品系86-1。已开始应用于生产。     

桔梗花药培养初报

本试验把花粉发育至单核靠边期的桔梗花药接在6种不同组合的培养基上诱导愈伤组织,并把诱导的愈伤组织转接到分化培养基,试图得出单倍体植株。结果表明：诱导率最高的培养基组合是N6 + 2,4-D 0.2mg·L^-1 + 6-BA1.0 mg·L-1,诱导率为89.6%;在N₆+6-BA1.0 mg·L^-1 + NAA0.5 mg·L^-1的分化培养基上最高分化率可达58.4%;经根尖压片检查染色体数目结果,分化的绿苗中弱小的植株是单倍体植株。     

灯盏花花药培养初报

对灯盏花花药培养诱导单倍体植株进行了研究。结果显示：灯盏花花药愈伤组织培养以附加60 g·L^-1蔗糖较好,B5和MS培养基相比较,MS培养基较适宜,在MS+NAA 1.0 mg·L^-1+BA 0.5 mg·L^-1+蔗糖60 g·L^-1的培养基中,花药愈伤组织诱导率可达36.03%。将愈伤组织转移到MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L^-1中继代增殖后,经芽苗分化、生根后可得到完整植株。再生植株根尖细胞经细胞学鉴定存在单倍体。     

玉米花药培养和单倍体育种的研究新进展

利用花药培养获得单倍体,从而加速育种进程,是一顶新兴的生物技术,目前在玉米育种中广泛应用,本文综合近几年来国内外玉米的花药培养、单位体育种以及基因工程等方面的研究进展,重点对影响玉米花药培养效率的诸多因素进行了详细论述,并讨论了利用单7保体植株进行基因转导的潜力。     

番茄花药培养研究进展及展望

在番茄育种中,利用花药培养产生单倍体植株,可以比常规育种方案较短时期固定和分析杂种优势的新遗传组合,建立纯合番茄品系,本文综述了国内外番茄花药培养研究概况及进展,并提供了展望。     

盾叶薯蓣花药培养及单倍体植株的获得

以处于单核期的盾叶薯蓣花药为材料,经愈伤组织途径成功获得单倍体盾叶薯蓣新材料。对盾叶薯蓣花药培养、植株再生过程的研究表明:来自不同居群的外植体对花药愈伤组织诱导有显著影响;W14是适合花药愈伤组织诱导的基本培养基;花药愈伤组织增殖和分化的适宜培养基为:MS基本培养基 BA2.0mg/L IAA0.2mg/L;生根培养基为添加了IBA2.0mg/L、NAA0.4mg/L和0.5g/L活性碳的MS培养基。以流式细胞仪和根尖染色体压片法检查花培植株的结果表明,有8%～12%的个体为单倍体。实验结果为进一步开展单倍体育种及相关理论研究提供了材料和技术基础。     

植物花药培养及其影响因素研究进展(综述)

本文概述国内外植物花药培养现状及影响花药培养的主要因素（植物基因型、植物生理状态、花药发育时期、培养基成分、预处理等）。     

菘蓝花药培养及单倍体的诱导

探讨菘蓝花药处于单核晚期的形态指标,并以适宜发育时期的花药为外植体,进行花药培养及单倍体诱导。实验结果表明,4℃低温处理2d后,在含有6-BA0．5mg·L-1和NAA1．0mg·L-1。的Ms培养基上,花药愈伤组织的诱导率为23．35％;将其转接到Ms附加6．BA1．0mg·L-1,NAA0．5mg·L-1的分化培养基上,80．00％以上的愈伤组织可以诱导产生不定芽;再将分化出的试管苗转接到1／2MS＋NAA1．0mg·L-1的生根培养基上,3d左右即可获得完整植株。经叶边缘压片检查染色体数目,花药培养所得的弱小绿苗为单倍体植株。     

Anther Culture of Naked Oat and the Establishment of Its Haploid Suspension Cell

This paper reported the production of haploid plants through anther culture in naked oat (Arena nuda). Calluses were induced from anthers of naked oat placed on various culture media. MS medium with 4% sucrose, 1% activated charcoal and no hormones gave the highest initiation frequencies (14.7%) of anther callus among media tested. Twelve green plants and one albino plant have been regenerated from anther calluses. Cytological examination of mitotic rooot tip ceils from three green anther plants showed that two of the plants were haploid (2n=3x=21) and one was diploid (2n=6x=42). The cell suspension cultures were established from pollen friable calluses in liquid medium. The suspension cells were cytologically stable during one year subcultures. Most of the ceils examined were haploid.     

不同基因型小麦花药培养过程中药壁变化的研究

在相同的培养条件下 ,比较了不同基因型小麦花药培养过程中药壁变化的差异。组织切片观察表明 :易诱导材料花药培养过程中 ,药壁细胞发育充实 ,活力强 ,降解衰退较难诱导材料有所延缓 ;两种材料的花药刚离体时绒毡层就存在着明显的差异     

Anther culture of Hordeum vulgare L.: a genetic study of microspore callus production and differentiation

Summary The inheritance of the ability of barley anthers to produce microspore-derived callus in vitro was investigated. The genotypes selected were the two spring cultivars Dissa (D) and Sabarlis (S), the two F₁ hybrids (DxS, SxD), the two backcross generations [Dx(DxS), Sx(DxS)], and an F₂ generation derived from DxS. From a number of individuals of each generation, the first five spikes were harvested sequentially and after pre-treatment the anthers were removed and placed in culture. Cultures were scored for microspore callus production and plantlet differentiation. Although Dissa gave a significantly higher level of callus production than Sabarlis, the overall frequencies of green and albino plant production were higher from Sabarlis. There was no significant difference between reciprocal F₁ hybrids. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in response between the spikes sampled from the plants. This was the major source of variation in the experiment. Spike to spike variation also appeared to be a heritable character.     

Anther Factor(s) in Barley Anther Culture

The effects of anther tissues were studied systematically on microspores forming multicellular units and furthermore on pollen callus formation in the anther culture of Hordeum vulgare (cv. Sabarlis). Anther productivity was found to be greatly enhanced by use of medium previously conditioned by anthers. In 15 experiments observed, anthers produced 26 times on average more calli in the conditioned medium than in control, in a few cases, even more than 80 times more calli formed. According to this, the authors supposed that cultured anthers released some components, anther factor (s) (AF), which is important to androgenesis in the culture. To achieve high yields of callus, culture was restricted to anthers which had been subpected to cold pretreatment. The temperature stress could not be replaced by the AF. However, for conditioning medium, anthers at binuclear stage were found to be more effective than the test anthers either with or without the pretreatment. Anthers from other 8 barley varieties were also effective for conditioning, as the difference of anther productivity still existed in the culture with conditioned medium between various genotypes tested. Anther response and callus yield were increased in both the culture of anthers at mid and late-uninuclear stage by use of conditioned medium. AF interacted synergistically with m-inositol. Cytological observation showed that AF increased apparently the formation of MPGs, while m-inositol mainly stimulated callus formation from MPGs. To some extent, the effect of exogenous hormone(s) could be replaced by AF. The anther response and pollen callus yield could be much enhanced by increasing anther inoculation density, which also raised the AF level in the culture. Thus, by use of the temperature stress prior to anther culture and culture of test anthers in conditioned medium with m-inositol, or at higher inoculation density, a very high production of pollen callus could be obtained in barley anther culture. For meeting the more specialized requirements of less responsive species or genopypes, the principles given here may be provide some basic information.     

低温预处理对水稻花药培养中花药壁褐变的结构影响

药壁褐变是影响花药离体培养效率的因素。研究了粳稻品种台中6(5OryzasatvaL.)花药培养前低温预处理对药壁褐变的影响,观察了花药褐变前后药壁各层的变化及褐变对小孢子发育的作用。结果表明:药壁褐变主要发生在表皮与药室内壁。10℃低温预处理在花药培养前期可有效延缓表皮与药室内壁膜结构的降解速度,减缓褐变发生;花药经低温处理后,药壁中层细胞膨大,绒毡层降解速度减缓,有利于花粉脱分化。药壁褐变会影响药腔内小孢子的活力和继续发育,但不是制约花粉愈伤组织形成的关键因素。     

石刁柏花粉植株诱导及其起源鉴定的研究

采用高渗蔗糖溶液预处理石刁柏花药可以显著抑制花药体细胞分裂和提高花粉愈伤组织诱导率。愈伤组织在转入含低浓度激素的培养基中分化得到了花粉植株。其中单倍体、二倍体、四倍体和非整洁体分别占４．３％、６４．５％、１７．２％和１４．０％。单倍体的频率随愈伤组织培养时间延长而下降,石刁柏幼茎中莽草酸脱氢酶同工酶的多态性表现稳定,用其作为遗传标记结合细胞学方法可以鉴定花粉植株的起源。