黄土丘陵区不同类型生物结皮下的土壤生态化学计量特征

生物结皮在土壤养分累积和循环中起着重要作用.本研究以黄土丘陵区浅色藻结皮、深色藻结皮、藻藓混合结皮、藓结皮、地衣结皮和普通念珠藻结皮6类典型生物结皮为对象,分析不同类型生物结皮土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量学特征,研究不同类型生物结皮对土壤养分的影响.结果表明:不同类型生物结皮土壤C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P差异显著;生物结皮层C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P均显著高于0~10 cm土层土壤.6类生物结皮土壤C、N含量均随土层加深而下降,P含量受土层深度影响较小.对于生物结皮层,藓结皮C、N、P含量分别为27.07、2.42、0.67 g·kg^-1,显著高于其他类型生物结皮.念珠藻结皮的0~2 cm土层土壤C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P显著高于其他类型生物结皮.     

陕北黄土区生物结皮条件下土壤养分的积累及流失风险

分析了陕北黄土高原典型流域生物结皮的形成和发育对土壤养分的积累效应,同时对生物结皮条件下土壤养分的流失风险进行评价.结果表明：生物结皮生长发育后能够迅速增加结皮层及2 cm土层的养分含量,但对深层土壤影响较小;退耕0～20年间结皮层的养分含量与退耕年限之间的关系可用指数函数（y=a［b-exp(-cx)］）拟合,其中有机质、全氮和碱解氮在退耕20年间的增加速度变化不大,而全磷、速效磷和速效钾在退耕初期增加迅速,后期增加缓慢;自然发育生物结皮对土壤养分的年均净贡献量为：有机质50.15 g·m^-2、全氮1.95 g·m^-2、全磷0.44 g·m^-2、碱解氮164.33 mg·m^-2、速效磷9.64 mg·m^-2和速效钾126.21 mg·m^-2,人工培育条件下生物结皮发育更快,对养分尤其是速效养分的贡献速率更高;生物结皮条件下养分含量的提高增加了养分流失风险,尤其是养分随泥沙流失大幅度增加,生物结皮增加的养分中平均有39.06%随泥沙流失,仅有60.94%得以保留.总之,生物结皮可迅速、全面增加表层土壤养分,但同时会加大养分流失风险.尽管如此,土壤养分的净增加量仍相当可观,显示生物结皮具有较好的土壤养分积累效应.     

毛乌素沙地区域尺度生物结皮有机碳

生物结皮在旱区荒漠养分循环和碳氮固存等生态系统功能方面发挥着重要作用,尤其能通过光合作用固定CO₂,从而提高土壤有机碳含量。目前有关区域尺度生物结皮土壤有机碳认知的缺乏在一定程度上制约了土壤碳库的精准预测。本研究选取毛乌素沙地全域(4.22万km²)内45个样地,测算了藓结皮和藻结皮两类典型生物结皮及其下土壤的有机碳含量(SOC)和密度(SOCD),并结合气候、土壤和植被等指标,深入探讨了区域尺度下生物结皮有机碳的空间分布特征及其主控因素。结果表明: 1)与裸沙相比,生物结皮显著提升了土壤有机碳含量和密度,且藓结皮及其下土壤有机碳含量(4.93 g·kg^-1)和密度(0.41 kg·m^-2)均高于藻结皮(1.89 g·kg^-1、0.18 kg·m^-2)。2)区域尺度上,生物结皮的有机碳含量和密度具有明显的空间分布特征,呈现出由东北-中部、西部-东南方向递减的带状分布与块状镶嵌分布。3)生物结皮及其下土壤有机碳含量和密度主要受气候、土壤和植被的综合影响,并因生物结皮类型而异,藓结皮主要受年均最高温和蒸散力的影响,而藻结皮主要受水蒸气分压的影响。     

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响

以黄土高原陕北水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟小流域为例,研究了该区以苔藓为主要成分的沙土和黄土两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响。结果显示:(1)两种生物结皮均能显著增加土壤饱和含水量和田间持水量,降低容重和饱和导水率,其中沙土生物结皮还可明显粘化0～25cm土壤质地;(2)两种生物结皮均能不同程度的增加土壤全量养分、速效养分以及有机质含量,降低pH值,但其影响多数集中在表层或结皮层;(3)土壤化学性质中,全氮、速效磷和有机质受生物结皮影响程度较大,而全氮、速效钾和有机质受生物结皮影响土层较深;(4)沙土生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响程度大于黄土生物结皮。两种类型生物结皮对所研究土壤理化性质的影响总体有利于该区生态环境的改善,且沙土生物结皮较黄土生物结皮具有更为重要的生态功能。     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮群落组成与水分入渗的关系

黄土丘陵区坡面尺度生物结皮多是由藻、藓和地衣等以不同比例、不同方式组合的一个复杂群落结构,显著影响水分入渗,但目前混合生物结皮水分入渗与其群落结构之间的关系仍不清楚,妨碍了对坡面尺度生物结皮土壤渗透性的评估。本研究测定了藻结皮、藓结皮及藓结皮盖度分别为<15%、15%～30%、30%～45%、45%～60%、＞60% 5个不同藻藓比例的混合生物结皮的稳定入渗速率,采用主成分分析和通径分析揭示混合生物结皮水分稳定入渗速率的影响因素,明确混合生物结皮水分稳定入渗速率与群落结构之间的关系。结果表明: 藻结皮和藓结皮土壤饱和导水率分别为0.66和2.40 mm·min^-1。藓结皮盖度从<15%到>60%的混合生物结皮的稳定入渗速率为0.80～2.30 mm·min^-1。混合生物结皮水分稳定入渗速率主要与藓结皮盖度和藓结皮改善的土壤孔隙结构密切相关,相关系数分别为0.636(P=0.011)和0.835(P=0.000)。通过藻结皮和藓结皮土壤饱和导水率与盖度加权预测的混合生物结皮水分入渗量(y)与混合生物结皮实测水分入渗量(x)具有极显著相关关系(r=0.945),二者拟合的线性函数为y=0.85x(R²=0.98,P<0.05)。本研究明确了混合生物结皮水分入渗与单一组成生物结皮水分入渗之间的关系,为准确评估该区生物结皮水文过程提供了科学依据。     

温带荒漠灌丛和藓类结皮对土壤养分的贡献

灌丛与生物土壤结皮镶嵌分布是温带荒漠常见的地表景观之一,二者的发育均显著影响了地表土壤养分的空间分布特征及循环过程。然而,灌丛和生物土壤结皮对荒漠土壤表层养分的影响存在怎样的差异,二者对养分变化的贡献度如何尚不清楚。因此,选择中国北方典型温带荒漠古尔班通古特沙漠为研究区,以荒漠中的优势灌丛膜果麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii)灌丛和生物土壤结皮发育高级阶段的藓类结皮的结皮层及结皮下层土壤为研究对象,采集不同微生境(裸露地、灌丛下)的裸沙与藓类结皮的土壤样品。为探究不同微生境下不同土层碳、氮、磷和钾养分变化特征,测定了不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、速效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量。结果表明:(1)相较于裸露地,灌丛显著提高了藓类结皮不同土层有机碳、全氮和全钾的含量和裸沙全磷的含量,降低了灌丛下藓类结皮土壤全磷的含量。(2)对于速效养分而言,与裸沙相比,裸露地藓类结皮覆盖降低了土壤速效氮含量,增加了速效磷和速效钾含量;而灌丛下藓类结皮覆盖提高了土壤速效氮和速效钾的含量,但降低了速效磷的含量。 (3) 相关性分析显示,在0-2 cm土壤中速效磷与速效氮呈现显著负相关,而在2-6 cm速效磷与速效氮呈现显著正相关(P<0.01)。(4)贡献度分析表明,土壤中灌丛效应对养分的贡献(42.54%)要远大于藓类结皮的贡献(2.43%),但二者交互作用却降低了除速效氮以外的其他土壤养分含量。综上,灌丛、藓类结皮覆盖和土层深度变化对土壤碳、氮、磷和钾养分均具有显著影响(P<0.05),但三者间的交互效应对养分的影响不显著(P>0.05)。相对于裸露地,灌丛与藓类结皮的覆盖均对表层土壤碳、氮、磷和钾养分具有促进作用,且随着土层深度的下降,土壤养分含量呈现显著的下降趋势(P<0.05)。因此,在荒漠生态系统中耐旱灌丛与生物土壤结皮这两个最重要的斑块单元联合调控了微尺度土壤养分的空间异质性变化。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮对土壤氮库垂直分布特征的影响

生物土壤结皮在干旱区氮素地球化学循环中具有重要作用,研究不同生物土壤结皮下不同形态氮素含量的变化,解析生物土壤结皮对土壤养分影响过程和范围,有助于进一步理解生物土壤结皮的生态功能。本研究以古尔班通古特沙漠藻-地衣混生结皮和藓类结皮两种生物土壤结皮为研究对象,以裸沙为对照,测定生物土壤结皮层和0—100 cm内8个土层全氮、无机氮、可溶性有机氮、游离态氨基酸氮、微生物生物量氮等氮库含量,和土壤脲酶、硝酸盐还原态酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶等土壤胞外酶活性。结果表明：1)结皮层各形态氮素含量和各土壤酶活性显著高于其下层土壤,结皮层和结皮下各层土壤氮库整体上表现为藓类结皮>藻-地衣混生结皮>裸沙;土壤氮库各形态氮素含量和土壤酶活性在垂直分布上均呈现先显著下降(0—20 cm)后稳定(20—100 cm)的趋势;在20—30 cm土层,除裸沙的无机氮、铵态氮以及藻-地衣混生结皮的硝态氮外,其余速效氮(无机氮、硝态氮、铵态氮)含量具有增加的特点。2)土壤各氮库含量与全磷、有机碳、电导率、土壤脲酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性呈正相关,与pH、土壤含水率呈负相关。3)利用氮循环相关指标建立土壤氮循环多功能...     

生物土壤结皮演替对土壤生态化学计量特征的影响

生物土壤结皮(生物结皮)是干旱半干旱地区重要的地表覆被物,能够固定碳氮,影响养分循环,从而可能引起土壤化学计量特征的变化。以黄土丘陵区不同演替阶段生物结皮为研究对象,研究该区生态恢复初期生物结皮演替对土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量特征的影响。结果表明:(1)生物结皮显著增加了生物结皮层C、N、P含量,后期藓结皮较初期藻结皮C、N、P含量分别增加了161%、127%和9%,均显著高于其下0—10 cm土壤;(2)土壤C/N随着生物结皮演替变化较小,范围为10.0—11.8,C/P和N/P在演替后期分别是初期的2.4倍和2.1倍,均显著高于其下0—10 cm土壤;(3)生物结皮土壤C/N、C/P与N/P受坡向影响较大,并与藓生物量显著正相关,与土壤容重显著负相关;(4)生物结皮显著影响土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量特征,使生物结皮层显著不同于其下层土壤及裸地;(5)生物结皮演替加速表层土壤养分恢复,影响程度可至其下2 cm土层。研究初次从土壤化学计量特征的角度揭示生物结皮对土壤养分循环的贡献,对干旱半干旱地区生态修复和管理具有指导意义。     

毛乌素沙地固碳功能菌群落随生物结皮发育阶段的演变特征

生物结皮是干旱区生态系统光合固碳的重要贡献者,固碳功能菌是生物结皮碳固定过程中的关键功能群,而毛乌素沙地生物结皮有关固碳功能菌群落多样性的研究未见详细报道。通过qPCR和高通量测序,研究了毛乌素沙地固碳功能菌基因丰度、群落多样性在生物结皮发育过程中的演变规律及其关键环境因子。结果表明,form IAB、IC和ID的基因丰度均随生物结皮发育呈升高趋势,在地衣结皮最高,在藓结皮又明显降低;form IAB的Chao1和form IC的Shannon指数随生物结皮演替呈显著上升趋势,而 form IC和ID的Chao1则在藻结皮达到峰值。物种组成上,IAB型固碳功能菌以蓝藻门的颤藻目占优势,其相对丰度在藻结皮最高,随生物结皮演替逐渐降低;IC型固碳功能菌在裸沙中以土壤红杆菌目为主, 而在三种生物结皮中以生丝微菌目、亚硝化单胞菌目和红螺菌目占优势; ID型固碳菌则以硅藻门的舟形藻目占优势,其丰度在裸沙中最高。IAB和IC型固碳功能菌群落结构在藻结皮和地衣结皮类似,而与裸沙和藓结皮差异显著,裸沙与藓结皮亦具显著差异。生物结皮演替过程中生物类群和土壤理化特征的改变为固碳功能菌提供了不同的生态位,土壤总有机碳、全氮、铵态氮、全磷、速效磷和pH对固碳功能菌群落进行综合调控,通过对固碳功能菌的筛选作用,最终改变固碳功能菌群落组成和结构。为深入理解荒漠生态系统生物结皮的光合固碳功能的微生物学机制提供了理论支撑。     

黄土丘陵区不同演替阶段生物结皮对土壤CO2通量的影响

生物结皮是土壤表面具有光合活性的致密复合层,是土 气界面CO₂通量的影响因子之一.本文采用改进的Li-8100土壤碳通量测量系统,研究了黄土丘陵区退耕地上不同演替阶段生物结皮对土壤CO₂通量的影响.结果表明: 光照条件下,生物结皮土壤CO₂通量较除去生物结皮显著下降,其中藻结皮和藓结皮分别下降了92%和305%;生物结皮对土壤CO₂通量的降低程度与其生物组成和生物量有关,深色藻结皮和藓结皮土壤CO₂通量较裸地分别降低了141%和484%.生物结皮土壤CO₂通量的日变化呈降低-升高-降低的趋势,而裸地CO₂通量日变化趋势为单峰曲线,藻结皮、藓结皮的碳吸收峰值分别出现在8:00和9:00前后,其CO₂通量分别为0.13和-1.02 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;藻结皮24 h CO₂通量排放总量较裸地增加7.7%,而藓结皮减少了29.6%.生物结皮对土壤CO₂通量的影响显著,在评价退耕地土壤碳循环时,应考虑生物结皮的影响.     

秦岭石生苔藓结皮的微生物群落组成和多样性特征北大核心CSCD

苔藓结皮是地表重要的活性覆盖物,具有改善土壤性状、固土持水、固碳固氮等多种生态功能,微生物群落是苔藓结皮发挥生态功能的主要成分。为了探究湿润区石生苔藓结皮的微生物群落组成及其多样性特征,揭示其发育形成机制以及功能机理,该研究以秦岭北麓的泥峪、车峪、骆峪5个样地的石生苔藓结皮为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术,分析了石生苔藓结皮层的微生物群落组成、丰度、多样性,并测定分析养分与微生物群落的关系,为裸露岩石创面的生态修复提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)秦岭石生苔藓结皮层的全氮和有机质含量在4.16~8.26 g/kg、89.44~131.05 g/kg之间,且样点间均差异显著;全磷和全钾含量较低,分别为0.88~1.21 g/kg和13.50~18.10 g/kg。(2)秦岭石生苔藓结皮层中细菌占微生物群落组成的80%以上,且细菌的多样性也远高于真菌;其中细菌优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobateria)、拟杆菌门(Bateroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),真菌优势菌群为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和被孢霉菌门(Mortierellomycota)。(3)冗余分析(RDA)显示,全钾和有机质对优势细菌群落结构影响显著,变形菌和拟杆菌适宜生活在湿度大、营养状况良好的基质中;全磷和有机质对优势真菌群落结构影响显著,被孢霉菌门在低磷基质中更具生长优势。研究发现,细菌是秦岭石生苔藓结皮层的优势菌群,与旱区土生状况相比,秦岭石生苔藓结皮层的放线菌和酸杆菌的含量有所下降,而拟杆菌含量显著增加;对于真菌而言,子囊菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度明显减少,被孢菌门丰度显著增加;有机质是影响结皮层微生物群落组成最主要的养分因子,丰富的养分使湿润区石生苔藓结皮层的微生物群落结构更加复杂多样、物种组成更加丰富。     

黄土高原蓝藻和藓类生物结皮对草本植物多样性及生物量的影响

生物结皮在干旱和半干旱气候区占据了广阔的生态位,深刻影响草本植物的空间格局,但其影响程度和作用途径目前仍存有争议。分别以黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土上的蓝藻结皮和藓结皮为对象,以无结皮为对照,通过样方法调查并测定了生物结皮与无结皮样地中草本植物的多样性和生物量,继而结合灰色关联分析和结构方程模型,对比分析了两类生物结皮对草本植物多样性和生物量的影响程度及作用途径。结果表明：（1）风沙土上,无结皮样地的优势科为禾本科和菊科,蓝藻结皮样地的优势科为藜科,藓结皮样地的优势科为禾本科,而黄绵土上无结皮样地的优势科为菊科、禾本科和豆科,蓝藻结皮样地的优势科与无结皮相似,藓结皮样地的优势科为禾本科和菊科;（2）与无结皮相比,风沙土上蓝藻结皮和藓结皮样地中多年生草本的株数分别增加了30%和16%,而黄绵土上两类生物结皮样地中多年生草本株数则分别增加了44%和减少了46%;（3）与无结皮相比,风沙土上蓝藻结皮和藓结皮样地中草本植物的Patrick和Shannon指数分别降低了1.0、0.2和3.4、0.5;而黄绵土上蓝藻结皮和藓结皮样地中两种多样性指数分别降低了4.8、0.2和4.2、0.4;（4）风沙土上蓝藻结皮和藓结皮样地的草本植物生物量比无结皮减少了111.5 g/m²和145.0 g/m²,而在黄绵土上则分别减少了127.8 g/m²和172.2 g/m²;（5）灰色关联分析显示,土壤穿透阻力对草本植物的多样性影响最大（关联系数分别为0.960和0.996）,而NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量对草本植物的生物量影响最大（两种土壤上关联系数分别为0.727和0.752）。综上,黄土高原生物结皮显著降低了草本植物的多样性和生物量,其途径为通过增加土壤穿透阻力以降低草本植物的种子萌发几率并限制幼苗根系伸展,同时通过土壤氮竞争限制了草本植物生长。     

Nutrient ratios and phytoplankton community structure in the large, shallow, eutrophic, subtropical Lakes Okeechobee (Florida, USA) and Taihu (China)

Analysis of ten- and four-year datasets for the large, shallow, subtropical, and eutrophic Lakes Okeechobee (USA) and Taihu (China), respectively, suggest that resource-ratio explanations for cyanobacteria dominance may not apply to these two lakes. Datasets were examined to identify relationships between nutrient ratios [total nitrogen (TN):total phosphorus (TP) and ammonium (NH₄ ⁺):oxidized N (NO _x )] and phytoplankton community structure (as proportions of cyanobacteria and diatoms to total phytoplankton biomass). Datasets were pooled by sampling month, averaged lake-wide, and analyzed with linear regression. In Okeechobee, the cyanobacteria proportion increased and the diatom proportion decreased with increasing TN:TP. In Taihu, cyanobacteria decreased with increasing TN:TP, but the opposite trend observed for diatoms was marginally significant. Okeechobee cyanobacteria increased and diatoms decreased with increasing NH₄ ⁺:NO _x , but no significant relationships between phytoplankton and NH₄ ⁺:NO _x were observed in Taihu. Both lakes had significant relationships between phytoplankton community structure and total nutrients, but these relationships were the opposite of those expected. Relationships between phytoplankton community structure and water quality parameters from the previous month resulted in improved relationships, suggesting a predictive capability. Statistical analysis of the entire datasets (not pooled) supported these and additional relationships with other parameters, including temperature and water clarity.     

Distribution of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in a moss community-soil system developed on a cold desert in Antarctica

The distributions of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in a moss community-soil system developed on a naked region in Rundvågskollane (69⁰50'S, 39⁰09'E), East Antarctica, were investigated in order to analyze the flow of matter in an Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem.

1. The moss community was formed from many moss blocks of different sizes and was composed ofBryum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) Gaertn., Meyer et Scherb.,Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. andGrimmia lawiana J. H. Willis. The surface of the community was covered with cyanobacteria.
2. It was estimated that nitrogen fixed by cyanobacteria flowed from these organisms to the moss and that little nitrogen was transported within the moss body.
3. A large amount of phosphorus existed in the soil. The moss community had a high phosphorus content although the amount itself was relatively little due to the small phytomass.
4. It seems that absorption of phosphorus from soil is difficult for moss, because of the paucity of water necessary for the movement of phosphorus and the suppressed growth of moss due to the arid conditions.

     

Dryland biological soil crust cyanobacteria show unexpected decreases in abundance under long‐term elevated CO2

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) cover soil surfaces in many drylands globally. The impacts of 10 years of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on the cyanobacteria in biocrusts of an arid shrubland were examined at a large manipulated experiment in Nevada, USA. Cyanobacteria‐specific quantitative PCR surveys of cyanobacteria small‐subunit (SSU) rRNA genes suggested a reduction in biocrust cyanobacterial biomass in the elevated CO₂ treatment relative to the ambient controls. Additionally, SSU rRNA gene libraries and shotgun metagenomes showed reduced representation of cyanobacteria in the total microbial community. Taxonomic composition of the cyanobacteria was similar under ambient and elevated CO₂ conditions, indicating the decline was manifest across multiple cyanobacterial lineages. Recruitment of cyanobacteria sequences from replicate shotgun metagenomes to cyanobacterial genomes representing major biocrust orders also suggested decreased abundance of cyanobacteria sequences across the majority of genomes tested. Functional assignment of cyanobacteria‐related shotgun metagenome sequences indicated that four subsystem categories, three related to oxidative stress, were differentially abundant in relation to the elevated CO₂ treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that elevated CO₂ affected a generalized decrease in cyanobacteria in the biocrusts and may have favoured cyanobacteria with altered gene inventories for coping with oxidative stress.     

Production of greenhouse‐grown biocrust mosses and associated cyanobacteria to rehabilitate dryland soil function

Mosses are an often‐overlooked component of dryland ecosystems, yet they are common members of biological soil crust communities (biocrusts) and provide key ecosystem services, including soil stabilization, water retention, carbon fixation, and housing of N₂ fixing cyanobacteria. Mosses are able to survive long dry periods, respond rapidly to precipitation, and reproduce vegetatively. With these qualities, dryland mosses have the potential to be an excellent dryland restoration material. Unfortunately, dryland mosses are often slow growing in nature, and ex situ cultivation methods are needed to enhance their utility. Our goal was to determine how to rapidly produce, vegetatively, Syntrichia caninervis and S. ruralis, common and abundant moss species in drylands of North America and elsewhere, in a greenhouse. We manipulated the length of hydration on a weekly schedule (5, 4, 3, or 2 days continuous hydration per week), crossed with fertilization (once at the beginning, monthly, biweekly, or not at all). Moss biomass increased sixfold for both species in 4 months, an increase that would require years under dryland field conditions. Both moss species preferred short hydration and monthly fertilizer. Remarkably, we also unintentionally cultured a variety of other important biocrust organisms, including cyanobacteria and lichens. In only 6 months, we produced functionally mature biocrusts, as evidenced by high productivity and ecosystem‐relevant levels of N₂ fixation. Our results suggest that biocrust mosses might be the ideal candidate for biocrust cultivation for restoration purposes. With optimization, these methods are the first step in developing a moss‐based biocrust rehabilitation technology.     

沙埋对干旱沙区真藓结皮层细菌群落结构和多样性的影响

作为干旱沙区常见干扰之一的沙埋显著影响着生物结皮的结构和功能,但其内在的生物学机理还不清楚。利用高通量测序技术,通过对0(对照)、0.5(浅层)、2和10mm(深层)沙埋处理后的腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区真藓(Bryum argenteum)结皮层细菌群落物种组成与丰度的测定,研究了沙埋对真藓结皮层细菌群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)共检测到沙坡头地区真藓结皮层细菌38门106纲181属,以放线菌、变形菌、蓝藻、浮霉菌、拟杆菌和酸杆菌等为主(占细菌群落的78.4%—83.0%);(2)PCA分析表明沙埋导致该地区真藓结皮层细菌群落结构组成发生明显改变。无沙埋时,真藓结皮层细菌群落中相对丰度最高的是蓝藻(18.6%),随着沙埋厚度的增加,依次变为变形菌(21.5%,沙埋厚度0.5mm)、浮霉菌(21.5%,沙埋厚度2mm)和放线菌(23.3%,沙埋厚度10mm);浅层沙埋显著增加了真藓结皮层细菌群落中光合菌、固氮菌和产菌丝体细菌等关键功能菌的丰度,但深层沙埋降低了它们的丰度;(3)沙埋显著增加了真藓结皮层细菌群落多样性(P0.05)和物种丰富度(P0.05),0.5mm沙埋后的细菌群落丰富度指数最高,2mm沙埋后的结皮层细菌群落多样性指数最高。揭示了沙埋对干旱沙区真藓结皮层细菌群落结构与多样性的影响,为深入理解沙埋对沙区生物结皮结构和生态功能影响的生物学机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

The Cyanobacterial Role in the Resistance of Feather Mosses to Decomposition—Toward a New Hypothesis

Cyanobacteria-plant symbioses play an important role in many ecosystems due to the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N) by the cyanobacterial symbiont. The ubiquitous feather moss Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. is colonized by cyanobacteria in boreal systems with low N deposition. Here, cyanobacteria fix substantial amounts of N₂ and represent a potential N source. The feather moss appears to be resistant to decomposition, which could be partly a result of toxins produced by cyanobacteria. To assess how cyanobacteria modulated the toxicity of moss, we measured inhibition of bacterial growth. Moss with varying numbers of cyanobacteria was added to soil bacteria to test the inhibition of their growth using the thymidine incorporation technique. Moss could universally inhibit bacterial growth, but moss toxicity did not increase with N₂ fixation rates (numbers of cyanobacteria). Instead, we see evidence for a negative relationship between moss toxicity to bacteria and N₂ fixation, which could be related to the ecological mechanisms that govern the cyanobacteria – moss relationship. We conclude that cyanobacteria associated with moss do not contribute to the resistance to decomposition of moss, and from our results emerges the question as to what type of relationship the moss and cyanobacteria share.