不同激素对锦绣杜鹃的催花作用

在加温、补光条件下,研究赤霉素(GA3)、萘乙酸(NAA)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)处理对锦绣杜鹃花蕾发育、开花期及开花质量等的影响。结果表明:锦绣杜鹃花蕾经0～3000mg.L-1GA3涂抹后,其催花效果随处理浓度增大呈先升后降趋势,并于2000mg.L-1浓度下达到最佳,表现在花蕾发育快、开花期提前及开花质量高等;而0～3000mg.L-1NAA和IAA对锦绣杜鹃催花效果均不明显。锦绣杜鹃花蕾大小(包括长度和宽度)与开花期提前时间和花径之间均呈极显著正相关,与花蕾期则呈极显著负相关;花蕾期与开花期提前时间之间呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。     

大菊品种花期和主要观赏性状的变异及相关性分析

以菊花（Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.）大菊品种自然群体及7个杂交群体为实验材料,分析比较了不同品种开花期和7个主要观赏性状的变异特点及其相关性,为筛选杂交亲本和选育早花优良品种提供依据。结果显示：大菊自然群体的8个性状中,除开花期外,其余性状变异系数均高于15%;相关性分析结果表明,开花期和封顶叶片数之间呈显著负相关;开花持续期与开花期呈极显著负相关,与舌状花轮数呈极显著正相关。杂交群体的8个性状中,除开花期外,变异系数均高于15%,但各杂交群体的开花期性状变异系数明显高于自然群体;杂交群体Ⅲ和Ⅴ的瓣型与花色更为丰富,且花期也较早。相关性分析结果表明,开花期和瓣型、舌状花轮数、封顶叶片数之间均呈极显著负相关,和花色之间呈显著负相关;开花持续期和舌状花轮数、舌状花数量之间呈极显著正相关,和瓣型之间呈极显著负相关,和花色之间呈显著负相关;开花期和开花持续期之间呈极显著正相关。研究结果表明,通过有性杂交可以获得开花期变异更广泛的子代植株,从而筛选开花期更早的大菊新品种。     

早春草本植物开花物候期对城市化进程的响应——以北京市为例

植物物候对城市化的响应是全球变化与城市生态环境效应研究的重要内容。2012年3月到6月,结合气象观测数据,对北京市西北向城市化梯度上7种早春草本植物开花物候期进行观测与研究,发现温度因子和早春草本植物开花物候期均随城市化梯度发生变化,即越靠近城市中心区,温度和积温累计值越高;早春草本植物开花物候期出现时间越早,平均提前2—4 d;但开花期持续时间与开花速率并不随城市化梯度发生明显变化。此外,研究发现北京市7种早春草本植物开花期对5℃积温变化响应最为敏感;开花期提前时间梯度变化显著性与生活型密切关联,多年生草本植物对城市化梯度变化的响应比一年生或一二年生草本植物明显。未来城市植物物候期研究中,应更关注城市化进程中土地利用/覆被变化与热岛效应对城市气候及植物生理生态特征的累积影响特征,以期进一步揭示植物物候期对城市化及气候变化的响应规律。     

二型花柱植株金荞麦繁殖特征

开花物候及繁殖分配是植物适应环境的重要因素。对金荞麦开花物候、繁殖分配及策略进行了研究。结果如下:金荞麦的花果期为每年的8—11月,9月集中开花,其集中开花模式有助于吸引昆虫传粉,提高繁殖成功率;金荞麦单花开花持续时间为1—2 d,种群花期均为85d。L型花序花期为15—26d,S型花序花期为14—27d,两者没有显著差异;L型单花序开花数为26—131朵,S型单花序开花数为36—147朵,两者没有显著差异。L型和S型花序开花动态呈现单峰曲线,在花序开花后第11天L型和S型都达到最大值,分别为7.30%和7.20%,且两种花型具有较高的开花同步性,这有助于其繁殖适应性的提高。同一个花型中,雌蕊长、雄蕊长之间存在极显著负相关,但雌雄总长不存在显著差异,表明雌蕊长、雄蕊长可能存在权衡关系;金荞麦的繁殖器官和营养器官生物量在L型和S型间不存在显著差异,但其花生物量与植株生物量表现出极显著正相关关系。金荞麦L型花生物量分配极显著大于S型,而总生物量不存在显著差异,说明金荞麦植株的营养生长与有性繁殖间存在权衡关系。     

大花百子莲的开花物候与生殖特性

连续2年对引种植物大花百子莲在中国上海市人工种群的开花物候、结实情况进行观测记录,从不同水平分析了大花百子莲的开花物候对其生殖的影响。结果显示:（1）大花百子莲在引种地的开花时间为6月初至7月末;种群花期历时40 d左右,单株花期在14～31 d波动,单花寿命主要为2～3 d;2年的开花振幅平均在6朵·株^-1·d^-1左右,花朵开放百分率值在3.69%~4.87%左右,平均开花式样为11~17朵。（2）大花百子莲种群内2007年比2008年的各项开花物候指标均提前6～9 d;种群开花进程为渐进式的双峰曲线;种群花期重叠时间较长,2年的平均开花同步指数分别为0.663、0.695;植株个体相对开花强度主要分布频度为50%～70%。（3）开花物候指数与座果率的相关分析表明,始花时间与开花数目、座果数、花期长度呈显著负相关关系,开花数目与座果数、花期长度以及花期长度与座果数均呈显著正相关关系,同一花序内单花所发育成果实的数量与单花开放时间呈极显著负相关关系。研究表明,大花百子莲始花时间早的植株比始花时间晚的植株花期更长,开花数目多的植株比开花数目少的植株花期更长,花期长的植株比花期短的植株座果率更高;而且在同一花序上,越早开放的单花其结实的可能性越大。作为引种植物,大花百子莲开花物候年度间具有相似性,说明其在引种地可以适应环境压力,形成稳定的开花时间与开花模式;较长的花期重叠和大量的开花数目可以吸引较多的传粉者访问,为其生殖成功奠定了良好基础。     

海南海岸青皮林繁殖物候特征

石梅湾海岸青皮林是海南岛重要的天然海防林及旅游区风景林,对其繁殖物候的研究有助于揭示青皮在贫瘠海岸沙滩成功定居及繁殖的生物学特性。采用种群、个体定位和小枝标记相结合的方法,连续3a对其开花物候进行观测,结果表明:青皮个体繁殖物候期约为101d,小枝平均花蕾数为133.3个,幼果坐果率为42.4%,结实率为4.4%;青皮种群为1a连续开花型,但集中开花模式明显,有2个高峰期且花量多,非集中开花期花量很少;个体间及个体中小枝间开花存在一定的不同步性;开花及种子丰年现象明显,歉年花量及种子雨量很少;开花物候期前1个月的降雨量对开花物候期无显著影响,但3、4月份平均气温分别高于24℃和26.4℃,开花期提前明显,低于此温度开花期推迟相对缓慢,即物候期的提前与推迟对温度的上升与下降的响应是非线性的。     

瓜实蝇卵巢的发育阶段及分级

瓜实蝇是热带和亚热带地区最重要的经济害虫之一。本研究拟对卵巢发育进行分级,以判断田间捕获的瓜实蝇是否达到性成熟。室内饲养瓜实蝇成虫,对开始羽化至羽化后80 d的不同日龄成虫卵巢进行解剖,并记录了卵巢长度、卵巢宽度、卵巢指数（卵巢长度＆#215;卵巢宽度）和所含卵粒数。将瓜实蝇卵巢发育过程分为4期6个级别,分别为卵黄发生前期（Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级）、卵黄发生期（Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级）、抱卵期（Ⅴ级）、经产期（Ⅵ级）。随着卵巢的发育,Ⅰ～Ⅴ级卵巢长度和宽度迅速增长,卵巢发育成熟开始产卵以后,Ⅵ级卵巢长度和宽度逐渐减小。Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级卵巢长度与宽度大致相等,以后各期卵巢长度均大于宽度。Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级可见清晰的卵室,卵母细胞迅速增长,卵黄逐渐沉积。Ⅴ级可见清晰的卵粒,整个卵巢呈圆柱状。Ⅵ级开始排出卵子,所含卵粒数显著少于Ⅴ级;虽然此级卵巢长度大于Ⅳ级,但卵巢宽度、卵巢指数与Ⅳ级基本一致;Ⅵ级卵巢可见黄体,可结合黄体判定卵巢所处发育级别。本研究对评估粘虫板捕获的瓜实蝇雌虫生理日龄结构有潜在应用价值。     

中国特有植物血水草开花物候与生殖特性

于2008年3-5月对分布在井冈山的血水草(Eomecon chionantha Hance )5个自然种群的开花物候进行了观察,运用开花振幅、相对开花强度和开花同步性等指数研究了其开花物候特征及其对该种生殖成功的影响.结果表明:血水草开花时间为3月下旬-5月上旬,种群花期历时24 ～46 d,个体平均开花持续时间为11～21 d,单花花期一般为3～5d;井冈山血水草种群的开花物候进程呈单峰曲线模式具有一个开花高峰期,表现出一种“集中开花模式”;与大多数亚热带植物一样,血水草具有较低的相对开花强度,分布频率集中在10％ ～30％.开花物候指数与生殖间的相关分析结果表明:始花时间与花期持续时间呈显著负相关,而与开花数和坐果率呈显著正相关;花期持续时间与开花数和坐果率呈显著正相关;同步性指数与始花时间、开花数、花期持续时间呈负相关.血水草“集中开花模式”是其在长期的进化过程中适应周围气候条件及生境的一种生殖保障.     

近40年沈阳城市森林春季物候与全球气候变暖的关系

1960-2005年期间,沈阳气候受全球气候变暖的影响,年平均气温总体呈上升趋势,气温升幅为0.96℃,但以1982年为界,1960-1982年为偏冷阶段,气温降幅最大值为1.95 ℃:1983-2005年为偏暖阶段,气温升幅最大值为1.60 ℃.一年四季气温处于上升阶段,以冬、春季气温升幅最大,分别为2.3 ℃和1.35℃.城市森林主要树种的春季物候期,在气候偏冷阶段,春季物候期出现较晚,而在偏暖阶段,春季物候期提前发生.同时,物候春季开始日期与结束日期有密切的同步相关性,并与物候季节节奏的长短呈负相关.树木萌动期早晚与冬季和早春气温高低呈显著的负相关,冬春季气温越高,芽萌动越提前.展叶早晚主要受展叶前的春季气温高低的影响,与冬季气温相关性不显著.始花前2-8旬,特别是2-14旬气温对始花期影响最显著.寒冷指数(CI)与树木芽萌动期、展叶始期呈显著正相关,而与开花始期相关性不显著.预测了CO2倍增和气温升高条件下,沈阳城市森林主要树种的萌动期、展叶始期和开花始期分别提前40.41、43.08和24.13 d.     

濒危植物长柄双花木开花物候与生殖特性

研究了长柄双花木开花过程中花部表型的变化。连续4a对其野生种群、1a对人工种群的开花物候进行了观察,并运用相对开花强度和同步性等开花物候指数分析了开花物候对其生殖的影响。结果如下：长柄双花木开花时间为9月上、中旬至11月中、下旬;单花花期一般为6～7d,单花依其形态和散粉特征可以分为4个时期：散粉前期、散粉初期、散粉盛期和凋谢期。个体开花持续时间49～55d,种群花期历时63～71d。种群内不同年度间开花物候指数没有显著差异,而种群间则存在显著差异,野生种群开花进程为渐进式单峰曲线。人工种群则为“钟”形曲线,二者均属于“集中开花模式”。长柄双花木具有2个相对开花强度的分异趋势,这种分异趋势具有进化意义。开花物候指数与生殖间的相关分析表明,始花时间与开花数量、座果率及花期长度之间均具显著负相关关系,而开花数量与花期长度之间则呈显著正相关,但均为线性相关。长柄双花木开花物候在种群间的差异和种群内年度间的相似性说明,其开花时间可能是由与其相关的复杂的微生境特征和(或)由其遗传因子决定的,同时也反映了种群间的遗传分异和种群内个体间的遗传一致性。作为一种濒危物种,长柄双花木在这种环境的选择压力之下,形成了“大量、集中开放的花”的开花模式,吸引到更多的传粉者的访问,从而达到生殖成功。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.