Klotho对CsA慢性肾毒性大鼠肾脏内质网应激相关凋亡的影响

24只雄性SD(Sprague dawley)大鼠在低盐饮食的基础上,随机分为3组:对照组、模型组、治疗组。模型组给予环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,Cs A)30 mg/kg/d腹腔注射共28 d建立慢性肾毒性大鼠模型;治疗组在给予等量Cs A的基础上腹腔注射给予重组可溶性Klotho蛋白(0.02 mg/kg/d腹腔注射,隔日一次)。28 d后处死大鼠,收集肾组织标本;行Masson染色观察肾脏病理损害;TUNEL(Td T-mediated d UTP nick end labeling)染色观察细胞凋亡情况;Western-blot检测肾组织内质网应激标志物兔抗葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulated protein78,GRP78)及CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(pro-apoptotic protein CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein,CHOP)的表达情况。分析发现,模型组大鼠肾脏病理损害明显加重,肾小管上皮细胞大量凋亡,GRP78及CHOP表达显著上调,而Klotho治疗组大鼠肾脏病理损害明显减轻,细胞凋亡减少,GRP78及CHOP的表达明显降低。表明Klotho蛋白可通过抑制内质网应激诱导的凋亡缓解Cs A慢性肾毒性的发生。     

环孢素致慢性肾毒性研究进展

环孢霉素A一种真菌代谢产物,由11个氨基酸组成,能够有效减轻排斥反应,延长移植物半衰期,是临床应用的主要免疫抑制剂,被广泛应用于器官移植及一些免疫性疾病,明显改善了器官和骨髓移植者的生存率,然而也伴随着严重的副作用,慢性肾毒性尤为突出,发生率高(30%～74%),对肾脏而言,将损害移植肾脏本身.慢性肾毒性的最终表现为肾小管萎缩,肾小球硬化,间质纤维化等,但其分子机制目前仍不清楚.     

姜黄素对双酚A致小鼠卵巢氧化损伤的保护

本文旨在研究姜黄素(CRC)对双酚A(BPA)诱导的小鼠卵巢氧化损伤的保护作用。将28日龄雌性小鼠分为对照组、姜黄素组、双酚A组和双酚A加姜黄素组,连续灌胃6周。收集卵巢,通过活性氧(ROS)水平的检测、卵巢闭锁卵泡的观察以及3种关键抗氧化酶表达和活性的测定,研究姜黄素对双酚A诱发的卵巢氧化损伤的保护作用及机制。结果显示,与对照组相比,双酚A暴露后明显增加了卵巢的活性氧水平,造成氧化应激,提高了卵巢中有腔卵泡闭锁比例。与双酚A组相比,双酚A和姜黄素共同处理组降低了卵巢的活性氧水平和卵巢中有腔卵泡闭锁比例。双酚A暴露降低了卵巢超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的表达和活性,姜黄素逆转了双酚A诱导的3种抗氧化酶表达和活性的下降。结果表明,姜黄素可逆转双酚A通过氧化应激造成的卵巢损伤。     

双酚A对中国林蛙生精细胞凋亡和Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响

为探讨双酚A(BPA)对两栖动物生精细胞凋亡及相关蛋白Bax和Bcl-2表达的影响.将雄性中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)分别暴露于10-7、10-6、10-5 mol/L BPA水体中持续3 d、5 d、7 d,取其精巢组织.用原位末端转移酶法(TUNEL)和甲基绿-派诺宁法(Methyl Green-Pyronine)检测生精细胞凋亡,用免疫组织化学方法检测生精细胞的Bax和Bcl-2表达.结果显示,各BPA处理组中国林蛙生精细胞凋亡指数(Apoptotic index,AI)均显著高于对照组,10-6 mol/L与10-7 mol/L BPA处理组生精细胞的AI差异不显著,10-5 mol/L BPA处理组生精细胞的AI与前两组相比显著增高;在同一BPA浓度处理组,生精细胞AI随处理时间的延长而增高.与对照组相比,各BPA处理组Bax表达上调,Bcl-2表达下调,差异均显著;生精细胞AI与Bax/Bcl-2表达呈正相关.这些结果提示,BPA可导致中国林蛙的生精细胞凋亡,而生精细胞凋亡的发生与Bax/Bcl-2表达比值的变化密切相关.     

Sestrin2对热暴露肺上皮细胞凋亡的干预作用及其机制*

目的:探讨Sestrin2蛋白对热暴露肺上皮细胞凋亡的干预作用及其作用机制。方法:体外培养的Beas-2B细胞分为对照组(37℃)和热暴露组(39℃、40℃和41℃),在上述温度中暴露不同时间(0、3、6和12 h),胰酶消化后收集细胞,分别通过Western blot、荧光分光光度计、流式细胞仪等方法检测细胞中的Sestrin2、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、活性氧自由基(ROS)表达水平,细胞线粒体膜电位及细胞凋亡率。基因序列克隆入高表达质粒pcDNA 3.1⁺中,采用Lipfectamine 2000方法转染Beas-2B细胞,构建Sestrin2和SOD高表达细胞,观察细胞线粒体膜电位及细胞凋亡等指标的变化。结果:随着暴露温度的升高,与对照组相比,热暴露组细胞Sestrin2蛋白表达水平下降。在41℃热暴露Beas-2B细胞,不同时间点ROS水平显著上升,线粒体膜电位显著下降,细胞凋亡率增加。Sestrin2和SOD高表达细胞,在41℃暴露条件下,与对照组比较,ROS表达水平显著降低,线粒体膜电位下降幅度减小,热暴露导致细胞凋亡率降低。结论: Sestrin2能够通过线粒体膜电位和SOD缓解热暴露引起肺上皮细胞的凋亡,对Beas-2B细胞具有保护作用。     

微囊藻细胞抽提物亚慢性暴露导致小鼠肝脏氧化应激

研究了微囊藻细胞抽提物亚慢性暴露对小鼠肝脏抗氧化系统的影响.采用腹腔注射进行连续染毒28d,染毒组剂量为3.3μg micmcystins/kg体重.结果显示,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氧酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶在第4周时发生显著性升高,提示微囊藻细胞抽提物激活了小鼠肝脏抗氧化系统.谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和对照组相比也显著提高,表明谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶作为解毒Ⅰ相酶加快了对肝脏微囊藻毒素的清除.脂质过氧化产物丙二醛也显著升高,说明抗氧化系统未能清除微囊藻细胞抽提物对小鼠肝脏的氧化损伤,导致了氧化应激的产生.结果表明低剂量微囊藻细胞抽提物长时间暴露能够导致小鼠肝脏氧化损伤.     

双酚A对雄性小鼠生殖毒性的影响

目的观察环境雌激素双酚A（BPA）对雄性小鼠生殖功能的损害作用。方法采用小鼠腹腔注射双酚A,染毒成年小鼠5d,饲养30d。观察小鼠精子畸形率、测定血清中一氧化氮（NO）的含量、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的活性。以雌二醇（E2）作为阳性对照物。结果BPA染毒组小鼠的精子畸形率较对照组高,睾丸和附睾的脏器系数均低于对照组,血清NO含量、NOS活性均高于对照组。结论一定剂量的BPA对小鼠的精子有致畸作用,并可使血清NO含量、NOS活性增高。     

量子点细胞毒性及其作用机制

纳米粒子(NPS)在工业和研究中的使用急剧增加,因而这种材料面临一个其潜在毒性的问题。不幸的是,对纳米颗粒与纳米/生物界面可能发生的相互作用没有足够的了解。广大科技工作者正在积极寻求日益关注的纳米技术对人类的影响答案。我们将从NPS在生物媒体中的浓度,尺寸大小,电荷,和配位体的稳定性方面来了解纳米粒子的性质和他们在生物环境中对细胞毒所起的作用;并初步探讨已知的机制,量子点可以破坏细胞,包括氧化应激引起的活性氧(ROS)。微小浓度量子点足以造成长期持久的,甚至是跨代的影响。本文讨论了从纳摩尔到皮摩尔浓度的诱导细胞损伤的量子点(QDS)的浓度,这意味着含镉量子点可以发挥表观遗传毒性,纳米基因毒性,重金属基因的毒性。在此为评估包括量子点的在内的纳米毒性的的纳米材料,我们采用量子点作为一个例证,来阐述以科学为基础的发展到纳米毒理学的相关的问题。     

曲古抑菌素A对慢性髓细胞白血病细胞增殖与凋亡的作用及机制研究

该文研究了去乙酰化酶抑制剂曲古抑菌素A(trichostatin A,TSA)对慢性髓细胞白血病(chronic myeloid leukemia,CML)细胞株K562及K562/G0l增殖和凋亡的影响及机制.采用不同浓度TSA处理K562及K562/G01细胞,CCK8和克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖能力;流式细胞术、蛋...     

铁蛋白介导细胞凋亡的作用机制

铁蛋白是生物体广泛存在且高度保守的可溶性蛋白质,在铁离子稳态维持、胚胎发育调控、细胞增殖以及细胞凋亡等过程中具有重要作用。过量的铁离子能通过芬顿反应产生活性氧,过量的活性氧会造成氧化应激并直接损害DNA、脂质和蛋白质,最终导致细胞凋亡。铁蛋白能够螯合铁离子,进而保护细胞免受氧化应激诱导的细胞凋亡。铁蛋白表达受阻时,细胞内不稳定铁水平升高并诱导氧化应激,最终造成细胞凋亡。同时,氧化应激可在转录和翻译水平调节铁蛋白表达,升高的铁蛋白则参与维持机体氧化还原水平的稳定。本文主要从线粒体途径和死亡受体途径阐明铁蛋白介导细胞凋亡的分子机制,为深入研究铁蛋白功能以及相关疾病治疗提供理论支持。     

Alpha lipoic acid prevents doxorubicin‐induced nephrotoxicity by mitigation of oxidative stress,inflammation, and apoptosis in rats

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) against doxorubicin (DOX)‐induced nephrotoxicity in rats. A single dose of DOX (7.5 mg/kg i.v.) induced nephrotoxicity evidenced by significant elevations in kidney weight, kidney/body weight ratio, serum urea, creatinine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and renal contents of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase‐2, and caspase‐3. Also, it causes significant reduction in final body weight, serum albumin, renal contents of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity. Histopathological changes in the kidney tissue confirmed the nephrotoxic effect. In contrast, pretreatment with ALA (50 mg/kg, orally) for 14 days before DOX and for 7 days after DOX administration mitigated renal toxicity evidenced by greater improvement in the examined oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis parameters. In conclusion, ALA had promising protective effects against DOX‐induced nephrotoxicity that might be attributed to its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptoic activities.     

Effective attenuation of glyphosate‐induced oxidative stress and granulosa cell apoptosis by vitamins C and E in caprines

Pesticides are known to cause a wide range of reproductive problems that possess degenerative effects on mammalian fertility. Glyphosate (GLP), a broad‐spectrum organophosphate herbicide, is known to be a potent mammalian toxicant. The present study aims at assessing the GLP‐induced (0.1, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/ml) granulosa cells toxicity and evaluating the mitigating effects of vitamins C and E (0.5 mM and 1.0 mM) in healthy caprine antral follicles, cultured in vitro in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner (24, 48, and 72 hr) and subjected to various cytotoxic and geno‐toxic analysis, namely, classic histology, EB/AO differential staining, oxidative stress parameters, and antioxidant enzymatic activity. The histomorphological analysis and EB/AO staining elucidated increase in the incidence of apoptotic attributes within granulosa cells with increasing dose and duration of the GLP treatment. The highest apoptotic frequency was observed at 4.0 mg/ml GLP after 72‐hr exposure duration in comparison with the control. GLP exposure also led to a significant decline in the antioxidant enzymes’ activity, namely, SOD, catalase, and GST along with enhanced lipid peroxidation and reduced FRAP activity in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Vitamins C and E supplementation decreased oxidative stress‐mediated granulosa cells apoptosis, suggesting its efficiency to diminish GLP‐mediated GCs cytotoxicity and thereby, preventing associated fertility disorders.     

Cyclophilin A inhibits A549 cell oxidative stress and apoptosis by modulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

The excessive and inappropriate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause oxidative stress and is implicated in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Cyclophilin A (CypA), a member of the immunophilin family, is secreted in response to ROS. To determine the role of CypA in oxidative stress injury, we investigated the role that CypA plays in human lung carcinoma (A549) cells. Here, we showed the protective effect of human recombinant CypA (hCypA) on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative damage in A549 cells, which play crucial roles in lung cancer. Our results demonstrated that hCypA substantially promoted cell viability, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and GSH peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and attenuated ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) production in H₂O₂-induced A549 cells. Compared with H₂O₂-induced A549 cells, Caspase-3 activity in hCypA-treated cells was significantly reduced. Using Western blotting, we showed that hCypA facilitated Bcl-2 expression and inhibited Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-7, and PARP-1 expression. Furthermore, hCypA activates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in A549 cells in response to H₂O₂ stimulation. Additionally, peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity was required for PI3K/Akt activation by CypA. The present study showed that CypA protected A549 cells from H₂O₂-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Thus, CypA might be a potential target for lung cancer therapy.     

Protective effect of proanthocyanidins against doxorubicin‐induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Doxorubicin (DOX) exerts toxic effects in several organs particularly kidney. The present study aimed to assess the protective effect of proanthocyanidins (PAs) against DOX‐induced nephrotoxicity in rats. A single dose of DOX (7.5 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly increased kidney weight, kidney/body weight ratio, serum urea, creatinine, tumor necrosis factor alpha levels, and kidney contents of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase‐2, and caspase‐3 activity with significant reduction in final body weight, serum albumin, kidney contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase activity as compared with control group. In contrast, pretreatment with PAs (200 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days before DOX and for 7 days after DOX ameliorated kidney function and oxidative stress parameters. Histopathological evidence confirmed the protective effects of PAs from the tissue damage induced by DOX. In conclusion, PAs have a multi‐nephroprotective effect that might be attributed to its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptoic activities.     

The dietary isoflavone daidzein mitigates oxidative stress,apoptosis, and inflammation in CDDP‐induced kidney injury in rats: Impact of the MAPK signaling pathway

Cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity persists as a clinical problem despite several supportive measures to alleviate renal damage. Daidzein (DZ), a dietary isoflavone having antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity, is investigated in this study for protective effects against cisplatin‐induced renal injury in rats. DZ (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg; intraperitoneally; 10 days) was administered along with Cisplatin, single dose, on the 7th day of the experiment. On the 11th day, the rats were euthanized, and different samples were collected for analysis. Biochemical, histopathological, and molecular parameters were assessed to evaluate the effect of daidzein. Cisplatin injection resulted in renal dysfunction, lipid peroxidation that led to consumption of antioxidants, exaggerated apoptosis, and inflammation. These changes were associated with increase in the signaling proteins. DZ attenuated the toxic effects of cisplatin on the kidney at 100 mg/kg dose. The study concludes with the finding that daidzein imparts protection against the nephrotoxic effect of Cisplatin and can be considered as a novel, potential therapy.     

H2O2 at physiological concentrations modulates Leydig cell function inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis

H₂O₂ is one of the active reactive oxygen species secreted by macrophages that are seen closely aligned with Leydig cells in the testicular interstitium. The present study was initiated to investigate the role of H₂O₂ on Leydig cell function in vitro at physiological concentrations. Significant decrease in both testosterone production (p < 0.05) and 3 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (p < 0.05) in adult Leydig cells were observed even with H₂O₂ at low concentrations (30 – 50 μM). H₂O₂ exposure increased oxidative stress in Leydig cells with the rise in lipid peroxidation and fall in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) & glutathione-s-transferase (GST). There was also a marginal increase (∼8%) in cell apoptosis accompanied by rise in FasL expression and caspase-3 activation. The above findings indicate that H₂O₂ as a bio-molecule modulates Leydig cell function at or below physiological concentrations through a variety of actions like decrease in steroidogenic enzyme activity and increase in oxidative stress and apoptosis.     

Ceftriaxone ameliorates cyclosporine A-induced oxidative nephrotoxicity in rat

A growing body of evidence now suggested that cyclosporine A (CycA)‐induced nephrotoxicity is a crucial clinical problem and oxidative stress is importantly responsible for its toxicity. Ceftriaxone induced antioxidant effect in brain and neuronal tissues against oxidative damage although its antioxidant potential effect on kidney has not been clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ceftriaxone protects CycA‐induced oxidative stress kidney injury in rats. Twenty‐four rats were equally divided into four groups. First group was used as control. Ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg) and CycA (15 mg/kg) were administrated to second and third groups for 10 days, respectively. The ceftriaxone and CycA combination was given to rats constituting the fourth group for 10 days. Lipid peroxidation (LP), urea nitrogen and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were higher in CycA group than in control and ceftriaxone groups although LP, urea nitrogen and LDH levels were lower in ceftriaxone + CycA group than in control and ceftriaxone groups. Glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were lower in CycA group than in control whereas their activities were increased in control and ceftriaxone groups. Superoxide dismutase activity did not change by the treatments. Ceftriaxone administration recovered also CycA‐induced atrophy, vacuolization and exfoliations of tubular epithelium and glomerular collapse in histopathological evaluation of kidney. In conclusion, we observed that ceftriaxone is beneficial on CycA‐induced oxidative stress in kidney of rats by modulating oxidative and antioxidant system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Baicalein inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes by stabilizing MARCH5 expression

Abnormal mitochondrial fission and mitophagy participate in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases. Baicalein is a key active component in the roots of traditional Chinese medicinal herb Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. It has been reported that baicalein can resist cardiotoxicity induced by several stress, but the mechanisms of baicalein operate in the protection of cardiomyocytes need to be researched further. Here we report that baicalein can promote cell survival under oxidative stress by up‐regulating the expression level of MARCH5 in cardiomyocytes. Pre‐treatment cells or mice with baicalein can stabilize the expression of MARCH5, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of mitochondrial network and mitophagy. Overexpressed MARCH5 is able to against H₂O₂ and ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) stress by suppressing mitochondrial fission and enhancing mitophagy, and then attenuate cells apoptosis. Altogether, our present study investigated that baicalein exerts a protective effect through regulating KLF4‐MARCH5‐Drp1 pathway, our research also provided a novel theoretical basis for the clinical application of baicalein.     

Antiapoptotic effects of vitamins C and E against cypermethrin‐induced oxidative stress and spermatogonial germ cell apoptosis

Toxicological studies have demonstrated the relation between use of agrochemicals and fertility issues within males. Thus, the present study aimed to elucidate the propensity of cypermethrin (CYP) in bringing testicular germ cell apoptosis and effective attenuation by vitamins C and E in caprines. Reproductive toxicity of CYP was evaluated using histomorphological, cytological, and biochemical changes in the testicular germ cells in dose‐dependent (1, 5, 10 μg/mL) and time‐dependent (4, 6, 8 h) manner. Histological and ethidium bromide/acridine orange fluorescence staining exhibited that vitamins C and E (0.5 and 1.0 mM) successfully diminished the CYP‐induced testicular germ cells apoptosis. CYP exposure along with vitamins C and E supplementation also resulted in significantly increased ferric reducing antioxidant power activity along with the antioxidant enzymes, namely catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione‐s‐transferase, and decreased lipid peroxidation in testicular germ cells. Thus, vitamins C and E ameliorated CYP‐induced testicular germ cell apoptosis, thereby preventing spermatogonial cells degeneration and male infertility.