比利时杜鹃花RhDFR基因克隆及分析

二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶(DFR)是植物花青素合成过程中的关键酶,能够催化二氢黄酮醇生成无色花青素。该试验以红色和白色比利时杜鹃花(Rhododendron hybridum Hort.)不同器官和不同发育时期的花瓣为实验材料,利用反转录(RT-PCR)和RACE技术克隆RhDFR基因,利用植物酶联免疫试剂盒(ELISA)测定不同发育时期的花瓣RhDFR酶活性,利用qRT-PCR技术定量分析不同器官和不同发育时期的花瓣RhDFR基因,构建pET-28a-RhDFR原核表达载体对RhDFR蛋白进行制备和纯化,为进一步探究杜鹃花DFR基因功能以及花色的分子机理奠定基础。结果表明：(1)成功获得比利时杜鹃花RhDFR基因全长1 253 bp,其开放阅读框1 035 bp,编码344个氨基酸,含有1个NADPH结合保守基序和1个底物结合区域,具有高度保守性;系统进化分析显示,比利时杜鹃花RhDFR蛋白与越橘(Vaccinium corymbosum)DFR蛋白亲缘关系最近。(2)ELISA试剂盒分析显示,比利时杜鹃花不同发育时期的花瓣DFR酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,并于红花初开期和白花盛开期的...     

植物黄烷酮-3-羟化酶基因研究进展

黄烷酮3-羟化酶(flavanone 3-hydroxylase,F3H)作为植物进入不同类黄酮代谢物分支的一个中枢酶,可以催化生成花青素和黄酮醇合成的共同前体物质二氢黄酮醇,在类黄酮合成途径中起着十分重要的调控作用。本文从F3H基因的发现、结构功能和表达调控等方面,综述了F3H基因在调节植物花青素和黄酮醇合成中的研究进展及调控网络,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。期望为F3H基因在植物类黄酮代谢合成途径的调控机制研究提供参考,也有助于利用F3H开展基因工程研究,定向培育植物新种质。     

三角梅黄烷酮3-羟化酶基因的克隆及表达分析

为探究三角梅产生飞燕草素的可能性,根据前期获得的三角梅转录组数据,克隆花青素合成途径关键酶黄烷酮3-羟化酶基因(flavanone 3-hydroxylase,F3H),并通过荧光定量PCR技术检测其在不同颜色三角梅叶片及苞片中的表达量差异。结果显示成功克隆获得了一条cDNA全长1 089 bp,编码363个氨基酸的基因序列,将其命名为BsF3H,登陆GeneBank(OL957093)。BsF3H相对分子质量为41.14 kD,理论等电点为5.48,含有2OG-FeⅡ＿Oxy加氧酶结构域,不具有信号肽及跨膜结构,细胞定位于细胞质中,最多的二级结构为α螺旋,三级结构预测显示为单体蛋白。RT-qPCR结果显示该基因在不同颜色三角梅中表达量均不高,相对而言在紫色安格斯(Elizabeth Angus)苞片中表达量最高。研究结果表明三角梅具有产生各类花青素的潜力,可利用基因工程手段对其颜色进行改造。     

藤茶黄烷酮3-羟化酶基因AgF3H的克隆及表达分析

该研究以藤茶叶片为材料,利用RACE技术克隆得到1个黄烷酮-3-羟化酶(flavanone 3-hydroxylase,F3H)基因,命名为AgF3H(登录号为JX087441)。AgF3H基因的cDNA全长为1 323 bp,其中开放阅读框长1 092 bp,编码363个氨基酸,含有双加氧酶家族的2个特征性结构域和5个保守基序。序列比对与系统进化树分析显示,AgF3H与其他物种F3H的氨基酸序列具有较高的相似性,且与葡萄、山葡萄和圆叶葡萄的亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示,AgF3H基因在藤茶不同组织部位都有表达,在芽中的表达量最高,嫩茎中最低,在叶片中的表达量随着成熟度的增加而逐渐降低;不同组织中的AgF3H基因表达量与藤茶类黄酮主要成分二氢杨梅素的含量呈显著正相关。构建AgF3H基因过表达载体并导入烟草中,获得5株转基因植株,其中4株烟草的叶片总黄酮含量比野生型对照有不同程度提高,最高株系提高了26.8%。研究表明,AgF3H基因可能在藤茶类黄酮的生物合成中起重要作用,研究结果为进一步研究藤茶高黄酮含量形成的分子机制奠定了基础。     

百合黄烷酮3-羟化酶基因LhSorF3H的克隆与表达

为了探究百合花色的调控机制,以东方百合品种‘索邦’(Sorbonne)的花蕾为试验材料,根据前期转录组测序结果,成功克隆出黄烷酮3-羟化酶(flavanone 3-hydroxylase,F3H)基因的编码序列和基因组序列,其中,编码序列全长1 110bp,可编码369个氨基酸;基因组序列全长1 438bp,包含3个外显子和2个内含子,命名该基因为LhSorF3 H(GenBank登录号为MF614135)。生物信息学分析结果显示,黄烷酮3-羟化酶在进化上具有较高的保守性。LhSorF3 H编码的蛋白与郁金香(Tulipafosteriana)最为相似。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,LhSorF3H在花被、柱头以及花柱中表达明显,在花丝、子房、嫩茎、茎生根及上部叶片中表达较弱,而在花药和中下部叶片中基本不表达。LhSorF3 H在不同发育阶段的花被片中均有表达(S2和S6阶段除外);黑暗处理使LhSorF3 H表达降低,黑暗处理2h的LhSorF3 H表达量降到最低,之后表达量开始上升;转入光照条件后,LhSorF3H的表达水平持续增加。研究表明,LhSorF3 H基因对昼夜节律和光照具有双重响应的特性。     

六种杜鹃花属植物花粉活力测定方法的比较研究

选取睫毛杜鹃(Rhododendron ciliatum)、多鳞杜鹃(Rhododendron polylepis)、薄皮杜鹃(Rhdodenron taronense)、映山红(Rhododendron simsii)、马银花(Rhododendron ovatum)和比利时杜鹃(Rhododendron hybridum)为研究对象,通过蔗糖、H3BO3、CaCl2单因子及L25( 53)正交试验对它们进行花粉萌发试验研究,比较I2-Kl染色法、TTC染色法、联苯胺染色法、MTT染色法4种花粉活力测定方法的不同.结果表明:蔗糖、H3BO3、CaCl2及3因子交互效应对杜鹃花花粉萌发有显著影响.适宜的离体培养基配方依杜鹃花种类不同而不同,睫毛杜鹃为:蔗糖150 g/L +H3BO3 0 mg/L +CaCl2 50 mg/L;映山红为:蔗糖100 g/L +H3BO3 100 mg/L +CaCl20 mg/L;马银花为:蔗糖50 g/L+ H3BO3 200 mg/L +CaCl2 0 mg/L;比利时杜鹃为:蔗糖150 g/L+ H3BO3100 mg/L +CaCl2 0 mg/L.MTT染色法是简单快速测定杜鹃花花粉活力的最适染色法.     

山茶属三个F3H基因的分子特性、系统进化及蛋白结构差异分析

黄烷酮3-羟化酶基因(flavanone 3-hydroxylase,F3H)在植物花青素合成途径中发挥重要作用,可作为山茶花色遗传育种的候选基因。本研究在前期从Gen Bank数据库中筛选得到白花茶树CsF3H、黄花金花茶CnF3H和红花浙江红山茶CcF3H三个基因。然而,它们的分子遗传与变异信息仍然缺乏,不利于最大正向效应基因的选择利用。本研究系统探讨了CsF3H、CnF3H和CcF3H基因的分子特征、系统进化和蛋白三维结构。结果发现CsF3H、CnF3H和CcF3H三者之间存在高度序列多样性,共含37个核苷酸和9个氨基酸差异,且与CsF3H和CnF3H相比,CcF3H序列发生了更多的变异。系统进化结果表明CsF3H、CnF3H和CcF3H蛋白与猕猴桃AcF3H具有共同祖先,但在后期进化过程中,CcF3H率先与CsF3H和CnF3H二者发生分化。序列比对和保守结构域分析发现CsF3H、CnF3H和CcF3H蛋白均含有一个保守的依赖2-酮戊二酸和二价铁离子的双加氧酶超家族特征区域,该区域内的组氨酸H~(218)和H~(276)以及天冬氨酸D220是Fe~(2+)结合位点,精氨酸R~(286)和丝氨酸S~(288)是2-酮戊二酸的重要结合位点。本研究还发现了3个茶属F3H蛋白的保守结构域中存在一个差异位点,与CsF3H和CnF3H第200位异亮氨酸I200相比,CcF3H对应氨基酸变异为缬氨酸V~(200),Web logo3.4分析揭示V200在植物F3H蛋白中更为保守。空间结构分析显示CcF3H中氨基酸V~(200的替换导致它和赖氨酸K197的分子作用力增强。本研究结果表明CcF3H是更为保守的植物F3H蛋白,缬氨酸V200可能是一个重要的功能位点。上述研究也为山茶属F3H基因提供了新的信息,为今后选择CcF3H基因作为山茶花色育种最适候选基因提供了理论支撑。     

威氏绿绒蒿(Meconopsis wilsonii)花色相关基因MwF3H的克隆及表达分析

通过cDNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of cDNA ends, RACE),从威氏绿绒蒿(Meconopsis wilsonii)花中克隆得到黄烷酮-3-羟化酶(flavanone-3-hydroxylase, F3H)基因,将其命名为MwF3H,对其理化性质、蛋白结构域、进化关系、基因表达水平进行分析,并探讨MwF3H基因在威氏绿绒蒿花发育不同时期的表达模式。结果表明,该基因编码区长度为1 104 bp,其编码蛋白的分子量为41.444 kDa, 367个氨基酸,理论等电点(pI)4.98,属于PLNO2515超基因家族,构建系统发育树发现威氏绿绒蒿与藏南绿绒蒿(M.zangnanensis)亲缘关系较近,同一物种不同地理区域存在差异。qPCR结果显示MwF3H基因在威氏绿绒蒿花发育不同阶段均有不同程度的表达,除花蕾着色期外,盛花期表达量最高。研究表明MwF3H基因可能参与威氏绿绒蒿花相关色素的生物合成,在威氏绿绒蒿花色形成过程中具有关键作用。     

柠条锦鸡儿F3H基因克隆及功能分析

柠条锦鸡儿为豆科灌木,对各种环境胁迫具有较强的适应能力,类黄酮是天然的抗氧化剂,花青素属类黄酮化合物,逆境胁迫会影响植物体内花青素的合成,而黄烷酮3-羟化酶(F3H)是花青素生物合成所必需的一种关键酶。该研究成功分离克隆了柠条锦鸡儿的F3H基因,命名为CkF3H。CkF3H基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为1095 bp,编码364个氨基酸,推测的蛋白质分子量为41.3 kDa,理论等电点为5.9。生物信息学分析发现,CkF3H基因序列与其它植物F3H有较高的一致性,推测CkF3H蛋白与其它植物F3H蛋白具有相似的功能。利用染色体步移法克隆得到CkF3H起始密码子ATG上游468 bp的启动子序列,PlantCARE软件分析表明,该序列具有启动子的基本元件CAAT-box和TATA-box以及多种与逆境胁迫相关的顺式调控元件。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,CkF3H在柠条的根、茎和叶中均有表达,没有组织特异性;CkF3H的表达受低温、高盐、干旱和高温胁迫的诱导,并且在低温胁迫下,CkF3H的表达还受到光周期的影响。综上所述,研究结果表明CkF3H基因在柠条锦鸡儿适应低温、高盐、干旱和高温胁迫的过程中发挥作用。     

苦荞黄酮-3-羟化酶截短体的原核表达与多克隆抗体制备

为了制备苦荞黄酮-3-羟化酶的多克隆抗体,该研究以苦荞种子灌浆期cDNA文库中获得的苦荞黄酮-3-羟化酶基因截短体(truncated Flavanone-3-hydroxylase,TrF3 H)序列为基础,采用PCR扩增F3 H的截短序列编码区(TrF3 H),构建了原核表达载体pET47b-TrF3 H,并转化入大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)plysS中进行诱导表达,将经钴离子螯合层析柱纯化后的目的蛋白切胶回收后制备了高效价的多克隆抗体。结果表明:pET47b-TrF3 H在大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)plysS中以包涵体的形式高效表达。蛋白质印迹显示,制备的多克隆抗体能特异识别其对应的抗原,天然的黄酮-3-羟化酶蛋白在苦荞的未成熟种子中大量表达。原核表达体系的建立和多克隆抗体的制备为进一步探讨F3H在苦荞中功能奠定了基础。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Characterization of SSEA-1 glycolipids from the brain of a patient with fucosidosis

Neutral glycolipids from the brain of a patient with Fucosidosis were analyzed and two complex glycolipids containing five and eight sugars were isolated from the cortical grey matter. These two glycolipids reacted with antibodies recognizing the SSEA-1 [Le^x(X)] carbohydrate determinant. SSEA-1 glycolipids are normally expressed in human embryonic brain but are found in only small amounts in postnatal human brain. The accumulation of the two SSEA-1 glycolipids in Fucosidosis brain thus represents a defect which affects the normal developmentally regulated decrease in postnatal, expression of these glycolipids, and may be a contributing factor in the abnormal brain development associated with the disease. Chemical characterization of the two isolated glycolipids by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses has identified the two glycolipids as lacto-N-fucopentaosylceramide (III) and difucosyl-neolactonorhexaosylceramide.Abbreviations DCl direct chemical ionization - FAB tastatiom bombardment - GC gas chromatography - GSLs glycosphingolipids - MS mass spectrometry - SSEA-1 stage specific embryonic antigen-1 - TLC thin layer chromatographys     

1H and13C-NMR analysis of four pentasaccharides from urine of blood-group A and B,Leb adults. Confirmation of the structure of two new oligosaccharides: Fuc(α1–2)[GalNAc(α1–3)]Gal(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–4)]Glc and Fuc(α1–2)[Gal(α1–3)]Gal(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–4)]Glc

The major pentasaccharides Fuc(1-2)[GalNAc(1-3)]Gal(1-4)[Fuc(1-3)]Glc and Fuc(1-2) [Gal(1-3)]Gal(1-4)[Fuc(1-3)]Glc, which are normally present in the urine of bloodgroup A Le^b and B Le^b healthy subjects, were each found to be contaminated by a minor component when analysed by¹H-NMR. The determination of these structures, Fuc(1-2) [GalNAc(1-3)]Gal(1-3)[Fuc(1-4)]Glc and Fuc(1-2) [Gal(1-3)]Gal(1-3)[Fuc(1-4)]Glc, was based on the results of methylation analysis and¹H/¹³C-NMR spectroscopy.Abbreviations HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - GLC gas liquid chromatography - NMR nuclear magnetic resonance - COSY correlation spectroscopy - Gal d-galactopyranose - GalNAc 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactopyranose - Glc d-glucopyranose - Fuc l-fucopyranose - LNDFH I lacto-N-difucohexaose I (Le^b determinant     

Structural Peculiarities of Na+,K+-ATPase Isozymes from the Calf Brain

Functionally active preparations of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase isozymes from calf brain that contain catalytic subunits of three types (1, 2, and 3) were obtained using two approaches: a selective removal of contaminating proteins by the Jorgensen method and a selective solubilization of the enzyme with subsequent reconstitution of their membrane structure by the Esmann method. The ouabain inhibition constants were determined for the isozymes. The real isozyme composition of the Na⁺ pump from the grey matter containing glial cells and the brain stem containing neurons was determined. The plasma membranes of glial cells were shown to contain mainly Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase of the 11 type and minor amounts of isozymes of the 22(1) and the 31(2) type. The axolemma contains 21 and 31 isozymes. A carbohydrate analysis indicated that 11 enzyme preparations from the brain grey matter substantially differ from the renal enzymes of the same composition in the glycosylation of the 1 isoform. An enhanced sensitivity of the 3 catalytic subunit of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase from neurons to endogenous proteolysis was found. A point of specific proteolysis in the amino acid sequence PNDNR⁴⁹² Y⁴⁹³ was localized (residue numbering is that of the human 3 subunit). This sequence corresponds to one of the regions of the greatest variability in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-subunits, but at the same time, it is characteristic of the 3 isoforms of various species. The presence of the 3 isoform of tubulin (cytoskeletal protein) was found for the first time in the high-molecular-mass Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase 31 isozyme complex isolated from the axolemma of brain stem neurons, and its binding to the 3 catalytic subunit was shown.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

N-andO-glycosylation of glycoprotein C synthesized by Herpes simplex virus type 1-infected ricin resistant cells

The progeny of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) grown in ricin-resistant 14 cells (Ric^R14) lackingN-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I was released in the extracellular medium at a very low rate. By using a monoclonal antibody immobilized on Sepharose we purified from HSV-1-infected Ric^R14 cells a viral glycoprotein (gC), which carries bothN-andO-linked oligosaccharides. Glycopeptides obtained from [³H]mannoselabeled gC by Pronase digestion were entirely susceptible to endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase H, and the major oligosaccharide released was Man₄GlcNAc. The accumulation of this high-mannose species was related to the enzymic defect of the host cells and to the long retention of the viral glycoprotein within the cells. The extent ofO-glycosylation evaluated in [¹⁴C]glucosamine-labeled gC from Ric^R14 cells as compared to that of gC from wild type cells did not appear to be significantly modified.Abbreviations Con A concanavalin A - BHK cells baby hamster kidney cells - HSV Herpes simplex virus     

Elucidation of Structure of Lipid A from the Marine Gram-Negative Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis ATCC 14393T

The chemical structure of lipid A, from the marine -proteobacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis 14393, a main product of lipopolysaccharide hydrolysis (1% AcOH), was determined using chemical methods and NMR spectroscopy. The lipid A was shown to be -1,6-glucosaminobiose 1,4-diphosphate acylated with two (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoic acid residues at C3 and C3 and amidated with one (R)-3-hydroxydodecanoyl and one (R)-3-dodecanoyloxydodecanoyl residue at N2 and N2, respectively.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.