地衣芽胞杆菌BL63516对抗生素诱导的 菌群紊乱小鼠肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

目的探索地衣芽胞杆菌BL63516对肠道菌群和肠黏膜屏障功能调节的效果和可能机制,为临床疾病的治疗提供新思路。方法采用健康清洁级雄性BALB/C小鼠30只构建动物模型,将小鼠分为3组(每组10只),分别为对照组(CON组)、头孢曲松钠灌胃组(CS组)和地衣芽胞杆菌BL63516治疗组(BL组),除CON组外其余两组小鼠给予300 mg/mL头孢曲松钠0.2 mL,2次/d灌服8 d,短期大量服用抗生素以建立肠道菌群紊乱模型。第9天起BL组小鼠给予地衣芽胞杆菌干预连续8 d。第17天摘眼球处死小鼠,取血、结肠、粪便样本。ELISA方法检测小鼠血清及肝脏组织中的细胞因子及LPS水平。PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳方法及16S rRNA高通量测序测定小鼠肠道菌群结构。结果地衣芽胞杆菌干预后小鼠血清LPS水平较模型组显著降低,屏障功能改善。且地衣芽胞杆菌治疗后BL组小鼠肠道菌群丰富度和多样性显著升高,菌群结构有所改变。结论实验结果提示地衣芽胞杆菌BL63516可以有效改善抗生素所致的肠道菌群失调,对肠屏障功能有一定调节作用。     

地衣芽胞杆菌BL63516对 DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎的调节作用

目的探索地衣芽胞杆菌BL63516对DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎的缓解作用和可能机制,为临床疾病的治疗提供新思路。方法用BALB/C雌性小鼠构建动物模型,将30只小鼠分为CON组、DSS组和BL组,每组10只,除CON组外,其余两组均给予3%(m/v)DSS自由饮用,并给予地衣芽胞杆菌BL63516干预。第8天摘眼球处死小鼠,取血、结肠、粪便样本。以ELISA法检测小鼠血清和结肠研磨液中的细胞因子。用PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)方法分析小鼠肠道菌群结构。结果 DSS组小鼠血清IL-10及结肠MPO水平均与CON组有明显差异,地衣芽胞杆菌干预后有不同程度改变;使用非加权成对算术平均算法(UPGMA)对PCR-DGGE图谱中各泳道条带类型聚类分析结果显示各组小鼠结肠菌群结构具有显著差异,其中BL组增加双歧杆菌属Bifidobacterium saguini及疣微菌门的噬黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)数量。结论地衣芽胞杆菌可以有效改善DSS诱导的结肠炎症状,其作用机制与肠屏障功能和肠道菌群的调节有密切关系。     

凝结芽孢杆菌-乳果糖合生元对DSS诱导的溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠道健康的影响

[目的]旨在探究凝结芽孢杆菌-乳果糖合生元对葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulfate,DSS)诱导的溃疡性结肠炎小鼠临床体征、肠道形态和肠道菌群结构的影响.[方法]选取24只初始体重为(22.96±1.87)g的7周龄雄性C57/BL6小鼠,随机分为4组,每组6只,即CON组、DSS组(连续5 d饮用...     

枯草芽孢杆菌对草鱼肝脏脂质代谢的调节作用

为研究益生枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)肝脏脂质代谢及抗氧化功能的影响, 实验设置对照组(Con组)、Aeromonas hydrophila组(Ah组)、Aeromonas hydrophila+Bacillus subtilis组(Ah+Bs组)、Bacillus subtilis+Aeromonas hydrophila组(Bs+Ah组), 三个实验组均腹腔注射1×105 CFU/fish嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila), 枯草芽孢杆菌饲料含菌量为1×107 CFU/g, 实验周期为56d, 并于第28和第56天取样。结果表明, 与Ah组相比, 投喂枯草芽孢杆菌饲料后, (1)体增重率、特定生长率显著增加(P<0.05); (2) 28d时肝脏油红O染色脂滴面积及脂肪含量显著下降(P<0.05); (3)调节血脂代谢及缓解肝脏损伤: 血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量升高, 谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05); (4)调节脂质代谢: 28d时乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的表达水平下调, 脂蛋白脂酶及脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶的表达水平上调; (5)增强肝脏抗氧化能力、减少脂质过氧化的发生: 肝脏超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽、总抗氧化能力提高; 丙二醛及过氧化氢含量降低。综上, 在饲料中添加益生枯草芽孢杆菌可以增强草鱼的抗氧化能力, 缓解机体因嗜水气单胞菌感染造成的肝脏损伤, 调节肝脏脂质代谢功能, 减少脂质在肝脏中的积累, 并促进草鱼的生长。     

复合益生菌对白羽肉鸡肌肉品质的影响及作用机理

【目的】探究饮水中添加复合益生菌制剂(地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和丁酸梭菌)对肉鸡肌肉品质的影响及作用机理。【方法】试验随机选取360只1日龄白羽肉仔鸡,随机分为3个处理组：对照组(CON),正常饮水;低剂量益生菌组(LG),饮水添加0.2%复合益生菌;高剂量益生菌组(HG),饮水添加0.4%复合益生菌,试验为期42d。【结果】与CON组相比,LG组和HG组显著增加肉鸡7、35和42 d平均体重,显著提高HG组肉鸡21-28、28-35、35-42阶段的平均日增重(P<0.05),LG组仅显著提高35-42阶段平均日增重;显著提高胸肌45 min、24 h、48 h红度和24 h黄度,降低24 h和48 h亮度及48 h滴水损失和蒸煮损失。HG组胸肌粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著高于CON组,而LG组差异不显著;两组均可降低胸肌灰分含量。添加复合益生菌可显著提高总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC),而总超氧化物歧化酶(total-superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)含量有上升趋势;显著上...     

刺五加提取物对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化参数的影响

早期断奶会使仔猪产生心理、环境和营养应激反应,引起仔猪腹泻、营养不良和生长迟滞等。本试验通过在日粮中添加刺五加提取物,饲喂21日龄断奶仔猪,观察其生长性能、腹泻指数、器官指数和血清生化参数等指标的变化,为开发绿色防病促生长剂提供理论依据。结果表明,刺五加提取物能够显著提高早期断奶仔猪的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P<0.05),降低料肉比,显著防治早期断奶仔猪腹泻(P<0.05),其作用强于粘杆菌素;刺五加提取物组第1周的α-淀粉酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性均大于对照组(P>0.05),第2周的尿素氮含量极显著大于抗生素组和对照组(P<0.01),碱性磷酸酶活性显著小于对照组(P<0.05),第4周的α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。上述结果提示,刺五加提取物能够缓解仔猪的早期断奶应激,增强机体抵抗力,促进生长。     

抗生素

<正> 854971 培养基对地衣芽孢杆菌16号菌杆菌肽生物合成的影响[保]/Canchev,K.…//Acta Microbiol.Bulg.-1984,15.-38～42[译自DBA,1985,4(5),85-02215]杆菌肽是由地衣芽孢杆菌合成的。它是用做饲料添加剂的肽类抗生素。研究了不同培养基和培养条件对抗生素生物合成的影     

锰、砷对地衣芽孢杆菌铀富集的影响

为研究地衣芽孢杆菌对铀(U)、锰(Mn)和砷(As)的吸附特性,以及Mn、As对地衣芽孢杆菌对U吸附的影响,为该菌在U污染治理中的应用提供理论支持。通过单因素及多因素试验,研究了地衣芽孢杆菌对U、Mn、As的富集规律及Mn、As对U富集的影响,并利用红外光谱(FTIR)分析其影响机理。研究表明:单因素实验中,U浓度大于75 mg/L、Mn浓度大于25mg/L或As浓度大于50 mg/L均会对地衣芽孢杆菌的生长产生明显的抑制;同时,U、Mn浓度在0-100 mg/L范围内其浓度与吸附率呈负相关,As在0-100 mg/L范围内其吸附率先降低后上升的趋势,且100 mg/L时吸附率最高,达到79.73%。多因素实验发现,As浓度低于60 mg/L时促进地衣芽孢杆菌对U的富集,高于60 mg/L发生抑制作用。低于40 mg/L的Mn促进芽孢杆菌对U的吸附,浓度高于60 mg/L Mn对其U的吸附产生抑制作用。Mn和As通过抑制细菌生长、竞争菌体表面负电性基团、改变菌体物质特性等方式影响菌体对U的吸附。     

武夷山地衣表生和内生芽孢杆菌种群的多样性

摘要:【目的】分析武夷山地衣表生和内生芽孢杆菌种群的多样性。【方法】从武夷山自然保护区采集扁枝衣属(Evernia)、珊瑚枝属(Stereocaulon)、孔叶衣属(Menegazzia)等分属于7科9属的地衣样品9份,分离地衣表面附生(表生)和内生芽孢杆菌,并根据16S rRNA基因序列同源性对分离得到的芽孢杆菌进行种的鉴定。【结果】未从扁枝衣属、树花属(Ramalina)和茶渍属(Lecanora)的3个样品中分离出表生或内生芽孢杆菌,从另外6个样品中分离出芽孢杆菌34株,分别鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus)、赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)和绿芽孢杆菌属(Viridiibacillus)的24个种。类芽孢杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属是这些地衣表生、内生芽孢杆菌的优势种群,分别占分离得到菌株的41.2%(14株)和35.3%(12株);短芽孢杆菌属、赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属和绿芽孢杆菌属为首次报道从地衣中分离获得。从不同的地衣样品分离的表生和内生芽孢杆菌的种类、数量存在差异。蜈蚣衣属(Physcia)表生的芽孢杆菌数量最多、可达3.85×106 cfu/g,而珊瑚枝属表面附生和内生芽孢杆菌的种类最多、共有12个种。分离到的芽孢杆菌大部分来自单独的一种地衣;台中类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus taichungensis)、土壤短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus agri)等4个种存在于2－3种地衣中;蕈状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mycoides)分布最广,在蜈蚣衣属、珊瑚枝属等4种地衣中都有存在。【结论】武夷山地衣表生和内生芽孢杆菌存在种类和数量的多样性。     

饲粮中添加杜仲叶对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化力和免疫功能的影响

在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加不同形式的杜仲叶,研究其对仔猪生长性能、腹泻率、抗氧化力及免疫功能的影响,以评估它们在养殖初期替代抗生素的能力。将断奶仔猪(杜×长×大)随机分成对照组、抗生素组(75 mg/kg金霉素)和三个杜仲叶组(杜仲叶提取物、发酵杜仲叶、杜仲叶干粉),每组10头,进行28天养殖试验。结果表明:与对照相比,杜仲叶提取物组仔猪平均日增重(ADG)显著提高并降低料重比(F/G)(P<0.05);与抗生素组相比,杜仲叶提取物组和杜仲叶发酵组ADG和F/G均无显著差异(P>0.05);各组之间平均日采食量(ADFI)差异不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,抗生素组和杜仲叶提取物组仔猪腹泻率显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,抗生素组和三种杜仲叶组均降低仔猪血液丙二醛含量和提高总抗氧化力(P<0.01),而抗生素组、杜仲叶提取物组和杜仲叶发酵组还显著提高血液免疫球蛋白IgM含量(P<0.01),且表现出提高血液IgG含量的趋势(P=0.06)。与其他各组相比,杜仲叶提取物组可显著提高肝脏指数(P<0.05);肝脏重量、脾脏重量和脾脏指数在各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲粮中添加杜仲叶提取物可改善断奶仔猪的生长性能,降低腹泻率,提高仔猪抗氧化力和免疫功能,其效果优于发酵杜仲叶和杜仲叶干粉,并具备一定的抗生素替代潜力。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.