The Urinary Cytokine/Chemokine Signature of Renal Hyperfiltration in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

Objective

Urinary cytokine/chemokine levels are elevated in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) exhibiting renal hyperfiltration. Whether this observation extends to adolescents with T1D remains unknown. Our first objective was to determine the relationship between hyperfiltration and urinary cytokines/chemokines in normotensive, normoalbuminuric adolescents with T1D using GFR_cystatin. Our second aim was to determine the relationship between urine and plasma levels of inflammatory biomarkers, to clarify the origin of these factors.

Methods

Urine and serum cytokines/chemokines (Luminex platform) and GFR_cystatin were measured in normofiltering (n = 111, T1D-N, GFR<135 ml/min/1.73 m²) and hyperfiltering (n = 31, T1D-H, GFR≥135 ml/min/1.73 m²) adolescents with T1D (ages 10–16), and in age and sex matched healthy control subjects (HC, n = 59).

Results

We noted significant step-wise increases in urinary cytokine/chemokine excretion according to filtration status with highest levels in T1D-H, with parallel trends in serum analyte concentrations. After adjusting for serum glucose at the time of sampling, differences in urinary cytokine excretion were not statistically significant. Only serum IL-2 significantly differed between HC and T1D (p = 0.0076).

Conclusions

Hyperfiltration is associated with increased urinary cytokine/chemokine excretion in T1D adolescents, and parallel trends in serum cytokine concentration. The GFR-associated trends in cytokine excretion may be driven by the effects of ambient hyperglycemia. The relationship between hyperfiltration, glycemia, and variations in serum and urine cytokine expression and their impact on future renal and systemic vascular complications requires further study.     

替米沙坦联合叶酸对老年H型高血压合并2型糖尿病患者凝血功能及肾功的影响

目的:观察替米沙坦联合叶酸治疗对老年H型高血压合并2型糖尿病患者凝血功能及肾功的影响.为老年H型高血压合并2型糖尿病患者的临床治疗以及延缓病程提供理论依据.方法:选择66例符合标准的老年H型高血压合并2型糖尿病患者,测定血压,胰岛素敏感指数,糖化血红蛋白,同型半胱氨酸,凝血指标及尿白蛋白排泄率(UAE)等基线数据.上述患者随机分为对照组及实验组,分别接受替米沙坦80 mg/d及替米沙坦80 mg/d+叶酸片0.8 mg/d治疗后,于24周后复查上述指标,并与用药前进行对比研究.结果:对照组及实验组患者均较治疗前血压下降,糖化血红蛋白、纤维蛋白原、尿白蛋白排泄率明显下降(P＜0.05),胰岛素敏感指数较治疗前升高(P＜0.05).经治疗后,实验组患者较对照组血压、糖化血红蛋白、同型半胱氨酸、纤维蛋白原、尿白蛋白排泄率下降均低于对照组(P＜0.05),胰岛素敏感指数较对照组升高(P＜0.05).结论:对于老年H型高血压合并2型糖尿病患者替米沙坦联合叶酸治疗较单纯替米沙坦治疗具有更良好的降压作用,增加胰岛素敏感性,改善高凝状态,改善肾功.     

2型糖尿病患者血糖波动与糖尿病视网膜病变的相关性分析

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖波动与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的关系.方法:T2DM患者进行眼底照相或眼底荧光造影,根据DR程度分为糖尿病背景期视网膜病变(BDR)组、糖尿病增殖期视网膜病变(PDR)组、无视网膜病变(NDR)组,记录年龄、性别、体重指数、病程、测量血压、糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、餐后2h胰岛素、空腹C-肽、餐后2hC-肽、血脂指标.选取三组中上述基线指标具有可比性的病例共106例(BDR组38例,PDR组35例,NDR组33例)纳入观察.采用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)连续监测患者血糖72 h.结果:各组间平均血糖水平(MBG)、血糖标准差(SDBG)、平均血糖波动幅度(MAGE)及血糖波动最大幅度(LAGE)相比较有统计学差异(P＜0.05).Spearman相关分析显示,糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)与MBG、SDBG、MAGE及LAGE呈正相关(P＜0.05).校正MBG后,糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)与SDBG、MAGE及LAGE的相关系数分别为0.297、0.396、0.284(P＜0.01).结论:血糖波动与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的发生发展有关,应尽早干预.     

2型糖尿病大鼠模型的肾脏和动脉血管并发症

目的制备发病过程类似人类2型糖尿病的动物模型,并观察其肾脏和主动脉的病变特点。方法8周龄SD大鼠高脂、高糖饮食一个月后给予小剂量STZ腹腔注射建立2型糖尿病模型,于成模后4周及8周观察血管功能指标和肾脏功能指标,并对肾脏和血管的病理改变进行观察。结果模型组于成模后4周及8周出现高血糖、高血脂、胰岛素抵抗、肾功能改变和血管功能改变。肾脏光镜下见肾小球内皮及系膜细胞增生;肾小管水肿,管腔内有大量蛋白管型和细胞管型;肾盂区有大量淋巴细胞浸润。动脉血管电镜下见内皮细胞局部损伤严重;内皮细胞与内弹力板连接处空隙增加等。结论用高脂高糖饮食加小剂量STZ腹腔注射可成功制备2型糖尿病大鼠模型,成模后4周及8周后观察肾脏及大血管相继出现病变,是2型糖尿病血管病变研究的理想模型。     

2型糖尿病患者肾小管功能测定及其相关因素分析

目的：探讨2型糖尿病（DM）患者的肾小管功能改变,分析其相关因素。方法：将64例2型DM患者根据尿微量白蛋白量分为3组：正常蛋白尿组（〈30mg/24h）21例、微量白蛋白尿组（30~300mg/24h）20例和临床蛋白尿组（〉300mg/24h）23例,测定各组尿β2微球蛋白（U-β2MG）和尿渗透压（U-OSM）。探讨年龄、DM病程、24h尿白蛋白量、糖化血红蛋白、血压、血脂水平与肾小管功能损害的关系。结果：2型DM患者均有不同程度的尿β2MG增高及尿渗透压减低,在正常蛋白尿组即有4例尿β2-MG和7例尿OSM存在异常;方差分析显示,随尿白蛋白量的增高,尿β2MG逐步增高,尿渗透压逐步减低,三组间差异有统计学意义（F=26.123和13.889,P均〈0.01）,任两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。线性回归显示,尿β2MG及尿OSM改变与DM病程、尿白蛋白（U-ALB）、收缩压（SBP）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）独立有关。结论：2型DM肾脏损害并非仅累及肾小球,在尿微量白蛋白出现之前即可出现肾小管功能异常。联合检测24h尿白蛋白量、尿β2-MG、尿OSM有助于全面评估2型糖尿病患者的肾脏损害情况。严格控制血糖,尽早纠正代谢紊乱对肾小管功能有保护作用。     

2 型糖尿病患者肾小管功能测定及其相关因素分析

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(DM)患者的肾小管功能改变,分析其相关因素。方法:将64例2型DM患者根据尿微量白蛋白量分为3组:正常蛋白尿组(<30mg/24h)21例、微量白蛋白尿组(30~300mg/24h)20例和临床蛋白尿组(>300mg/24h)23例,测定各组尿β2微球蛋白(U-β2MG)和尿渗透压(U-OSM)。探讨年龄、DM病程、24h尿白蛋白量、糖化血红蛋白、血压、血脂水平与肾小管功能损害的关系。结果:2型DM患者均有不同程度的尿β2MG增高及尿渗透压减低,在正常蛋白尿组即有4例尿β2-MG和7例尿OSM存在异常;方差分析显示,随尿白蛋白量的增高,尿β2MG逐步增高,尿渗透压逐步减低,三组间差异有统计学意义(F=26.123和13.889,P均<0.01),任两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。线性回归显示,尿β2MG及尿OSM改变与DM病程、尿白蛋白(U-ALB)、收缩压(SBP)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)独立有关。结论:2型DM肾脏损害并非仅累及肾小球,在尿微量白蛋白出现之前即可出现肾小管功能异常。联合检测24h尿白蛋白量、尿β2-MG、尿OSM有助于全面评估2型糖尿病患者的肾脏损害情况。严格控制血糖,尽早纠正代谢紊乱对肾小管功能有保护作用。     

De-Intensification of Diabetes Treatment in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: De-intensification of diabetes treatment is recommended in elderly patients with tight glycemic control at high risk of hypoglycemia. However, rates of de-intensification in endocrine practice are unknown. We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the rate of de-intensification of antidiabetic treatment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and tight glycemic control.Methods: All patients with ≥2 clinic visits over a 1-year period at a major academic diabetes center were included. De-intensification of diabetes treatment was defined as a decrease or discontinuation of any antidiabetic drug without adding another drug, or a reduction in the total daily dose of insulin or a sulfonylurea drug with or without adding a drug without risk of hypoglycemia.Results: Out of 3,186 unique patients, 492 were ≥65 years old with T2DM and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) <7.5% (<58 mmol/mol). We found 308 patients treated with a sulfonylurea drug or insulin, 102 of whom had hypoglycemia as per physician note. Among these 102 patients, 38 (37%) were advised to de-intensify therapy. In a subgroup analysis of patients ≥75 years old with HbA1c <7% (<53 mmol/mol), we found that out of 23 patients treated with a sulfonylurea drug or insulin and reporting hypoglycemia, 11 (43%) were advised de-intensification of therapy. There were no significant predictors of de-intensification of treatment.Conclusion: Our study suggests that de-intensification of antidiabetic medications is uncommon in elderly patients with T2DM. Strategies may need to be developed to prevent the potential harm of overtreatment in this population.Abbreviations: ADA = American Diabetes Association; CGM = continuous glucose monitoring; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; UKPDS = United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study     

Early Systemic Microvascular Damage in Pigs with Atherogenic Diabetes Mellitus Coincides with Renal Angiopoietin Dysbalance

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with a range of microvascular complications including diabetic nephropathy (DN). Microvascular abnormalities in the kidneys are common histopathologic findings in DN, which represent one manifestation of ongoing systemic microvascular damage. Recently, sidestream dark-field (SDF) imaging has emerged as a noninvasive tool that enables one to visualize the microcirculation. In this study, we investigated whether changes in the systemic microvasculature induced by DM and an atherogenic diet correlated spatiotemporally with renal damage.

Methods

Atherosclerotic lesion development was triggered in streptozotocin-induced DM pigs (140 mg/kg body weight) by administering an atherogenic diet for approximately 11 months. Fifteen months following induction of DM, microvascular morphology was visualized in control pigs (n = 7), non-diabetic pigs fed an atherogenic diet (ATH, n = 5), and DM pigs fed an atherogenic diet (DM+ATH, n = 5) using SDF imaging of oral mucosal tissue. Subsequently, kidneys were harvested from anethesized pigs and the expression levels of well-established markers for microvascular integrity, such as Angiopoietin-1 (Angpt1) and Angiopoietin-2 (Angpt2) were determined immunohistochemically, while endothelial cell (EC) abundance was determined by immunostaining for von Willebrand factor (vWF).

Results

Our study revealed an increase in the capillary tortuosity index in DM+ATH pigs (2.31±0.17) as compared to the control groups (Controls 0.89±0.08 and ATH 1.55±0.11; p<0.05). Kidney biopsies showed marked glomerular lesions consisting of mesangial expansion and podocyte lesions. Furthermore, we observed a disturbed Angpt2/ Angpt1balance in the cortex of the kidney, as evidenced by increased expression of Angpt2 in DM+ATH pigs as compared to Control pigs (p<0.05).

Conclusion

In the setting of DM, atherogenesis leads to the augmentation of mucosal capillary tortuosity, indicative of systemic microvascular damage. Concomitantly, a dysbalance in renal angiopoietins was correlated with the development of diabetic nephropathy. As such, our studies strongly suggest that defects in the systemic microvasculature mirror the accumulation of microvascular damage in the kidney.     

Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Peruvian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

ObjectiveTo describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in adult Peruvian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsIn this cross-sectional analysis, we reviewed clinical charts of type 2 diabetic patients with DKA admitted to Cayetano Heredia Hospital between 2001 and 2005 for data on demographics, previous treatment, previous hospital admissions for DKA, family history of diabetes, precipitating factors, hospital course, mortality, and insulin use 3 and 6 months after the index DKA episode. Patients older than 18 years who had confirmed DKA were included. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus were excluded.ResultsWe report on 53 patients with DKA for whom complete clinical and laboratory data were available. Of the 53 patients, 39 (74%) were men; mean age (± SD) was 45 ± 12 years; and 22 (42%) had no previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. The following mean (± SD) laboratory values were obtained at DKA diagnosis: glucose, 457 ± 170 mg/dL; pH, 7.15 ± 0.14; bicarbonate, 7.73 ± 6 mEq/L; and anion gap, 24.45 ± 7.44 mEq/L. Of the 53 DKA episodes, 35 (66%) were severe (arterial pH < 7.0 and/or serum bicarbonate < 10 mEq/L). The following precipitating factors were discerned: discontinuation of treatment in 21 (40%), infections in 16 (30%), intercurrent illness in 3 (6%), and no identifiable cause in 13 (25%). Mortality rate was 0%. Three and 6 months after the index DKA episode, insulin was used by 65% and 56% of patients, respectively.ConclusionIn countries with a low incidence of type 1 diabetes, DKA is frequently reported in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this study, 42% of patients had new-onset disease. Most DKA episodes were severe and were related to infection or noncompliance with treatment. (Endocr Pract. 2008;14:442-446)     

Heart Rate and Systolic Blood Pressure Variability in the Time Domain in Patients with Recent and Long-Standing Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) affects the cardiovascular response of patients. To study this effect, interbeat intervals (IBI) and beat-to-beat systolic blood pressure (SBP) variability of patients during supine, standing and controlled breathing tests were analyzed in the time domain. Simultaneous noninvasive measurements of IBI and SBP for 30 recently diagnosed and 15 long-standing DM patients were compared with the results for 30 rigorously screened healthy subjects (control). A statistically significant distinction between control and diabetic subjects was provided by the standard deviation and the higher moments of the distributions (skewness, and kurtosis) with respect to the median. To compare IBI and SBP for different populations, we define a parameter, α, that combines the variability of the heart rate and the blood pressure, as the ratio of the radius of the moments for IBI and the same radius for SBP. As diabetes evolves, α decreases, standard deviation of the IBI detrended signal diminishes (heart rate signal becomes more “rigid”), skewness with respect to the median approaches zero (signal fluctuations gain symmetry), and kurtosis increases (fluctuations concentrate around the median). Diabetes produces not only a rigid heart rate, but also increases symmetry and has leptokurtic distributions. SBP time series exhibit the most variable behavior for recently diagnosed DM with platykurtic distributions. Under controlled breathing, SBP has symmetric distributions for DM patients, while control subjects have non-zero skewness. This may be due to a progressive decrease of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity to the heart and blood vessels as diabetes evolves.     

Onychomycosis Incidence in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

The onychomycosis incidence was determined in 250 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who were registered at the Internal Medicine Service from a Mexico city General Hospital throughout a year (January-December 2006). Out of the total of studied T2DM patients, 93 (37.2%) showed ungual dystrophy and from these, in 75.3% a fungal etiology was corroborated. Out of 70 patients, 34 were men and 36 women, with an average of 63.5 years. Correlation between T2DM evolution time and onychomycosis was significant (P < 0.01). Distal-lateral subungual and total dystrophic onychomycosis were the most frequent clinical types (55.1% and 33.7%, respectively). Fifty-eight fungal isolates were obtained; 48.6% corresponded to dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum being the first species (37.1%). All these strains corresponded to two morphological varieties: "yellow" and typical downy. From the yeast-like isolates, 12 corresponded to Candida spp., firstly C. albicans and C. parapsilosis; three to Cryptococcus spp. (C. albidus, C. uniguttulatus and C. laurentii); two Trichosporon asahii; and only one to Pichia ohmeri. Six non-dermatophytic molds were isolated: two Chrysosporium keratinophylus, two Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, one Aspergillus fumigatus, and one Acremonium sp. The fungal mixture corresponded to T. mentagrophytes with C. guilliermondii; T. mentagrophytes with C. glabrata; T. rubrum with C. glabrata; T. rubrum with P. ohmeri.     

Liraglutide as Additional Treatment to Insulin in Obese Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

ObjectiveBecause approximately 40% of patients with type 1 diabetes have the metabolic syndrome, we tested the hypothesis that addition of liraglutide to insulin in obese patients with type 1 diabetes will result in an improvement in plasma glucose concentrations, a reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), a fall in systolic blood pressure, and weight loss.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of data obtained from 27 obese patients with type 1 diabetes treated with liraglutide in addition to insulin. Patients were also treated for hypertension. Paired t tests were used to compare the changes in HbA1c, insulin doses, body weight, body mass index, 4-week mean blood glucose concentrations (28-day insulin pump mean blood glucose), blood pressure, and lipid parameters prior to and 180 ± 14 days after liraglutide therapy.ResultsMean glucose concentrations fell from 191 ± 6 to 170 ± 6 mg/dL (P = .002). HbA1c fell from 7.89 ± 0.13% to 7.46 ± 0.13% (P = .001), without an increase in frequency of hypoglycemia. Mean body weight fell from 96.20 ± 3.68 kg to 91.56 ± 3.78 kg (P<.0001). Daily total and bolus doses of insulin fell from 73 ± 6 to 60 ± 4 (P = .008) units and from 40 ± 5 to 29 ± 3 units (P = .011), respectively. Mean systolic blood pressure fell from 130 ± 3 to 120 ± 4 mm Hg (P = .020).ConclusionAddition of liraglutide to insulin in obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus leads to improvements in glycemic control and HbA1c and to reductions in insulin dose, systolic blood pressure, and body weight. (Endocr Pract. 2013;19:963-967)     

Treatment of Hypogonadism with Testosterone in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of testosterone treatment on insulin resistance, glycemic control, and dyslipidemia in Asian Indian men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypogonadism.MethodsWe conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 22 men, 25 to 50 years old, with T2DM and hypogonadism. Patients were treated with intramuscularly administered testosterone (200 mg every 15 days) or placebo for 3 months in random order, followed by a washout period of 1 month before the alternative treatment phase. The primary outcomes were changes in fasting insulin sensitivity (as measured by homeostasis model assessment [HOMA] in those patients not receiving insulin), fasting blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1c. The secondary outcomes were changes in fasting lipids, blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and androgen deficiency symptoms. Statistical analysis was performed on the delta values, with the treatment effect of placebo compared with the effect of testosterone.ResultsTreatment with testosterone did not significantly influence insulin resistance measured by the HOMA index (mean treatment effect, 1.67 ± 4.29; confidence interval, -6.91 to 10.25; P > .05). Mean change in hemoglobin A1c (%) (-1.75 ± 5.35; -12.46 to 8.95) and fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) (20.20 ± 67.87; -115.54 to 155.94) also did not reach statistical significance. Testosterone treatment did not affect fasting lipids, blood pressure, and anthropometric determinations significantly.ConclusionIn this study, testosterone treatment showed a neutral effect on insulin resistance and glycemic control and failed to improve dyslipidemia, control blood pressure, or reduce visceral fat significantly in Asian Indian men with T2DM and hypogonadism. (Endocr Pract. 2010;16:570-576)     

Self-Care Associated with Home Exercises in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The objective of this study was to verify self-care guidelines together with lower limb home exercises alter ankle and foot plantar pressure and alignment in patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) measuring health and sociodemographic factors. The health factors analyzed were sensitivity and circulation aspects, risk rating, and neuropathy symptom score, ankle and foot alignment (photogrammetry), plantar pressures, and postural stability (baropodometry) before and after administering these guidelines and home exercises in 97 patients type 2 DM during 10 months. The self-care guidelines and exercises changed the forefoot alignment (Right Foot – Initial vs Final, p = 0.04; Left Foot, P<0.01), the center of the force displacement in the mediolateral (Right Foot - Initial versus Final, p = 0.02; Left Foot, P<0.01), and the anterior-posterior (Right foot - Initial versus Final, p = 0.01) direction, and body balance (Initial versus Final, p = 0.02). There was no change in the remaining assessed parameters. Self-care associated with the guidelines for home exercises for the lower limbs in patients with type 2 DM are effective in maintaining and improving the alignment of the feet, mediolateral stability and prevention of complications.

Trial Registration

The Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry RBR-8854CD     

Population-Based Study of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Requiring Emergency Medical Services

ObjectiveTo report the population burden of hypo glycemia necessitating emergency medical services (EMS) and the long-term outcomes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) receiving different insulin treatments.MethodsWe retrieved all EMS calls because of hypoglycemia in patients with T1DM in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2009, and reviewed the related medical records.ResultsDuring the 7-year study period, 531 EMS calls were made involving 208 patients with T1DM (112 men, 96 women; mean age 47 ± 13 years). Of the 208 patients, 137 (66%) were receiving multiple daily insulin (MDI) injections, 50 (24%) were receiving continuous sub cutaneous insulin infusion, 15 (7%) were receiving simple insulin (SI), 4 (2%) were treated with metformin + MDI, and 2 (1%) were not receiving treatment for diabetes (after pancreas transplantation). The last 2 groups were excluded from further analysis because of small sample size. The remaining 3 treatment groups differed by age (P < .02), with the oldest patients receiving SI. Repeated calls, emergency department transportation (EDT), and hospitalization had a 33%, 49%, and 18% frequency, respectively, and did not differ among the treatment groups. In a multivariate model, mortality was significantly associated with treatment type (the SI group had a higher risk for mortality than did the MDI group [P = .03] after exclusion of 27 patients who changed treatment during follow-up), age (P < .0001), and EDT (P = .04).ConclusionThe population burden of EMS-requiring hypoglycemia in patients with T1DM is high. Medical resource utilization was similar among the 3 treatment groups. Mortality was higher in the SI group (limited by small sample size) and among patients requiring EDT and increased with advancing age. Further research could be directed toward understanding the effect of expert evaluation of high-risk patients on long-term outcomes. (EndocrPract. 2012;18:834-841)     

Effect of One-Week Salt Restriction on Blood Pressure Variability in Hypertensive Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background

Increased short-term blood pressure (BP) variability on 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) is known to be a risk factor for cardiovascular events. However, very few studies have evaluated the effect of salt restriction on BP variability particularly in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of salt restriction on systolic BP (SBP) variability.

Methods and Results

10 hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and not receiving antihypertensive agents were enrolled in the study. After admission, all patients received a salt-restricted diet and appropriate anti-diabetic treatments and were followed up for 7 consecutive days using ABPM. After the 7-day treatment, the median [interquartile range (IQR)] coefficient of variation (CV) for diurnal SBP variability changed from day 1 to day 7–13.0 [10.8 to 16.8] % to 13.3 [9.1 to 18.9] % (P = 0.959)—and the median [IQR] change between days 1 and 7 was -0.3 [-3.2 to 2.9] %. In addition, CV for BP variability and circadian rhythm of BP varied greatly on a day-by-day basis for 7 days, compared to mean BP values. Interestingly, increased SBP variability was associated with greater day-by-day changes in circadian rhythm of BP.

Conclusions

Salt restriction during 7-day hospitalization led to a -0.3 [-3.2 to 2.9] (median [IQR]) % change from baseline in CV for diurnal SBP variability in 10 hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes not receiving antihypertensive agents.

Trial Registration

UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000016243     

Periodontal Therapy and Systemic Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis

Aim

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of periodontal therapy (PT) on serum levels of inflammatory markers in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods of Study Selection

A literature search was carried out using MEDLINE via Pubmed, EMBASE, LILACS and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases. Randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) evaluating the effect of PT on systemic inflammatory markers were deemed eligible. Case series (CS), reports and pilot trials were excluded. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk assessment tool. Meta-analysis was carried out using random effect methods.

Results

The search strategy identified 3,164 potential studies of which 61 were assessed for eligibility and 9 (6 RCTs and 3 CCTs) were included in this systematic review. Three RCTs were classified by the authors as being at low risk of bias and three were “unclear” and classified as uncertain risk of bias. All CCTs were considered to be at a high risk of bias. The meta-analysis showed a statistically significant mean difference (MD) for TNF- α (-1.33 pg/ml, 95% CI: -2.10; -0.56, p<0.001) and CRP (-1.28 mg/l, 95% CI: -2.07; - 0.48, p<0.001) favoring periodontal intervention versus control.

Conclusion

The results of this meta-analysis support the hypothesis that PT reduces serum levels of TNF- α and CRP in T2DM individuals. The decrease of inflammatory burden has important implications for metabolic control and can, in part, explain the mechanisms linking periodontitis and increased risk for complications in people with T2DM.