鄱阳湖越冬水鸟种群变化动态

鄱阳湖是东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙路线上重要的越冬地,开展鄱阳湖越冬水鸟种群变化动态研究,对指导鄱阳湖湿地生境管理,尤其是水位管控具有重要意义。2005～2007年的越冬季节,我们对鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区内3个重要湖泊(大湖池、沙湖和梅西湖)的越冬水鸟种群变化动态进行了调查,调查时间为每年10月至次年4月。3年共记录到水鸟53种,隶属于7目13科。3个越冬季节中单个调查日种类的最低值为9种,最高为31种。鄱阳湖越冬水鸟从10月上旬开始出现,在11月份鸟类数量急剧增加,在12月上旬和中旬达到数量峰值,然后开始缓慢减少,至4月初仅有少于1%的鸟类还停留在监测区域。在鄱阳湖要继续深入开展越冬候鸟空间分布动态变化的研究,分析水文节律变化对越冬鸟类生境的潜在影响,并深入研究气候因子与鄱阳湖越冬水鸟迁徙的关系。     

陕西省水鸟种群和地理分布研究

水鸟是湿地野生动物中最具代表性的类群,是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,灵敏并深刻地反映着湿地环境的变迁.2002年以来,省林业厅鸟类调查组对我省的鸟类资源及分布进行了全面系统的调查,结果表明陕西省湿地水鸟有10目20科113种.本文阐明了我省水鸟的种类、地理分布及保护价值,并讨论了陕西湿地水鸟种群现状、面临的威胁和相应的保护对策.     

长江中下游湖泊植食性水鸟栖息地适宜性变化

长江中下游湿地是东亚-澳大利西亚迁徙路线水鸟重要的越冬地,也是全球生物多样性保护的热点区域。近年来,气候变化和人类活动改变了长江中下游湖泊湿地的水文情况和自然生境,湿地变化对水鸟产生的影响尚未得到有效评估。了解湿地水鸟的分布动态,分析模拟湿地水鸟栖息地的分布变化至关重要。基于长江中下游植食性水鸟公民科学数据,结合MaxEnt模型,模拟了2012-2021年长江中下游25个湖泊植食性水鸟栖息地的适宜性及变化趋势,并探究湖泊洪泛区面积对植食性水鸟栖息地适宜性的影响。研究评估的长江中下游湖泊中,鄱阳湖2012-2021年栖息地适宜性呈现下降趋势,长湖和武湖呈上升趋势,其他湖泊并无显著上升或下降的趋势。湖泊洪泛区面积与湖泊植食性水鸟栖息地适宜性呈现显著相关关系,可作为水鸟栖息地适宜性的预测指标,研究可为湿地水鸟栖息地预测及湿地生态系统管理提供科学方法和结果参考。     

河北衡水湖湿地水鸟调查

2004年10月～2007年12月,调杳了衡水湖湿地的水鸟组成,记录到水鸟8目18科53属118种.国家重点保护鸟类Ⅰ级4种、Ⅱ级13种.其中古北界鸟类占绝对优势,有85种(72.03%);广布种次之,23种(19.49%);东洋界最少,有10种(8.47%).居留类型中,留鸟3种(2.54%),夏候鸟36种(30.51%),冬候鸟12种(10.17%),旅鸟67种(56.78%).按生境特点分为滩涂、沿湖和水域3种,沿湖种类最多.     

无人机调查白鹤种群数量和越冬分布

白鹤(Leucogeranus Leucogeranus)是国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,唯一一种极度濒危(CR)鹤类,分布和种群数量是评估其濒危程度的重要参数。无人机调查作为目前生态学研究的一个重要调查方法,为查明白鹤的越冬分布、种群数量及幼鸟比例,于2022年1月使用地面监测结合无人机调查的方法在江西、山东、安徽、湖南、湖北等地的湖泊和农田中开展越冬白鹤调查。野外调查共记录白鹤5607只,网络信息检索在调查区域外的8个地点记录白鹤9只,合计记录越冬白鹤5616只。其中江西鄱阳湖记录到越冬白鹤4813只,占总数的85.7%,主要分布在康山垦殖场、五星垦殖场和成新垦殖场;山东黄河三角洲记录到越冬白鹤625只,占总数的11.1%。安徽、湖南、湖北分别记录到越冬白鹤34,63和72只。对部分群体的白鹤幼鸟数量进行统计,4680只白鹤中,记录到幼鸟674只,幼鸟比例为14.4%,其中湖南越冬白鹤幼鸟比例最高,达28.6%,山东越冬白鹤幼鸟比例最低,为11.5%。调查刷新了白鹤种群数量,证实了山东黄河三角洲是目前除江西鄱阳湖外最重要的白鹤越冬地,缓解了白鹤越冬期过度集中的压力。基于本研究结果,我们...     

鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区越冬水鸟监测

2013—2018年,每年12月20日—翌年1月10日采用样区直数法对鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区13个样区的水鸟多样性进行1次监测。结果表明:共记录水鸟7目12科45种129633只,每年总数量在11604～33053只;其中,国家I级重点保护鸟类有白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)、白头鹤(Grus monacha)和东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana),国家II级保护鸟类5种。本次共记录优势种9种,以雁鸭类和鹬科鸟类为主; 2013—2014年和2017—2018年优势种种类较多,2015—2016年每年优势种只有2种;大部分水鸟类群的数量变化趋势类似,提示合适的水位可为多种水鸟生态类群提供适宜的湿地复合体;??类数量高峰期正好是大部分水鸟数量较低或低谷期,提示水位对水鸟多样性的维持极其重要;不同样区的水鸟相似性指数为0.51～0.91;该保护区物种数和个体数总体呈上升趋势,这与绿翅鸭(Anas crecca)、红头潜鸭(Aythya ferina)、反嘴鹬(Recurvirostra avosetta)等在2016—2018年数量和遇见率较高有关;多样性和均匀...     

海南岛红树林湿地的水鸟多样性

从2015年10月至2016年6月,调查了海南岛17个沿海红树林湿地春、夏、秋、冬四季的湿地鸟类。共记录水鸟74种,隶属5目12科,其中,翘鼻麻鸭（Tadorna tadorna）为海南鸟类分布新记录种。位于海南省儋州市白马井镇洋浦湾的新英作为黑脸琵鹭（Platalea minor）新的越冬点被发现。全岛水鸟数量较多的地点在万宁小海、海口东寨港和乐东莺歌海,种类较多的地点在东寨港、东方四更和莺歌海。Jaccard指数分析表明,栖息地具有相似适合度的地方,水鸟种类相似性更高,人工湿地之间的水鸟相似性高,人工湿地与天然湿地之间的水鸟相似性低。海南岛沿海红树林湿地的鸟类种类和数量随季节变化,秋、冬季种类多、数量丰富,春、夏季的种类和数量均较少。鸻鹬类在春、冬季种类和数量占比均为最大,秋、夏季数量最多的为鹭类。Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数分析得出东寨港的多样性指数最高,东寨港和莺歌海的均匀度指数表现较高。研究表明,海南岛的沿海红树林湿地是很多水鸟的重要栖息地,保护红树林是保护湿地水鸟多样性的关键。     

南方红豆杉无性系种群结构和动态研究

研究了元宝山南方红豆杉克隆种群的结构和动态．结果表明,种群S1～S6级个体均存在,S1、S2级个体占总个体数的64％．从元宝山南方红豆杉种群的大小级结构图看,结构呈较规则的金字塔形;南方红豆杉无性系幼树幼苗的贮备较为丰富,种群的年龄结构呈较规则的金字塔形,存活曲线近于倒J形;种群大小级动态指数Vpi=38．26％,考虑外部干扰时,Vpi′：6．38％>0,表现为稳定型种群．南方红豆杉种群更新的主要途径是无性繁殖,种群的数量动态主要受克隆内部调节机制以及外部环境的影响．生存分析结果表明,种群幼树幼苗的生存状态不稳定,死亡的可能性很大,而成年个体的生存状态则较为稳定．     

上海地区水鸟群落结构和动态分布特征

为了解上海地区水鸟的栖息状况和种群动态变化,2006—2010年在全市选取9个主要区域开展了全市水鸟同步调查。5年来共记录到水鸟9目17科133种796738只次,其中鸻形目53种,雁形目28种,鹳形目17种,鸥形目16种。按居留类型来分,留鸟、夏候鸟、冬候鸟和旅鸟种类分别占总种类的3.0%、9.0%、43.6%和44.4%。以雁鸭类为主体的冬候鸟迁徙时间一般为9月—次年4月;以鸻鹬类为主体的旅鸟一般为3—5月完成北迁,南迁时间为8—10月。上海市全年水鸟数量较多的区域依次是崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区、南汇东滩和九段沙湿地自然保护区,淀山湖、崇明北湖、宝钢水库和三甲港数量最少。对各调查区域内水鸟的聚类分析和主要类群的生境偏好分析说明,雁鸭类倾向于浅滩生境和开阔水面生境,鸻鹬类倾向于沿海面积较大的浅滩光滩,而滩涂的围垦和人为干扰都会产生负面影响。在此基础上提出了水鸟栖息地管理的一些建议。     

中国东南部越冬区白尾鹞种群动态

主要从湖北沙湖湿地自然保护区白尾鹞(Circus cyaneus)的生境偏爱和影响因子两方面分析中国东南部越冬区白尾鹞的种群动态。方差分析表明:年度间白尾鹞丰富度差异不显著。T检验表明:4a季节间白尾鹞丰富度差异极显著,秋季高于冬季。方差分析表明:4种生境中白尾鹞的丰富度存在极显著差异,草甸芦苇农田水域。4种生境中白尾鹞丰富度变异系数为:草甸水域芦苇农田。草甸生境是白尾鹞相对较好的越冬生境。多独立样本非参数检验(Kruskal-Wallis H法)表明:4种生境中雀形目鸟类和环颈雉的丰富度均存在极显著差异。多元线性回归模型(Enter进入法)显示:白尾鹞丰富度与其捕食对象丰富度在芦苇和草甸生境中呈强正相关,在农田和水域生境中相关性不显著。虚拟线性回归模型(Enter进入法)表明:草甸中的影响因子极显著的影响草甸中白尾鹞的丰富度。方差分析表明:草甸中白尾鹞的丰富度随草甸面积的下降而显著性下降。T检验表明:围网对白尾鹞在水域生境出现频次无显著影响。     

The population characteristics of the brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens, in the Philippines

Abstract. 1. Population characteristics of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), were investigated over eight growing seasons on rainfed rice in the Philippines.
2. Three nymphal generation peaks were observed in most seasons. The third peak was not always the largest and peaks varied considerably in size from season to season.
3. Generation peaks were less distinct at a second sampling site within an irrigation system, possibly associated with increased asynchrony of planting and the consequent increased immigration potential.
4. Mortality was highest for eggs and first instar nymphs. Egg to adult survivorship was estimated as 1–12%.     

极端洪水作用下升金湖消落带生境变化对越冬水鸟群落结构的影响

水鸟是湿地生境质量的重要指示性动物类群,可敏感地反映湿地环境变化。浅水通江湖泊消落带具有复杂多样的生境和丰富的食物资源,是水鸟特别是越冬水鸟的重要聚集区,其食物资源的丰富度和可获得性受水文节律影响。在极端洪水作用下,消落带生境变化对越冬水鸟群落结构及其多样性的影响是一个值得关注的水鸟及湿地生态学问题。选择了具有典型消落带生境的升金湖作为研究区域,对2019年(正常水位)和2020年(异常水位)两个越冬季水鸟的数量、种类进行调查统计,分析了消落带的生境变化情况对越冬水鸟群落结构的影响。2019年越冬期,记录到水鸟(50984.20±9595.71)只(n=5),隶属7目13科51种;2020年越冬期,记录到水鸟(27923.00±13808.47)只(n=5),隶属7目12科53种。整个越冬季消落带的水鸟种类略增但数量减少,2019年游禽中的优势种为豆雁,2020年游禽中的优势种增加为豆雁和斑嘴鸭,但涉禽中的优势种由白琵鹭、反嘴鹬、凤头麦鸡转变为苍鹭、大白鹭和反嘴鹬。洪水导致的草滩-水域混合区生境面积减小使湿生植物退化,可能是导致以豆雁为主的食苔草水鸟数量大幅度减少的重要原因;因湖水延迟...     

A review on the spot-billed pelican Pelecanus philippensis literature

Literature on spot-billed pelican has not been reviewed lately which could provide a critique of the emerging data. We have now chosen it as a key species through which we suggest a conservation action plan which will benefit several waterbird species. The information provided here is scholastic in nature and is meant to focus on aspects that require attention and help plan future work for applied conservation. All known information on this species is brought together in this review which will also provide an update of its biology. Notes on the breeding biology of the species first published in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. So far, 380 works have appeared on the species; of these, 36 contain material reported in earlier works or appeared as papers subsequently. Most appeared as articles in journals, both national and regional, a few international journals, newsletters/bulletins (48.2%), 4 dissertations, 76 reports and 6 popular science articles in magazines. This review on the species will provide an insight into different factors that can be weighed and combined while making a decision in investing resources in species conservation, i.e. importance of the species, level of threat and the time frame over which results are to be achieved.     

Hope for the White-headed Duck,Oxyura leucocephala (Aves: Anatidae) in Turkey despite a declining breeding population and abandonment of its traditional wintering area?

The development of the breeding and non-breeding populations of the White-headed Duck, Oxyura leucocephala, in Turkey was analysed based on all available records from the period 1966–2016 from 99 different areas. Breeding is confined to Inner Anatolia and the eastern parts of the country. The breeding population had been estimated as 200–250 pairs in the period 1996–2001 but recent observations show that it does now not exceed 80–125 pairs which is a decline of about 50% within two decades. The non-breeding winter population comprises approximately 8,500–10,000 individuals. Burdur Lake has traditionally housed more than 90% of the population but is no longer a significant resting place. The numbers started to decrease from more than 10,000 birds at the beginning of the 1990s to a few hundred in the early 2000s. Now only very small numbers overwinter there. The reason seems to be a combination of water pollution and decreasing water level. After a period of more than 10 years, the numbers in Turkey started to increase again, and most birds are now concentrated at Manyas Lake in Western Anatolia. In 2016, the population reached a winter maximum of approximately 6,000. In the post-breeding season, up to 4,000 individuals were recorded in Eastern Anatolia in October 2014 which is far more than has ever been recorded in this season before.     

Human population growth and the demographic transition

The world and most regions and countries are experiencing unprecedentedly rapid demographic change. The most obvious example of this change is the huge expansion of human numbers: four billion have been added since 1950. Projections for the next half century expect a highly divergent world, with stagnation or potential decline in parts of the developed world and continued rapid growth in the least developed regions. Other demographic processes are also undergoing extraordinary change: women''s fertility has dropped rapidly and life expectancy has risen to new highs. Past trends in fertility and mortality have led to very young populations in high fertility countries in the developing world and to increasingly older populations in the developed world. Contemporary societies are now at very different stages of their demographic transitions. This paper summarizes key trends in population size, fertility and mortality, and age structures during these transitions. The focus is on the century from 1950 to 2050, which covers the period of most rapid global demographic transformation.