决明丙二酰CoA:ACP转酰基酶基因的克隆及序列分析

[目的]克隆决明丙二酰Co A:ACP转酰基酶(MCAT)基因并做序列分析。[方法]采用RACE法从c DNA中扩增出决明丙二酰Co A:ACP转酰基酶(MCAT)的CDS全长序列,推测出MCAT基因编码的氨基酸序列并进行序列分析。[结果]分析结果显示MCAT的CDS全长1 253bp,编码405个氨基酸。通过序列比对分析发现决明MCAT蛋白包含一个酰基转移酶超家族结构域,并且发现了一段高度保守的七肽模序。[结论]获得了决明MCAT的CDS全长,其编码的蛋白可能催化丙二酰Co A的转酰基反应,为决明脂肪酸的合成通路的阐明以及后期的决明脂肪酸的基因工程研究打下了坚实的基础。     

三角褐指藻甘油酯对氮胁迫的响应

【背景】三角褐指藻作为生物燃料潜在的生产者,在胁迫条件下能通过改变其甘油酯组成来适应外部环境的变化,同时伴随着生物燃料原料甘油三酯(TAG)的积累,研究三角褐指藻甘油酯对氮胁迫的响应机制有利于深入认识TAG的积累过程。【目的】通过分析三角褐指藻在正常和氮胁迫条件下各类脂质含量及其脂肪酸成分的变化,揭示氮胁迫诱导积累的TAG酰基主要来源,以及在胁迫前生成的各极性甘油酯脂肪酸的去向,从而为进一步认识三角褐指藻对氮胁迫的响应机制提供新信息。【方法】利用高效薄层色谱结合气相色谱法分析三角褐指藻在正常和氮胁迫条件下的脂肪酸及甘油酯组分的变化。【结果】三角褐指藻在氮胁迫条件下TAG含量增加至57.8 mg/g时,总甘油酯含量几乎不变,但各甘油酯含量变化差异很大,表现为各极性脂含量显著降低。在此期间,各类甘油酯脂肪酸组成含量的变化表明,三角褐指藻TAG主要积累饱和及单不饱和脂肪酸,即16:0和16:1n7,分别以从头合成及原有极性脂转化为主,极性脂的部分二十碳五烯酸(EPA)作为酰基供体也向TAG发生了转化;此外组成极性脂的多不饱和脂肪酸16:2n4、16:3n4及EPA分解导致其含量显著下降。【结论】当氮胁迫诱导的三角褐指藻TAG含量为57.8 mg/g时,积累的TAG酰基中有48%来自从头合成,52%来自极性脂转化;而氮胁迫诱导所减少的极性脂酰基中有54%转化成TAG,46%发生了分解。     

植物二酰甘油酰基转移酶基因(DGAT)研究进展

三酰甘油(TAG)是油料作物最主要的储藏脂类,二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT,EC2.3.1.20)是TAG合成途径的限速酶,其主要作用是催化二酰甘油加上酰基脂肪酸形成三酰甘油.在植物中已发现了3种不同类型的DGAT基因,分别为DGAT1、DGAT2和DGAT3.该文对近年来国内外有关植物DGAT相关基因及其蛋白分类、定位、结构及其在脂肪酸合成、种子发育与萌发、幼苗发育、叶片新陈代谢等过程中的作用等研究进展进行综述.为提高油料作物种子油含量以及特定脂肪酸积累提供理论参考.     

三角褐指藻△5-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及在酿酒酵母中的表达

△5-脂肪酸脱氢酶是合成花生四烯酸的关键酶.根据已报道的△5-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因设计引物,分别从三角褐指藻基因组DNA和总cDNA中扩增得到1520 bp和1410 bp的特异片段,序列分析结果显示,结构基因中含有一个大小为110 bp的内含子,这是国内外首次报道.将△5-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因亚克隆到大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母的穿梭表达载体pYES2.0中,在大肠杆菌中筛选到含有目的片段的重组质粒pYPTD5,用电击转化的方法将重组质粒pYPTD5转化到营养缺陷型酿酒酵母菌株INVSc1中,在缺省培养基中筛选得到酿酒酵母转化菌株YPTD5,在合适的培养条件下,添加外源底物双高γ-亚麻酸和诱导物半乳糖,培养并收集菌体.通过脂肪酸甲酯气相色谱分析,表明三角褐指藻△5-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母中获得了高效的表达,将双高γ-亚麻酸转化为花生四烯酸,其底物转化率达到了45.9%.     

三角褐指藻D5-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及在酿酒酵母中的表达

D5-脂肪酸脱氢酶是合成花生四烯酸的关键酶。根据已报道的D 5-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因设计引物, 分别从三角褐指藻基因组DNA和总cDNA中扩增得到1520 bp和1410 bp的特异片段, 序列分析结果显示, 结构基因中含有一个大小为110 bp的内含子, 这是国内外首次报道。将D5-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因亚克隆到大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母的穿梭表达载体pYES2.0中, 在大肠杆菌中筛选到含有目的片段的重组质粒pYPTD5, 用电击转化的方法将重组质粒pYPTD5转化到营养缺陷型酿酒酵母菌株INVSc1中, 在缺省培养基中筛选得到酿酒酵母转化菌株YPTD5。在合适的培养条件下, 添加外源底物双高g-亚麻酸和诱导物半乳糖, 培养并收集菌体。通过脂肪酸甲酯气相色谱分析, 表明三角褐指藻D5-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母中获得了高效的表达, 将双高g-亚麻酸转化为花生四烯酸, 其底物转化率达到了45.9%。     

天蓝色链霉菌中长链3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶的功能

【背景】链霉菌属于放线菌科,在土壤环境中广泛分布。链霉菌具有复杂的形态分化和多样性的次生代谢网络,能产生大量具有生物活性的次级代谢产物,被广泛深入研究。【目的】天蓝色链霉菌是链霉菌的模式菌株,其脂肪酸合成代谢与次级代谢联系紧密,但目前脂肪酸合成代谢途径还不清楚,其长链3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶还未见报道。【方法】利用大肠杆菌FabF序列进行同源比对,发现天蓝色链霉菌A3(2)的基因组中,SCO2390(ScoFabF1)、SCO1266(ScoFabF2)、SCO0548(ScoFabF3)和SCO5886 (ScoRedR)具有较高的相似性,并具有保守的Cys-His-His催化活性中心,可能具有长链3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶活性。采用PCR扩增方法分别获得以上基因,连入表达载体pBAD24M后分别互补大肠杆菌fabB(ts)突变株和fabB(ts)fabF双突变株,并检测转化子的生长情况。以上基因与pET-28b连接后,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达,并利用Ni-NTA纯化获得蛋白,体外测定其催化活性。将以上基因分别互补大肠杆菌fabF突变株后,GC-MS测定互补株的脂肪酸组成。【结果】4个同源基因中,只有ScofabF1能恢复fabB(ts)fabF双突变株42°C时在添加油酸条件下的生长,其他3个基因均不能恢复生长。而这4个基因都不能恢复fabB(ts)突变株42°C时生长。体外活性测定ScoFabF1具有长链3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶活性,其他3个蛋白都不具有该活性。仅ScofabF1能显著提高大肠杆菌fabF突变株的顺-11-十八碳烯酸(C18:1)比例,其他3个基因都不具有该功能。【结论】天蓝色链霉菌中ScofabF1编码长链3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶II,在脂肪酸利用过程中发挥重要作用。天蓝色链霉菌中没有发现编码长链3-酮脂酰ACP合成酶I的基因,其可能通过其他途径合成少量的不饱和脂肪酸。以上研究结果为进一步研究天蓝色链霉菌中脂肪酸合成机制奠定了基础。     

微藻(Chlorella sorokiniana)的转录组分析:油脂生物合成相关的途径解析和基因挖掘

【目的】为了构建和改造产油微藻(Chloralla sorokiniana),需要从基因组水平解析脂肪酸、三酰甘油、淀粉等生物大分子的合成和降解途径,并分析和确定其中的重要基因。【方法】本研究选取了初始氮浓度分别为KNO3∶8g/L和KNO3∶2 g/L的培养条件培养微藻C.sorokiniana,培养至84h收集藻细胞进行Illumina Hiseq2000双端测序,利用Trinity进行de novo拼接,得到的转录本通过Nr数据库、UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot数据库、COG数据库进行功能注释及分类,通过KEGG数据库进行相关代谢途径注释。最后利用RSEM计算每个转录本的RPKM值,并对相关代谢途径中的转录本的表达差异进行了初步分析。【结果】Illumina Hiseq2000双端测序共获得49M 100 bp的raw reads,de novo拼接得到49885个转录本,其长度范围在300bp到14100bp之间,N50为1941 bp。其中26479个转录本成功注释到功能,2357个转录本注释到了EC编号,利用这些转录本注释到207条代谢途径。在此基础上构建了C.sorokiniana的脂肪酸、三酰甘油、淀粉等生物大分子的合成及降解途径。并初步确定了代谢途径中基因的上调及下调水平。【结论】通过RNA-seq分析实现了对非模式藻株C.sorokiniana的基因组解析,在此基础上构建了脂肪酸、三酰甘油、淀粉的生物合成和降解途径及重要基因,所构建的代谢途径与模式藻株莱氏衣藻是一致的,并比较了相关途径中的基因的表达差异,这些信息有助于将来对微藻进行遗传改造提高其产油能力。     

双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD在谷氨酸棒杆菌JNR中的功能

【目的】通过改造谷氨酸棒杆菌JNR中双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD,减弱尿苷酰去除酶的活性,增强NH_4~+的转运和利用,提高L-精氨酸的合成。【方法】本文对来源于谷氨酸棒杆菌的突变菌株JNR中的双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD进行整合突变,采用同源重组的方法将H_(414)和D_(415)位点突变为两个丙氨酸AA,在此菌株的基础上过量表达PII蛋白GlnK,并对其进行尿苷酰化研究,离子色谱检测摇瓶发酵过程中NH4+的浓度,并对最终的改造菌株进行连续流加发酵分析。【结果】该双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶在谷氨酸棒杆菌中成功进行整合突变,有效减弱了尿苷酰去除酶的活性;同时过表达PII蛋白GlnK,其酰基化程度明显增强。摇瓶发酵结果表明菌株L4消耗NH_4~+增加,L-精氨酸产量为36.2±1.2 g/L,比对照菌株L3高出22.7%。5-L发酵罐实验结果显示改造菌株L4的L-精氨酸的产量为52.2 g/L,较野生型菌株L0提高了25.3%。【结论】谷氨酸棒杆菌合成L-精氨酸的过程中氮源是必不可少的。减弱GlnD尿苷酰去除酶的活性后,胞内尿苷酰化的GlnK-UMP增加,GlnK-UMP与氮转录调控因子AmtR结合,转运至胞内的NH_4~+浓度提高,促使L-精氨酸产量显著提高。     

植物硬脂酰-酰基载体蛋白脱饱和酶

植物硬脂酰-酰基载体蛋白脱饱和酶(SAD)是植物脂肪酸合成代谢的关键酶,位于质体基质中,催化硬脂酰-ACP脱饱和形成油酰-ACP的反应。SAD决定着植物饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的比例,和植物响应温度变化,增强低温适应性有密切关系,并参与防御、膜形成等生理过程。SAD分子是同源二聚体,具特异的二铁中心,其空间结构已被描述。对SAD进行基因工程操作具有广阔的前景。     

热稳定酯酰辅酶A合成酶的异源表达及酶学特性

【目的】为寻找能合成丙酰辅酶A和丁酰辅酶A等聚酮合成前体的生物催化剂,用体外酶学实验对一个酯酰辅酶A合成酶进行了表征。【方法】利用丙二酰辅酶A合成酶作为输入序列,通过BLAST程序在Caldicellulosiruptor owensensis OL的基因组中找到1个酯酰辅酶A合成酶基因。在大肠杆菌中进行了异源表达,并通过亲和层析进行纯化。底物谱、最适反应条件、稳定性和动力学参数通过体外酶学实验进行表征,而定点突变则用于活性中心的氨基酸残基的分析。【结果】该酶具有较好的底物宽泛性,可识别丙酸、丁酸、2-甲基丙酸、戊酸、3-甲基丁酸、2-甲基丁酸以及环己甲酸等一系列单酸。反应最适温度为30°C,最适p H为7.0。70°C保温8 h后仍有45%的活性残留,表明该酶相对比较稳定。通过活性中心3个位点的定点突变可以改变酶的底物特异性。【结论】C.owensensis OL来源的酯酰辅酶A合成酶是潜在的生物催化剂,可以用于聚酮前体的合成。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.