真菌细胞色素P450在大肠杆菌中的表达

【背景】真菌细胞色素P450蛋白在大肠杆菌中表达水平低甚至不表达,近期研究发现通过对该类蛋白氨基端(N端)氨基酸序列的修饰可优化其表达水平。【目的】在大肠杆菌系统中表达预测功能为P450酶的焦曲霉094102菌株的Au8002蛋白,为真菌P450蛋白在大肠杆菌表达系统中的N端氨基酸序列修饰策略提供有效依据。【方法】对野生型P450蛋白Au8002的氨基酸序列进行分析,对其N端序列进行了3种序列修饰,并在诱导蛋白表达时添加P450生物合成前体5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA),研究N端氨基酸序列修饰策略及前体添加对真菌P450在大肠杆菌中蛋白表达的影响。【结果】SDS-PAGE和Westernblot检测结果显示,对目的蛋白进行的3种氨基酸序列修饰均使Au8002蛋白获得了表达,前体5-ALA的添加提高了目的蛋白表达量。其中对目的蛋白进行N端全长截短时可部分增加其可溶性,同时也验证了其特征性的CO结合能力。【结论】对预测为P450酶的菌株094102蛋白Au8002氨基端(N端)氨基酸序列的修饰有效解决了其在大肠杆菌内不表达的难题,实现了其可溶性表达;另一方面P450生物合成前体5-ALA的添加也能有效提高该类蛋白的表达水平,上述策略对改善其它该类蛋白在大肠杆菌内的表达水平具有借鉴意义。     

中国红豆杉细胞色素P450还原酶的基因克隆、表达与活性分析

细胞色素P450还原酶(Cytochrome P450 reductase,CPR)是细胞色素P450羟基化酶电子传递链的组成部分,在生物体内起着重要的电子传递作用。文章从中国红豆杉(Taxuswallichiana var. Chinensis)愈伤组织细胞中克隆CPR基因(TchCPR),TchCPR含有一个2154bp碱基的阅读框,编码717个氨基酸残基;在氨基酸水平上它与裸子植物细胞色素P450还原酶的同源性(82%)高于其他被子植物的细胞色素P450还原酶(74%)。在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达了全长和从N-端截短不同数目氨基酸残基的6个融合肽段,经亲和层析纯化,分析了表达的不同长度融合蛋白的电子传递效率。结果表明截短长度大于61个氨基酸残基肽段的胞色素P450还原酶都能够诱导表达,在表达水平上无显著差异,而截短61个氨基酸的CPR融合蛋白电子传递的催化活性(1.6057nmol Cyt Cred/min/μg TchCPR融合蛋白)高于其他4个融合蛋白。     

肺炎链球菌中青霉素结合蛋白PBP3在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达及活性鉴定

【目的】克隆肺炎链球菌R6的pbp3基因,构建原核表达载体并转化大肠杆菌表达,为PBP3的结构及应用研究创造条件。【方法】利用PCR法克隆肺炎链球菌R6中N端截短的pbp3基因(15-413 aa),BamHⅠ和XhoⅠ酶切后插入pGEX-6p-1构建pGEX-6p-pbp3*表达质粒,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中胞内表达GST-PBP3融合蛋白,Glutathione-Sepharose 4B column亲和纯化GST-PBP3融合蛋白,PreScission Protease切除GST标签,再次过谷胱甘肽亲和层析柱获得纯化的PBP3蛋白。利用PBP3对头孢喹诺的结合试验来鉴定表达蛋白是否有活性。【结果】经测序鉴定成功扩增出N端截短的pbp3基因,成功构建了pGEX-6p-pbp3*表达载体,并纯化出可溶性PBP3蛋白,而且有活性。【结论】肺炎链球菌pbp3基因原核表达系统的成功构建以及有活性重组蛋白的获得,为PBP3蛋白的结构及应用研究奠定了基础。     

鸡细胞色素P450 1A5的原核表达与活性重组

旨在对鸡细胞色素P450 1A5(CYP1A5)蛋白进行体外功能研究,采用大肠杆菌系统进行CYP1A5的异源表达。以鸡的cDNA为模板,扩增出CYP1A5基因,将该基因的N端编码区进行修饰,并连接到pCW载体中构建His-CYP1A5,经IPTG诱导在大肠杆菌中表达。经CO-差示光谱检测,所获得的His-CYP1A5具有典型的P450吸收峰。该蛋白与细胞色素P450还原酶(CPR)进行体外重组,构成的重组酶系表现出乙氧基试卤灵-O-脱乙基酶活性。结果表明,所采用的表达策略可以成功产生出具有催化活性的鸡细胞色素P450 1A5(CYP1A5)蛋白。     

亚致死剂量毒死蜱对飞蝗细胞色素P450酶活性及基因表达的影响

【目的】研究有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱对飞蝗体内细胞色素P450的影响。【方法】采用酶活力测定法和实时定量PCR技术分别研究了毒死蜱3种亚致死剂量(LD_(10)、LD_(30)和LD_(50))处理飞蝗3龄幼虫24 h后,体内细胞色素P450酶活性及CYP409A1和CYP408B1基因表达量的变化。【结果】不同亚致死剂量毒死蜱处理引起细胞色素P450活性显著性降低,分别为对照组的0.68、0.50和0.62倍。同时通过mRNA水平表达的差异比较显示,飞蝗的两个P450基因CYP409A1和CYP408B1的表达受到抑制,均出现表达量减少的现象。【结论】某些细胞色素P450基因表达受不同亚致死剂量毒死蜱的抑制而使酶的量被降低,从而造成飞蝗整体细胞色素P450酶活性的下降。     

高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中细胞色素b5还原酶I的克隆、表达和功能鉴定

【目的】鉴定产油微生物高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ的功能。【方法】将高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中膜结合细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ基因与人可溶性细胞色素b_5还原酶基因序列比对,去除该基因N端穿膜区域后,与人可溶性细胞色素b_5基因分别在大肠杆菌中异源表达;通过钴离子亲和层析、离子交换和分子排阻色谱等方法对表达产物进行纯化;以2,6-二氯靛酚钠(DCIP)为底物,测定细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ的体外活性及其对NADH和NADPH的偏好性;在反应体系中存在NADH时,通过全波长扫描方法检测细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ与细胞色素b_5的相互作用。【结果】高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中膜结合细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ被成功可溶表达,经纯化后检测到体外活性:使用NADH时酶活为564.57 U,使用NADPH时为51.97 U;在NADH存在时,细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ能够还原细胞色素b_5,其吸收峰从411 nm偏移至422 nm,并在521 nm和554 nm处吸光值增加。【结论】细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ N端穿膜区域的去除增加了其可溶性,并保持了蛋白质活性;高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ基因编码的是一种NADH-细胞色素b_5还原酶,其在体外能与细胞色素b_5相互作用。     

串联亲和纯化原核表达载体的构建

【目的】构建串联亲和纯化原核表达载体,用于研究细菌中(生理状态或接近生理条件下的)蛋白-蛋白相互作用。【方法】设计并合成两条串联亲和标签序列,分别可以在靶蛋白N端和C端融合Protein G和链亲和素结合肽(Streptavidin binding peptide,SBP)标签;以pUC18载体为骨架,去除原有的阻遏蛋白基因,构建组成型表达载体pNTAP和pCTAP。【结果】成功构建N端和C端标签表达载体pNTAP和pCTAP,它们在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)、肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7和痢疾杆菌福氏5型M90T菌株中都可以实现表达。【结论】本实验构建的两个串联亲和纯化表达载体可以在部分革兰氏阴性细菌中表达,为研究细菌内蛋白-蛋白相互作用及致病菌毒力蛋白的作用机制奠定了基础。     

大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中DnaE intein介导ABCA1蛋白的连接

摘 要：【目的】利用Ssp DnaE intein的蛋白质反式剪接技术研究在大肠杆菌中对ABCA1基因表达产物的连接作用。【方法】将ABCA1的cDNA于满足剪接所需的保守性氨基酸Cys978密码子前断裂为N端和C端两部分,分别与天然存在的反式作用Ssp DnaE intein的123个氨基酸的N端和36个氨基酸的C端编码序列融合,构建到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)。转化感受态大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)细胞,诱导表达后观察重组蛋白的表达和ABCA1的连接。【结果】转化菌经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PA     

大肠杆菌通过甲羟戊酸途径合成紫苏醇

紫苏醇,即[4-异丙烯基-1-环己烯]甲醇,是一种具有类似芳樟醇和松油醇特殊气味的单环单萜烯醇。在医药、食品和化妆品等行业具有广阔市场空间和研究价值。文中研究了以工程大肠杆菌通过甲羟戊酸途径合成紫苏醇的方法。首先在大肠杆菌中构建来源于粪肠球菌的MVA代谢途径合成柠檬烯,随后柠檬烯通过细胞色素P450烷烃羟化酶的羟基化转化为紫苏醇。然后将构建的紫苏醇合成菌株在摇瓶发酵条件下进行优化,研究发现工程大肠杆菌以葡萄糖为原料,通过MVA代谢途径可合成约50.12 mg/L的紫苏醇。本研究构建合成紫苏醇的MVA代谢途径也可用于其他萜类化合物的合成,为今后生物法合成萜类化合物提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

基于谷氨酸棒杆菌NCgl1221蛋白的新型细菌表面展示系统

【目的】开发一种新型的大肠杆菌表面展示系统,为C末端截短NCgl1221蛋白作为锚定蛋白提供科学依据,丰富并优化细菌表面展示系统。【方法】扩增C末端截短NCgl1221序列和β-淀粉酶基因,构建融合蛋白表达载体。将重组载体PET-NA和空载体PET-28a分别转入Rosetta(DE3)pLysS中,IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定融合蛋白表达情况。将诱导表达菌株进行免疫荧光染色,荧光显微镜观察和流式细胞分析检测β-淀粉酶的展示。酶活测定和淀粉水解分析验证被展示β-淀粉酶的活性。【结果】融合蛋白成功地在大肠杆菌中表达,有活性的β-淀粉酶通过与锚定蛋白C末端的融合被展示在了宿主菌表面,展示β-淀粉酶的重组菌可以水解利用培养基中的淀粉。【结论】成功开发了一种以C末端截短NCgl1221为锚定蛋白的新型大肠杆菌表面展示系统,并以此系统展示了分子量大小为56 kDa的活性酶,为该系统在全细胞催化剂或吸附剂等方面的应用奠定了基础。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.