新生隐球菌生物膜动物感染模型的构建及其活性的检测

目的 构建一种简便易行的新生隐球菌生物膜感染动物模型.方法 采用大鼠皮下置管法构建新生隐球菌生物膜感染动物模型,并使用电子扫描显微镜观察新生隐球菌体内形成生物膜的结构;采用MTT法对获得的体内生物膜结构进行活性的检测.结果 成功构建了新生隐球菌生物膜大鼠感染模型;MTT法检测体内生物膜活性表明,随着体内培养时间的延长,生物膜活性增强,与直接镜检和电镜观察结果一致.结论 新生隐球菌生物膜大鼠模型简单易行,便于操作,对于研究新生隐球菌生物膜体内活性的研究具有一定的实际应用价值.     

蒺藜中甾体皂苷对新生隐球菌生物膜形成的抑制作用

目的 观察蒺藜甾体皂苷类化合物TTS-12对新生隐球菌生物膜形成的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制.方法 光镜观察TTS-12对新生隐球菌生物膜生长形态的影响;MTT法观察TTS-12对新生隐球菌生物膜形成的影响;实时定量RTPCR观察不同浓度TTS-12对新生隐球菌细胞生物膜关键基因PMT4表达的影响.结果 经TTS-12处理的新生隐球菌生物膜结构更疏松,TTS-12可剂量依赖性地降低新生隐球菌生物膜生长动力学指标及PMT4基因表达水平(P＜0.01).结论 TTS-12可抑制新生隐球菌生物膜的形成.通过降低新生隐球菌PMT4基因表达可能是其抑制新生隐球菌生物膜的形成作用机制之一.     

STE12α基因对新生隐球菌形态学影响的初步研究

目的研究STE12α基因对新生隐球菌形态学的影响。方法分别敲除血清A型和血清B型新生隐球菌菌株的STE12α基因,建立缺陷株,再将STE12α基因重新导入建立重建株。观察并比较野生株、STE12α基因缺陷株及重建株在体内、外孵育后菌落和菌落的形态学差异。结果 STE12α基因缺陷株组形成的菌落明显偏少,菌株直径偏小,荚膜发育不良,而重构株组这些方面的改变都得到了恢复。结论 STE12α基因对新生隐球菌的形态学改变有着重要的影响,可能直接影响其毒力。     

结核分枝杆菌生物膜形成相关基因的筛选与鉴定

目的:通过菌落表型变化并结合生物膜生长缺陷筛选并鉴定可能与生物膜形成相关基因.方法:利用带有Himarl转座子的MycoMarT7转座子系统建立结核分枝杆菌H37Ra随机插入突变库;筛选细菌表面结构发生变化和生物膜形成有变化的突变菌株;运用T-A克隆法并结合抗性标记挽救法获得突变菌株的随机插入基因侧翼序列从而鉴定突变基因,并运用生物信息学方法分析预测突变基因的功能.结果:通过菌落形态变化及生物膜缺陷表型筛选出39株突变株,成功鉴定其中16株突变株,涉及16个基因发生突变,其中5个与脂质代谢相关,4个与细胞壁合成相关、2个与中间代谢和呼吸作用相关、1个调节蛋白相关基因,1个毒力相关基因,1个PE/PPE家族基因,还有2个功能未知基因.结合生物膜形成缺陷分析,其中8个基因可能与H37Ra体外生物膜的形成相关.结论:成功构建库容量约为l×104结核分枝杆菌转座子随机插入突变文库,筛选获得生物膜生长受损突变株及可能与结核分枝杆菌生物膜形成相关的基因信息,为后续深入开展生物膜形成机制研究奠定基础.     

新生隐球菌转录共激活因子MBF1基因的鉴定与敲除

目的构建新生隐球菌转录共激活因子MBF1基因缺陷菌株。方法采用套叠PCR方法 ,构建含有抗性基因NEO以及靶基因上下游同源DNA片段的基因敲除框,通过基因枪将重组片段转化入新生隐球菌,应用PCR筛选和DNA序列测序方法对基因突变株进行鉴定与验证。结果成功构建了新生隐球菌基因突变株mbf1裣。结论通过基因突变株mbf1裣的构建,为深入研究新生隐球菌转录辅助因子Mbf1的功能机制奠定基础。     

体内生物膜研究进展

生物膜是指由黏附于生命体或非生命体表面的微生物和其胞外聚合物所构成的复杂、多维的空间结构,在自然界中普遍存在。微生物在人类体内许多部位均可形成生物膜结构,如肺、心脏瓣膜、泌尿生殖道、肝胆系统、耳、鼻、皮肤等。越来越多的感染性疾病患者或动物模型体内均可检测出生物膜,如囊性纤维化肺炎、慢性中耳炎、细菌性心内膜炎、皮肤外伤后慢性感染、慢性鼻窦炎等。生物膜的形成与感染性疾病的关系及其在疾病的发生、发展、转归过程中的作用成为近年来研究的热点。目前体内生物膜检测技术主要有扫描电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、荧光原位杂交技术等。就临床常见感染性疾病与生物膜的关系及体内生物膜检测方法展开综述。     

新生隐球菌Cap59缺陷株ura5突变株的筛选方法*

改进筛选新生隐球菌Cap59荚膜缺陷株ura5突变株的方法。采用硫酸二乙酯化学诱导新生隐球菌Cap59荚膜缺陷株 ,利用 5 氟乳清酸 (5 FOA)反筛选法筛选ura5尿嘧啶合成基因突变株。用新方法筛选到 2株Cap59荚膜缺陷株ura5突变株。建立了一种筛选新生隐球菌荚膜缺陷株ura5突变株的简易方法。     

新生隐球菌Cap59缺陷株ura5突变株的筛选方法

改进筛选新生隐球菌Cap59荚膜缺陷株ura5突变株的方法。采用硫酸二乙酯化学诱导新生隐球菌Cap59荚膜缺陷株,利用5-氟乳清酸(5-FOA)反筛选法筛选ura5尿嘧啶合成基因突变株。用新方法筛选到2株Cap59荚膜缺陷株ura5突变株。建立了一种筛选新生隐球菌荚膜缺陷株ura5突变株的简易方法。     

隐球菌感染体外血脑屏障模型的构建与应用

目的构建体外血脑屏障模型,并检测隐球菌不同菌株穿越血脑屏障的能力。方法本研究应用商品化的小鼠脑微血管内皮细胞系b END.3构建体外血脑屏障模型,并验证该模型应用于隐球菌穿越血脑屏障机制研究的可行性。通过构建模型,以非致病性的酿酒酵母作为阴性对照,比较新生隐球菌不同血清型标准株及基因缺陷株穿越体外血脑屏障能力的差异。结果跨膜电阻值(TEER)检测提示体外血脑屏障模型构建成功。检测结果显示酿酒酵母作为阴性对照穿越血脑屏障效率最低,新生隐球菌血清A型标准株H99穿越细胞屏障效率最强,血清D型标准株JEC21穿越细胞屏障效率显著低于H99。较之H99,黑色素酶缺陷株lac1裣穿越体外血脑屏障模型的效率没有显著差异;尿素酶缺陷株ure1裣效率显著下降(P0.05),约为标准株H99通过率的59.9%;荚膜缺陷株cap59裣突破体外血脑屏障模型效率最低,约为标准株H99的18%(P0.001)。结论隐球菌中枢系统感染体外模型成功构建。新生隐球菌突破血脑屏障的能力与其血清型以及荚膜、尿素酶等毒力因子的表达密切相关。     

隐球菌感染体外血脑屏障模型的构建与应用CSCD

目的构建体外血脑屏障模型,并检测隐球菌不同菌株穿越血脑屏障的能力。方法本研究应用商品化的小鼠脑微血管内皮细胞系b END.3构建体外血脑屏障模型,并验证该模型应用于隐球菌穿越血脑屏障机制研究的可行性。通过构建模型,以非致病性的酿酒酵母作为阴性对照,比较新生隐球菌不同血清型标准株及基因缺陷株穿越体外血脑屏障能力的差异。结果跨膜电阻值(TEER)检测提示体外血脑屏障模型构建成功。检测结果显示酿酒酵母作为阴性对照穿越血脑屏障效率最低,新生隐球菌血清A型标准株H99穿越细胞屏障效率最强,血清D型标准株JEC21穿越细胞屏障效率显著低于H99。较之H99,黑色素酶缺陷株lac1裣穿越体外血脑屏障模型的效率没有显著差异;尿素酶缺陷株ure1裣效率显著下降(P<0.05),约为标准株H99通过率的59.9%;荚膜缺陷株cap59裣突破体外血脑屏障模型效率最低,约为标准株H99的18%(P<0.001)。结论隐球菌中枢系统感染体外模型成功构建。新生隐球菌突破血脑屏障的能力与其血清型以及荚膜、尿素酶等毒力因子的表达密切相关。     

Cryptococcus neoformans biofilm formation depends on surface support and carbon source and reduces fungal cell susceptibility to heat, cold, and UV light

The fungus Cryptococcus neoformans possesses a polysaccharide capsule and can form biofilms on medical devices. We describe the characteristics of C. neoformans biofilm development using a microtiter plate model, microscopic examinations, and a colorimetric 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium-hydroxide (XTT) reduction assay to observe the metabolic activity of cryptococci within a biofilm. A strong correlation between XTT and CFU assays was demonstrated. Chemical analysis of the exopolymeric material revealed sugar composition consisting predominantly of xylose, mannose, and glucose, indicating the presence of other polysaccharides in addition to glucurunoxylomannan. Biofilm formation was affected by surface support differences, conditioning films on the surface, characteristics of the medium, and properties of the microbial cell. A specific antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of this fungus was used to stain the extracellular polysaccharide matrix of the fungal biofilms using light and confocal microscopy. Additionally, the susceptibility of C. neoformans biofilms and planktonic cells to environmental stress was investigated using XTT reduction and CFU assays. Biofilms were less susceptible to heat, cold, and UV light exposition than their planktonic counterparts. Our findings demonstrate that fungal biofilm formation is dependent on support surface characteristics and that growth in the biofilm state makes fungal cells less susceptible to potential environmental stresses.     

Role of protein O-mannosyltransferase Pmt4 in the morphogenesis and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans

Protein O mannosylation is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum by protein O-mannosyltransferases (Pmt proteins) and plays an important role in the secretion, localization, and function of many proteins, as well as in cell wall integrity and morphogenesis in fungi. Three Pmt proteins, each belonging to one of the three respective Pmt subfamilies, are encoded in the genome of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Disruption of the C. neoformans PMT4 gene resulted in abnormal growth morphology and defective cell separation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed defective cell wall septum degradation during mother-daughter cell separation in the pmt4 mutant compared to wild-type cells. The pmt4 mutant also demonstrated sensitivity to elevated temperature, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and amphotericin B, suggesting cell wall defects. Further analysis of cell wall protein composition revealed a cell wall proteome defect in the pmt4 mutant, as well as a global decrease in protein mannosylation. Heterologous expression of C. neoformans PMT4 in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae pmt1pmt4 mutant strain functionally complemented the deficient Pmt activity. Furthermore, Pmt4 activity in C. neoformans was required for full virulence in two murine models of disseminated cryptococcal infection. Taken together, these results indicate a central role for Pmt4-mediated protein O mannosylation in growth, cell wall integrity, and virulence of C. neoformans.     

新生隐球菌共孵育后小鼠脑血管内皮细胞S100A10基因的表达水平变化

目的探讨S100A10基因在新生隐球菌感染脑血管内皮细胞中的作用。方法将新生隐球菌H99株与小鼠脑血管内皮细胞共孵育后,不同时间终止共孵育,提取小鼠脑血管内皮细胞的总RNA,采用实时定量荧光PCR检测S100A10的表达水平。结果在与新生隐球菌共孵育2h后,小鼠脑血管内皮细胞中的S100A10基因表达水平随着共孵育时间的延长而升高（P〈0.05）。结论S100A10基因在新生隐球菌对中枢神经系统的易感性存在一定的作用。     

大蒜素体外抗白念珠菌生物膜作用的初步研究

目的研究大蒜素对体外白念珠菌生物膜的影响。方法 MTT法评价大蒜素对白念珠菌生物膜形成及细胞黏附的影响;血清芽管计数法评价大蒜素对白念珠菌芽管形成的影响。结果低浓度(4μg/mL)和高浓度(64μg/mL)大蒜素对白念珠菌生物膜形成的抑制率分别为(23.0±1.1)%和(95.6±0.3)%;32μg/mL大蒜素对早期(0h)、中期(12h)及成熟期(48h)生物膜的抑制率分别为(88.5±0.5)%、(63.3±0.8)%和(52.3±1.1)%;与空白对照组相比,不同浓度大蒜素(4～32μg/mL)对培养30min、60min、90min、120min的白念珠菌细胞黏附均有显著抑制作用(P0.05);空白对照组芽管形成率为(91.2±1.6)%,64μg/mL大蒜素组为(2.2±1.2)%。结论大蒜素对体外白念珠菌生物膜有较明显的抑制作用。     

Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in biofilm on stainless steel by treatment with an alkaline cleaner and a bacteriophage

AIMS: To determine the effectiveness of an alkaline cleaner used in food-processing plants and a lytic bacteriophage specific for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in killing wild type and rpoS-deficient cells of the pathogen in a biofilm. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wild type and rpoS-deficient cells were attached to stainless steel coupons (c. 7-8 log CFU per coupon) on which biofilms were developed during incubation at 22 degrees C for 96 h in M9 minimal salts media (MSM) with one transfer to fresh medium. Coupons were treated with 100 and 25% working concentrations of a commercial alkaline cleaner (pH 11.9, with 100 microg ml(-1) free chlorine) used in the food industry, chlorine solutions (50 and 100 microg ml(-1) free chlorine), or sterile deionized water (control) at 4 degrees C for 1 and 3 min. Treatment with 100% alkaline cleaners reduced populations by 5-6 log CFU per coupon, a significant (P < or = 0.05) reduction compared with treatment with water. Initial populations (2.6 log CFU per coupon) of attached cells of both strains were reduced by 1.2 log CFU per coupon when treated with bacteriophage KH1 (7.7 log PFU ml(-1)) for up to 4 days at 4 degrees C. Biofilms containing low populations (2.7-2.8 log CFU per coupon) of wild type and rpoS-deficient cells that had developed for 24 h at 22 degrees C were not decreased by more than 1 log CFU per coupon when treated with KH1 (7.5 log PFU ml(-1)) at 4 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: Higher numbers of cells of E. coli O157:H7 in biofilms are killed by treatment with an alkaline cleaner than with hypochlorite alone, possibly through a synergistic mechanism of alkaline pH and hypochlorite. Populations of cells attached on coupons were reduced by treating with bacteriophage but cells enmeshed in biofilms were protected. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The alkaline pH, in combination with hypochlorite, in a commercial cleaner is responsible for killing E. coli O157:H7 in biofilms. Treatment with bacteriophage KH1 reduces populations of cells attached to coupon surfaces but not cells in biofilms.     

Temperature-regulated formation of mycelial mat-like biofilms by Legionella pneumophila

Fifty strains representing 38 species of the genus Legionella were examined for biofilm formation on glass, polystyrene, and polypropylene surfaces in static cultures at 25 degrees C, 37 degrees C, and 42 degrees C. Strains of Legionella pneumophila, the most common causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, were found to have the highest ability to form biofilms among the test strains. The quantity, rate of formation, and adherence stability of L. pneumophila biofilms showed considerable dependence on both temperature and surface material. Glass and polystyrene surfaces gave between two- to sevenfold-higher yields of biofilms at 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C than at 25 degrees C; conversely, polypropylene surface had between 2 to 16 times higher yields at 25 degrees C than at 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C. On glass surfaces, the biofilms were formed faster but attached less stably at 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. Both scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that biofilms formed at 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C were mycelial mat like and were composed of filamentous cells, while at 25 degrees C, cells were rod shaped. Planktonic cells outside of biofilms or in shaken liquid cultures were rod shaped. Notably, the filamentous cells were found to be multinucleate and lacking septa, but a recA null mutant of L. pneumophila was unaffected in its temperature-regulated filamentation within biofilms. Our data also showed that filamentous cells were able to rapidly give rise to a large number of short rods in a fresh liquid culture at 37 degrees C. The possibility of this biofilm to represent a novel strategy by L. pneumophila to compete for proliferation among the environmental microbiota is discussed.     

中药水提物对白念珠菌生物膜抑制作用的研究

目的研究中药水提物对体外白念珠菌生物膜的影响。方法体外构建白念珠菌生物膜,微量稀释法测定中药提取物对白念珠菌浮游菌最低抑菌浓度（M IC）,XTT减低法评价中药提取物对白念珠菌生物膜SM IC（SM IC80,SM IC50）及对白念珠菌黏附能力的影响。结果野菊花、土槿皮和决明子SM IC80为125 mg/m l,其余中药SM IC80为250或500 mg/m l;地肤子SM IC50为7.81 mg/m l,川芎、苏梗、藿香和决明子SM IC50为15.63 mg/m l,其他中药SM IC50在62.5~250 mg/m l。10味中药在100 mg/m l时均能显著抑制白念珠菌细胞的黏附,10 mg/m l时地肤子、苏梗和苦参对黏附仍具抑制作用。结论该10味中药水提物对体外白念珠菌生物膜有较强抑制效应。     

Characterization of mono- and mixed-culture Campylobacter jejuni biofilms

Campylobacter jejuni, one of the most common causes of human gastroenteritis, is a thermophilic and microaerophilic bacterium. These characteristics make it a fastidious organism, which limits its ability to survive outside animal hosts. Nevertheless, C. jejuni can be transmitted to both humans and animals via environmental pathways, especially through contaminated water. Biofilms may play a crucial role in the survival of the bacterium under unfavorable environmental conditions. The goal of this study was to investigate survival strategies of C. jejuni in mono- and mixed-culture biofilms. We grew monoculture biofilms of C. jejuni and mixed-culture biofilms of C. jejuni with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We found that mono- and mixed-culture biofilms had significantly different structures and activities. Monoculture C. jejuni biofilms did not consume a measurable quantity of oxygen. Using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), we found that cells from monoculture biofilms were alive according to live/dead staining but that these cells were not culturable. In contrast, in mixed-culture biofilms, C. jejuni remained in a culturable physiological state. Monoculture C. jejuni biofilms could persist under lower flow rates (0.75 ml/min) but were unable to persist at higher flow rates (1 to 2.5 ml/min). In sharp contrast, mixed-culture biofilms were more robust and were unaffected by higher flow rates (2.5 ml/min). Our results indicate that biofilms provide an environmental refuge that is conducive to the survival of C. jejuni.     

靛玉红、蛇床子素抗外阴阴道念珠菌病混合菌生物膜作用的研究

目的研究中药有效成分靛玉红、蛇床子素抗外阴阴道念珠菌病混合菌生物膜的作用。方法体外建立白念珠菌（Candidaalbicans）铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonasaeruginosa,P．a）混合菌生物膜（Biofilm,BF）,XTT减低法及形态学观察白念珠菌混合茵生物膜的形成过程;形态学观察、活菌计数法评价中药有效成分靛玉红（indirubin）、蛇床子素（Ostho）对白念珠菌混合菌生物膜的最小抑膜浓度（SMIC）,并经扫描电镜确认。结果白念珠菌混合菌48h能形成成熟的生物膜;62．5mg／L浓度的靛玉红能抑制白念珠菌混合菌生物膜的形成。500mg／L浓度的蛇床子素未见有抑制白念珠菌混合菌生物膜的作用。结论靛玉红由于具有抗生物膜的作用,可用于预防外阴阴道念珠菌病的复发。