中国东、南部的3个腔蚓属蚯蚓新物种

本文报道了寡毛纲(Oligochaeta)巨蚓科(Megascolecidae)腔蚓属(Metaphire)3个新发现物种,分别是象头山腔蚓(M. xiangtoumontis Dong & Jiang sp. nov.),韩摆渡腔蚓(M. hanbaiduensis Dong & Sun sp. nov.)和长白山腔蚓(M. changbaimontis Dong & Shen sp. nov.)。象头山腔蚓受精囊孔2对,位于7/8 ~ 8/9节间,属于M. insulana物种群。韩摆渡腔蚓受精囊孔3对,位于6/7 ~ 8/9节间,属于M. houlleti物种群。长白山腔蚓受精囊孔2对,位于6/7 ~ 7/8节间,属于M. glandularis物种群。所有新物种均附有形态学描述、图片、与相似物种的形态学比较及与GenBank上亲缘关系相近物种的遗传距离计算分析。以上结果丰富了我国腔蚓属蚯蚓的物种多样性,并首次记录了采集于长白山国家级自然保护区的巨蚓科蚯蚓新物种。     

地龙类药用动物的比较鉴别

调查发现我国中药地龙类药用动物主要有14个种,分别隶属于钜蚓科、正蚓科和链胃蚓科4个属。包括参环毛蚓Phereti- ma aspergillum(E Perrier)、通俗环毛蚓Pheretima vulgaris(Chen)、威廉环毛蚓Pheretima guillelmi(Michaelsen)、栉盲环毛蚓Phere- tima pectinifera(Michaelsen)、湖北环毛蚓Pheretima hupeiensis(Michaelsen)、直隶环毛蚓Pheretima tshiliensis(Michaelsen)、白颈环毛蚓Pherctima califomica(Kinberg)、中材环毛蚓Pheretima medioca(Chen et Hsu)、秉前环毛蚓Pheretima pracpinguis(Gates)、秉氏环毛蚓Pheretima carnosa(Goto et Hatai)、异毛环毛蚓Pheretima diffringens(Baird)、赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida(Savigny),背暗异唇蚓Allolbophora caliginosa subsp.trapezoides(Ant.Duges)以及日本杜拉蚓Drawida japonica(Michaelsen)。本文对我国地龙类原动物主要种类进行了分类及形态描述,并编制了检索表和检索图,以供鉴别,为地龙的开发利用提供资料。     

河北环毛蚓神经系统 一氧化氮合酶的组织化学定位

用依赖还原型辅酶Ⅱ的黄酶组织化学方法,研究了环节动物门寡毛纲种类河北环毛蚓（Pheretima tschiliensis)神经系统k 一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性细胞及阳性纤维的分布,结果表明,河北环毛蚓神经系统中脑神经节背侧有大量细胞呈现NO强阳性反应,胞体和突起染色明显。咽下神经中偶尔能见少数染色较浅的神经元。在脑神经节腹内侧、围咽神经、 咽下神经节外侧部及腹神经链中都有一氧化氮合酶阳性纤维存在脸染色很深,实验结果表明,在环节动物中作为信息分子的一氧化氮已广泛存在于神经系统中。     

蚯蚓对瓦氏黄颡鱼摄食达氏鳇卵的干扰实验

自然水域中中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)卵常受到敌害鱼类捕食的威胁,瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli(Richerdson)是中华鲟卵的重要敌害鱼类。以中华鲟卵的敌害鱼类瓦氏黄颡鱼为研究对象,选择环毛蚓(Pheretima tschiliensis)为瓦氏黄颡鱼的饵料,以达氏鳇卵(Kalugasturgeon)替代中华鲟卵进行室内实验,通过研究适合瓦氏黄颡鱼摄食的环毛蚓规格,以及环毛蚓干扰瓦氏黄颡鱼摄食达氏鳇卵投放比例,探讨中华鲟卵的保护方法。在水温为(20.0±1.5)℃的条件下,研究了3种不同体长规格[体长(15.3±1.4)cm、(12.0±2.1)cm、(7.7±0.5)cm]实验鱼个体分别摄食3种不同体长规格环毛蚓(体高为0.3cm,体长分别为8、4、2cm)和达氏鳇卵的摄食率;研究了体长为4cm的环毛蚓对3种不同体长实验鱼摄食达氏鳇卵的干扰效果。实验结果表明:3种体长规格瓦氏黄颡鱼均摄食达氏鳇卵;3种体长规格瓦氏黄颡鱼共同摄食的替代饵料规格为体长4cm及以下的环毛蚓;适宜干扰实验所选体长实验鱼摄食达氏鳇卵的饵料为体长4 cm的环毛蚓;当环毛蚓与达氏鳇卵数量比例为1∶1时,可实现达氏鳇卵的保护。研究证明在实验条件下可实现环毛蚓对中华鲟卵敌害鱼类——瓦氏黄颡鱼实施摄食干扰,提示下一步可以尝试选择环毛蚓作为替代中华鲟卵的饵料,进行干扰食卵鱼类摄食中华鲟卵的野外验证试验。     

贵州腔蚓属蚯蚓一新种（单向蚓目：巨蚓科）

本文报道1984年8月采于贵州省绥阳县宽阔水自然保护区内太阳山的腔蚓属蚯蚓一新种——聚腺腔蚓Metaphire coaceruata.作者对该新种的外部形态及内部解剖特征作了详细描述。并与其近似种Pheretima tecta Chen 1946进行了比较,模式标本保存于贵州科学院生物研究所。     

福建省武夷山和梅花山远盲蚓属蚯蚓四新种及其与近缘物种的遗传关系

福建省武夷山和梅花山国家级自然保护区地处中亚热带季风常绿阔叶林气候区,该区域物种多样性丰富,然而土壤动物蚯蚓的物种多样性研究相对较少。通过形态分类学方法和DNA条形码技术,本文报道在福建省武夷山和梅花山采集的巨蚓科(Megascolecidae)远盲蚓属(Amymthas)蚯蚓新物种4种:表土远盲蚓(A.epigenus Sun&Qiu,sp.nov.)、梅花山远盲蚓(A.meihuamontis Sun&Qiu,sp.nov.)、苔蘚远盲蚓(A.muscosus Sun&Jiang,sp.nov.)和腐土远盲蚓(A.humatalis Sun&Jiang,sp.nov.)。这4个新物种在Sims等(1972)的物种群中属于A.sieboldi-group,其受精囊孔均位于6/7~8/9节间。所有新种附形态学描述、图片以及与相似物种的形态学比较和提交至GenBank的条形码登记号。此外还通过在GenBank上同源性搜索,筛选出了与新物种亲缘关系较近的蚯蚓物种,并对其进行了遗传距离计算和分子系统发育关系的梳理。以上结果将福建省武夷山和梅花山国家级自然保护区记录的蚯蚓物种数由4种增加至8种。     

中国远环蚓属蚯蚓（寡毛纲：巨蚓科）一新种

本文描述于1993年在云南发现的远环蚓属蚯蚓一新种──方垫远环蚓Amynthasquadrapulvinatussp．nov.,以其受精囊两对、腺垫为长方形、无环形小沟等特征,与相似的双沟远环蚓有显著差异。     

海南岛蚯蚓物种组成及其系统发育分析

海南岛独特的地理位置和复杂的古地理事件使其成为我国生物多样性的热点地区。已有的海南岛蚯蚓资料显示, 该岛的蚯蚓区系十分特殊, 且与大陆地区蚯蚓存在扩散与迁移。然而, 当海南岛与周围大陆断开形成独立岛屿后, 海南岛蚯蚓如何为适应海南岛的环境而逐渐形成现在岛内的分布与区系, 仍然是一个值得研究和探讨的问题。因此, 本研究在海南岛全面调查和采集蚯蚓标本, 整理海南岛地区的蚯蚓物种组成及其地理分布特征, 并联合5个线粒体基因COⅠ、COⅡ、ND1、12S rRNA和16S rRNA构建海南岛蚯蚓的分子系统发育树, 推测其分化时间和祖先分布区域, 探讨海南岛蚯蚓在岛内的分化与扩散过程。研究结果表明: (1)海南岛共有蚯蚓6科9属122种, 巨蚓科蚯蚓为优势科, 且全部为环毛类蚯蚓, 其中103种为海南岛特有种。蚯蚓物种数沿海拔呈先增加后减少的趋势, 在800‒1,000 m最大; (2)海南岛环毛类蚯蚓不同水平的遗传距离与我国巨蚓科蚯蚓的遗传距离区间基本一致。物种水平上, 美丽远盲蚓(Amynthas scitulus*)与纬向远盲蚓(A. zonarius)的基因遗传距离最小。在亚种水平, 保宁腔蚓指名亚种(Metaphire magna magna)和保宁腔蚓小型亚种(M. magna minuscula)的遗传距离均接近整体的物种水平。在种群水平, 等毛远盲蚓(A. homosetus)不同种群间遗传距离均接近整体的亚种水平; (3)海南岛环毛类蚯蚓可划分为7个类群, 其祖先于68.26 Ma开始分化, 可能起源于吊罗山。在新生代, 7个类群均得到较大发展。通过对海南岛蚯蚓组成及系统发育的梳理, 不仅为我国蚯蚓物种多样性研究提供基础资料, 也为岛屿蚯蚓物种系统发育关系分析提供科学参考。     

湖南腔蚓属蚯蚓一新种(后孔寡毛目:巨蚓科)

作者在湖南长沙等地采集蚯蚓标本,发现腔蚓属Metaphire蚯蚓一新种。记述于下。 1972年Sims和Easton、1979年Easton应用数值分类方法,先后两次订正了环毛属Pheretima蚯蚓。把这一个原来包括了700多个种和亚种的大属,分为8个属,即扁体环毛属Planapherelima Michaelsen,1934、原环毛属Archipheretima Michaelsen,1928、新环毛     

不同生活型蚯蚓对污泥处理的效果研究

研究报道了三种不同种蚯蚓接种后污泥的处理效果。28 天的培养实验表明: 接种蚯蚓, 特别是体型较大的威廉环毛蚓和杜拉蚓能提高污泥的pH 值, 减少污泥中有机物的含量。接种蚯蚓减少了污泥中全氮、全磷、全钾的含量, 深层种杜拉蚓显著降低了污泥中全氮和全磷含量, 较对照处理分别减少了14.3%和10.3%。接种威廉环毛蚓的处理较对照处理能显著增加水解性氮和速效钾的含量。接种杜拉蚓的处理吸收重金属的效果最佳, Cr 和Cu 含量均显著低于对照处理, 威廉环毛蚓次之, 但优于赤子爱胜蚓。结果显示, 在大部分项目中, 杜拉蚓和威廉环毛蚓的作用效果是要优于赤子爱胜蚓, 不同生活习性的蚯蚓对污泥净化效果会有着一定的不同。     

华北蓝盆花的开花特性及传粉生态学研究

华北蓝盆花具头状花序 ,花冠蓝紫色 ,1朵花的花期约为 7～ 8d。边缘花比中部花大 ,但二者在花药大小、花丝长度、花柱长度、柱头直径等方面无显著差异。花粉寿命约为 4 d,花柱在花开后逐渐伸长 ,柱头微二裂、干燥型。同一花序内的花朵在 2～ 3d内逐渐开放 ,晚开的花散粉时、早开的花花柱仍未伸长 ,因此 ,花药与柱头之间有空间间隔和时间间隔 ,同一花序内的各花朵间相互传粉的机会很低。按照杂交指数 ,其繁育系统属于异交、部分自交亲和、需要传粉者。依据 P/ O数据 ,其繁育系统属于兼性异交。罩网试验显示 ,华北蓝盆花没有自发的自花传粉现象 ,自然条件下也没有无融合生殖现象 ,没有访花者访问便不能座果。在华北蓝盆花花序上记录到的访花者有 10余种 ,以双翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目昆虫为主 ,最常见的访花者是雏蜂虻和豆芫菁。开花后不同日期 ,访花者的访花频率有所不同 :开花第 2天到第 7天的花序上 ,访花者的访花频率较高 ;开花第 4天 ,花序上访花者的访花频率最高。同一天内的不同时间 ,访花者的访花频率也有差异 ,一般规律是 :11:0 0～ 15 :0 0之间 ,访花者的访花频率较高。此外 ,气温骤降、阴天及降雨能使访花者的访花频率明显降低。     

华北蓝盆花的组织培养与植株再生

以华北蓝盆花（Scabiosa tschiliensis）无菌苗的叶片及叶柄为外植体,建立了华北蓝盆花的无性繁殖体系。结果表明,叶片外植体为诱导不定芽的适宜外植体,其不定芽诱导的适宜培养基为MS＋4.0 mg.L–16-BA,不定芽生根的最适培养基为MS＋2.0 mg.L–1IBA,幼苗移栽成活率可达70%以上。     

Rapid micropropagation system in vitro and antioxidant activity of Scabiosa tschiliensis Grunning

A rapid micropropagation system for Scabiosa tschiliensis Grunning, an ethnic medicinal plant, has been developed. Calluses were induced from leaf and petiole explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l^?1 thidiazuron and 0.5 mg l^?1 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid. In this medium, callus induction rate was about 94.05 %. Adventitious shoots developed from leaf (86.30 %) and petiole (83.33 %) calluses when cultured on MS medium containing 4.0 or 2.0 mg l^?1 N⁶-benzyladenine (BA), respectively. Up to 73.85 % of the regenerated shoots formed complete plantlets on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l^?1 indole-3-butyric acid, with an average of 3.25 roots per shoot. Quantitative analysis of flavonoids showed that the phytochemical profiles of calluses and regenerated plants were similar to that of wild-type plants. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay revealed that the flavonoid extracts of calluses, adventitious shoots and wild-type plants had stronger antioxidant activities, the inhibitory concentrations being 23.944, 31.329 and 26.502 μg ml^?1, respectively, where 50 % of DPPH was scavenged (IC₅₀). Results showed that this perennial herb could be used as a potential source of new natural antioxidants.     

An antimicrobial peptide of the earthworm Pheretima tschiliensis: cDNA cloning, expression and immunolocalization

A cDNA encoding a putative antimicrobial peptide (named PP-1) was obtained using a rapid amplification of cDNA ends from the Asian earthworm, Pheretima tschiliensis. PP-1 showed 77.6% homology with the antimicrobial peptide lumbricin I isolated from the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. PP-1 lacked an obvious signal peptide sequence. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that this gene was expressed mainly in the body wall. PP-1 was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with a maltoze-binding protein. A polyclonal antiserum was raised in mice using this recombinant fusion protein as antigen. Immunohistochemical studies showed that PP-1 was only in the mucus of the epidermis.     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism