黑麂（Muntiacus crinifrons）3个种群的遗传多样性

黑麂,为我国特有动物,被公认为目前世界上最珍稀的鹿科动物之一.为了更好地保护黑麂这一珍稀的濒危野生动物,基于黑麂线粒体控制区序列对遂昌分布中心的3个黑麂种群的遗传多样性和基因流进行了研究.结果显示,3个种群的36个个体中有13个变异位点,占分析序列长度的2.71%,且这13个变异位点皆为碱基置换,并未出现碱基插入或缺失的现象,并由此定义了12个单倍型.遗传多样性检测结果显示遂昌种群具有最高的遗传多样性,应予以优先保护.从Tajima′s D和Fu and Li′s D值的估算结果来看,这3个黑麂种群相对于中性进化的歧异度并没有明显的偏离(P＞0.1),没有明显的证据显示这3个黑麂种群间存在很强的平衡选择.3个种群间基因流 Nm均大于1,这3个黑麂种群间存在着较为丰富的基因流.3个黑麂种群单倍型间的序列差异为0.009,这表明这3个黑麂种群的单倍型未出现分化.     

塔里木马鹿(Cervus elaphus yarkandensis)遗传结构及遗传多样性分析

目的:塔里木马鹿(Cervus elaphus yarkandensis)为马鹿的新疆特有亚种,自20世纪50年代以来,由于自然和人为因素影响,种群数量急剧下降,现已隔离成3个孤立的小种群,即沙雅种群、尉犁种群和且末种群.为了更好地保护这一濒危野生动物.方法:基于塔里木马鹿线粒体控制区部分序列对3个种群的控制区结构和遗传多样性进行了研究.结果:在34个序列比对中得到342bp的片段,含变异位点12个,占分析序列长度的3.51%,由此定义了6个单倍型.显示出3个种群总的核苷酸多样性较低(0.01351±0.00063),单倍型多样性较高(0.693±0.051);就单个种群而言,且末种群的遗传多样性最低,而沙雅种群最高.从Tajima's D和Fu and Li's D值的估算结果来看,塔里木马鹿尉犁和沙雅种群相对于中性进化的歧异度并没有明显的偏离(P>0.1),且末种群则出现了明显的偏离(分别为P<0.05和P<0.02),这预示着3个塔里木马鹿种群间可能存在一定的平衡选择.分子变异分析表明,沙雅和尉犁种群间基因流Nm大于4,说明这2个塔里木马鹿种群间存在着非常丰富的基因流,且末种群分别与沙雅、尉犁种群间基因流Nm均小于1,而且末种群分别与沙雅和尉犁种群产生了明显的遗传分化(Fst分别为0.409;0.718,P值均小于0.001),以及3个塔里木马鹿种群单倍型间的序列差异为0.012.结论:以上数据都显示了3个塔里木马鹿种群的单倍型间已经出现了明显分化.结合系统发生关系分析,应将沙雅种群和尉犁种群联合建立管理单元进行重点保护.     

黑麂皖-浙分布中心种群的遗传多样性

本文基于黑麂线粒体控制区序列对皖浙分布中心的4个黑麂种群的遗传多样性和基因流进行了研究。结果显示:4个种群的33个个体中有14个变异位点,占分析序列长度的2·91 %,并由此定义了12个单倍型;遗传多样性检测结果显示4个种群中开化种群具有最高的遗传多样性,应予以优先保护;4个种群间尚存在着一定的基因流,但存在可能由于遗传漂变而产生分化的危险。从Tajima’s D和Fu and Li’s D值的估算结果来看,这4个黑麂种群相对于中性进化的歧异度并没有明显的偏离,具有较为稳定的种群结构(P>0·1),没有明显的证据显示这4个黑麂种群间存在很强的平衡选择。     

东北地区狍种群的遗传多样性研究

狍为我国重要的经济动物,并且是国家一级保护动物东北虎的主要猎物之一。因此,深入了解狍各地理单元内种群的遗传变异,可以为我们制定保护管理策略提供依据,进而使珍稀濒危物种得到有效的保护和管理。本文对88个不同狍个体(来自8个不同地点)的线粒体DNA控制区的部分序列进行了测定和群体分析,获得了463bp的片断,并检测到59个变异位点,占分析长度的7.84%,且这59个变异位点皆为碱基置换,未出现碱基插入或缺失的现象,定义了30种单倍型,核苷酸多样性平均值为0.02641,种群总体遗传多样性较高。从Tajima’sD和FuandLi’sD值的估算结果来看,这8个狍种群相对于中性进化的歧异度并没有明显的偏离(P0.1),没有明显的证据显示这8个狍种群间存在很强的平衡选择。30个单倍型整体上将东北狍种群分为3个亚群,分子变异分析表明3个亚群间基因流Nm均大于1,说明这3个狍亚群间存在着基因流。     

黑龙江省不同山系狍种群遗传多样性分析

狍（Capreolus pygargus）为我国重要的经济动物,并且是国家一级保护动物——东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)的主要食物之一。因此,深入了解狍各个地理单元内种群的遗传变异,可以为我们制定保护管理策略提供依据,进而恢复珍稀濒危物种的野外种群数量。对32个不同狍个体（来自3个不同山系）的线粒体DNA控制区的部分序列进行了测定和群体分析,发现了50个变异位点,定义了27种单倍型,其单倍型多样性(h)平均值为0.978、核苷酸多样性(π)平均值为0.022 60,种群总体遗传多样性较高;在3个地理单元的狍种群中,大兴安岭地区的狍种群具有较高的遗传多样性,应予以优先保护。从Tajima’s D和Fu & Li’s D值的估算结果表明,这3个狍种群与中性进化的歧异度相比,并没有明显的偏离(P> 0.1),无明显的证据显示这3个狍种群间存在很强的平衡选择。     

基于rpl16序列分析大百合的遗传多样性及遗传结构

大百合是百合科大百合属一种重要的野生植物资源,本研究采用基因测序法,利用叶绿体DNA rpl16序列对10个大百合居群进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构分析,旨在为其资源保护和开发利用提供理论基础。结果显示:rpl16序列矩阵长度为699 bp,共检测到14个变异位点和12个单倍型,单倍型多态性(Hd)为0.604;总的遗传多样性(HT)为0.660。该居群间遗传变异(71.53%)大于居群内遗传变异(28.47%),说明居群间变异是其居群的主要变异来源;居群间遗传分化很高(Gst=0.677,Nst=0.614,Fst=0.71531),基因流较低(Nm=0.0995)。失配分析结果表明种群在进化过程中曾经历过快速扩张,中性检验支持上述结果:Tajima′s D=-1.74368(P0.05);Fu and Li′s D=-2.69366(P0.05);Fu and Li′s F=-2.79896(P0.05)。研究结果表明:大百合居群遗传多样性较高,居群间存在较高的遗传分化,主要与其生活史特征相关。基于得到的居群遗传信息,建议采取就地保护为主的保护策略。     

基于线粒体COI基因序列的大豆食心虫中国东北地理种群遗传多样性分析

【目的】大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella (Matsumura)是一种危害大豆的主要害虫,在中国北方地区危害较重。本研究旨在探讨大豆食心虫在中国东北不同地理种群间的遗传变异。【方法】测定了10个不同地理种群153个个体的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ (mtCOI)基因的657 bp序列,利用DnaSP 5. 0和Arlequin 3. 5. 1. 2等软件对大豆食心虫种群间的遗传多样性、基因流水平和分子变异进行分析。【结果】结果表明：10个地理种群间的COI基因共有36个变异位点和17个单倍型,其中1个单倍型为10个种群所共享。总种群的单倍型多样性指数Hd为0.456,各地理种群单倍型多样度范围在0~0.634之间。总群体的固定系数Fst为0.12545,遗传分化系数Gst为0.06326,总基因流Nm为3.49,且各种群间的基因流均大于1,种群间基因交流的水平较高。【结论】大豆食心虫种群内遗传多样性水平处于中低等水平。总群体和各种群的Tajima’s D检验结果皆不显著,说明中国东北地区大豆食心虫在较近的历史时期内没有出现种群扩张现象。AMOVA分子变异分析结果表明,大豆食心虫的遗传分化主要来自种群内部,而种群间未发生明显的遗传分化。各地理种群的单倍型在系统发育树上和中介网络图上散布在不同的分布群中,缺乏明显的地理分布格局。各种群的遗传距离与地理距离之间没有显著线性相关性,种群间的基因交流并未受到地理距离的影响。     

基于ISSR分子标记的西藏杓兰种群遗传多样性分析

西藏杓兰(Cypripedium tibeticum)是具有很高观赏和药用价值的兰科植物,已被列为中国优先保护的濒危植物。该研究采用ISSR分子标记技术,对采自中国西部地区的7个西藏杓兰种群进行遗传结构及遗传多样性分析,为中国野生西藏杓兰种质资源的保护提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)从100条ISSR引物中共筛选出12条多态性高、重复性好的引物,共检测出136个位点,多态位点百分率(PPB)达100%,总体Nei's基因多样性指数(H_e)和Shannon信息指数(I)分别为0.318 6和0.484 3,种群间的Nei's遗传距离在0.033 3～0.170 1之间,Nei's遗传相似度在0.843 5～0.967 3之间,总体遗传分化系数(G_(st))和基因流(N_m)分别为0.222 9和1.743 0。(2)基于UPGMA法和邻接法的种群系统聚类结果均显示出四川种群与陕西种群之间存在遗传分化。总体上西藏杓兰种群间遗传分化与地理隔离之间相关性不显著。研究认为,西藏杓兰种群在分子水平上具有丰富的遗传多样性,且四川种群与陕西种群已产生了遗传分化;ISSR分子标记可用于西藏杓兰种群遗传多样性、遗传结构及种群间遗传分化等方面的研究。     

马鹿阿拉善亚种遗传多样性和群体结构

马鹿阿拉善亚种（Cervus elaphus alashanicus）又称阿拉善马鹿,目前仅分布于贺兰山地区,是我国马鹿亚种分布范围最狭窄的一个隔离种群。为了解阿拉善马鹿的种群遗传多样性及遗传变异情况,以对该种群的保护提供科学参考,对在贺兰山采集的93个野生个体新鲜粪便样本的线粒体控制区部分序列（991 bp）进行扩增和分析,共检测到68个变异位点,定义16种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性为0.405,平均核苷酸多样性为0.00232,说明种群遗传多样性水平较低。中性检验和错配分布分析表明阿拉善马鹿曾出现过种群扩张,贝叶斯天际线分析（BSP）显示扩张时间约在末次冰盛期（0.028—0.010 Ma）。FST检验表明阿拉善马鹿种群内存在显著遗传分化,系统发育树和单倍型网络图分析表明群体间没有明显的系统地理格局。本研究表明阿拉善马鹿目前种群遗传多样性较低,建议加大对该亚种的关注和保护力度。       

贵州疣螈D-loop区和tRNAPhe序列变异及群体遗传多样性

贵州疣螈(Tylototriton kweichowensis)是我国特有的国家Ⅱ级保护动物,分布面积极为狭窄。为了解其遗传多样性现状,作者采获了几乎覆盖其分布范围的12群体的58个体的材料,测定了线粒体D-loop区(mtDNA控制区)及tRNAPhe基因全序列共808bp,发现16个变异位点,定义了26个单元型。遗传多样性检测显示,贵州疣螈种群具有高的单元型多样性和低的核苷酸多样性。Tajima’s D和Fuand Li’s D值检测结果均表明,贵州疣螈种群相对于中性进化的歧异度并没有明显的偏离。系统发育及网络进化分析没有显示出单元型和地理位置的对应关系,各群体的单元型都相互散布在不同的分布群中,呈现一种混杂的分布格局。水城群体与其他任一群体间基因流Nm1,有分化的迹象。总的来说,贵州疣螈各群体之间没有发生极显著的遗传分化,因此建议将贵州疣螈所有群体作为一个整体管理单元加以保护。     

Comparative landscape genetic analyses show a Belgian motorway to be a gene flow barrier for red deer (Cervus elaphus), but not wild boars (Sus scrofa)

While motorways are often assumed to influence the movement behaviour of large mammals, there are surprisingly few studies that show an influence of these linear structures on the genetic make-up of wild ungulate populations. Here, we analyse the spatial genetic structure of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) along a stretch of motorway in the Walloon part of Belgium. Altogether, 876 red deer were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci, and 325 wild boars at 14 loci. In the case of the red deer, different genetic clustering tools identified two genetic subpopulations whose borders matched the motorway well. Conversely, no genetic structure was identified in the case of the wild boar. Analysis of isolation-by-distance patterns of pairs of individuals on the same side and on different sides of the motorway also suggested that the road was a barrier to red deer, but not to wild boar movement. While telemetry studies seem to confirm that red deer are more affected by motorways than wild boar, the red deer sample size was also much larger than that of the wild boars. We therefore repeated the analysis of genetic structure in the red deer with randomly sub-sampled data sets of decreasing size. The power to detect the genetic structure using clustering methods decreased with decreasing sample size.     

穆棱林区野生东北马鹿种群冬季食物组成模式与植物代谢产物的关系

高纬度地带,在冬季食物资源有限的环境中,野生大型有蹄类动物满足营养需求的同时,需要对植物中次生代谢产物进行平衡,回避有害物质并选择对机体有益的成分,从而形成特定的食物组成模式。以东北马鹿（Cervus elaphus xanthopygus）为研究对象,于2020年11月,在黑龙江穆棱东北红豆杉国家级自然保护区境内,采集东北马鹿粪便和植物样本。通过粪便显微分析法确定保护区内马鹿冬季食物组成,采用k-means聚类分析揭示马鹿冬季食物组成模式。应用广泛靶向代谢组技术对部分植物中次生代谢产物的含量进行全覆盖定性和相对定量检测,将食物组成与次生代谢产物数据整合,进行曼特尔检验（Mantel test）分析,以探究植物次生代谢产物对马鹿种群内食物组成模式的影响。结果表明,林区内马鹿种群冬季共采食30种植物,其中木本植物占92.48%;且种群内分别呈现出以东北红豆杉（Taxus cuspidata）,簇毛槭（Acer barbinerve）,毛榛子（Corylus mandshurica）为主要食物的不同食物组成模式。广泛靶向代谢组技术共检测出638种次生代谢产物,有25种代谢物与马鹿采食频率显著相关,其中多数萜类物质抑制马鹿采食,而鞣质类物质对马鹿的采食选择有一定的正向作用;Mantel test结果显示,上述25种物质中黄酮、鞣质、萜类化合物相对含量与不同马鹿个体食物组成显著相关,说明这些代谢物相对含量和性质的差异会造成种群内不同个体食物组成的差异,是种群内形成不同食物组成模式的原因之一。从植物次生代谢产物角度揭示了该地区东北马鹿种群冬季食物组成模式呈现差异的可能因素,为进一步研究大型有蹄类营养策略和植物化学防御关系提供基础依据。     

Facilitative and competitive interactions between sympatric cattle, red deer and wild boar in Dutch woodland pastures

Use of cattle-grazed and ungrazed woodland pastures by red deerCervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 and wild boarSus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 was investigated monthly by measuring dung-deposition rates. CattleBos taurus grazed pastures year-round, with peak intensities during the growing season (May–September). Red deer and wild boar grazed pastures primarily during autumn and winter (October–April) when cattle occupancy was at a minimum. The lower occupancy of cattle in pastures from November to April was interpreted as the result of competition with red deer. Mean sward height in this period fell below 6.5 cm. In autumn and winter a negative relationship was found for red deer and wild boar occupancy with sward height, which indicated that red deer and wild boar preferred swards previously grazed by cattle. At the start of the growing season, when cattle occupancy in the pastures increased, red deer switched their habitat preference and almost totally disappeared from pastures to use alternative feeding grounds. Interpretation of the results lead to the conclusion that facilitative and competitive interactions occurred between sympatric cattle and red deer in woodland pastures, and to some extent also between cattle and wild boar.     

西藏野生油菜性状演化与分支分类研究

以西藏野生白菜型油菜（Brassica campestris L．）和野生芥菜型油菜（B．juncea Czern．et Coss．）的39个形态学性状为依据,以醉蝶花（Cleome spinosa Jacq．）为外类群,确定了性状的祖征和衍征。应用最大同步法,对35个西藏野生油菜种源的性状演化与分支分类进行了研究。结果表明,野生白菜型油菜和野生芥菜型油菜的基生叶、薹茎叶和花器官性状既有同期演化性状也有非同期演化性状;而伸长茎叶的所有性状均为非同期演化性状,有各自独特的演化规则。西藏野生白菜型油菜分为藏东野生白菜型油菜和藏中野生白菜型油菜2个组,野生芥菜型油菜分为藏中西野生芥菜型油菜和藏南野生芥菜型油菜2个组,各自沿不同的路线演化。     

Identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in wild cervids ( Cervus elaphus hippelaphus and Capreolus capreolus ) from Northwestern Italy

Seventy-seven red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus), 40 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from the Northwestern (NW) Alps (Turin Province, NW Italy) and 29 roe deer from the NW Apennines (Alessandria province, NW Italy) were examined for the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by culture, IS900 nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and IS1311 PCR restriction endonuclease analysis for strain characterisation. MAP identification (nested PCR and/or culture) allowed us to detect 32.9% MAP-infected red deer and 22.5% infected roe deer in the NW Alps and 41.4% MAP infected roe deer in the NW Apennines. On the basis of the polymorphism present in the IS1311 sequence, all MAP isolates were characterised as cattle strains. Our results show that MAP circulates widely among populations of wild cervids in NW Italy.     

Combined evaluation of bovine tuberculosis in wild boar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sus scrofa</Emphasis>) and red deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cervus elaphus</Emphasis>) from Central-East Portugal

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), widely considered a disease of livestock, can also affect large game species despite their poorly understood role in the epidemiology of the endemic state of the disease. The Idanha-a-Nova County, situated in the eastern region of central Portugal, is one of the most important regions for large game hunting activity. In order to investigate the role of large game and the presence of bTB in Idanha-a-Nova, 132 wild boar (Sus scrofa) and 339 red deer (Cervus elaphus) were inspected for bTB-compatible lesions (bTBCL) during the 2008–2009 hunting season. Tissue samples with bTBCL were collected and processed for bacteriological confirmation and spoligotyping of Mycobacterium bovis isolates. In wild boar, bTB lesions were single, mostly calcified (21/29, 72.4%) and situated in the mandibular lymph nodes. Lesions were more severe and largely non-calcified (36/40, 90%) in red deer. Wild boar presented a consistently higher bTB infection rate than the red deer; however, the difference was only significant in the southern B area. This area was significantly affected by bTB for both animal species (up to 72.7% in wild boar and 34.8% in red deer) and requires the urgent implementation of intervention measures to contain the disease. Wild boar may assume an important role in the emergence of new disease foci in distant areas that infected red deer cannot reach. Spoligotyping of M. bovis isolates grouped the strains into three clusters, revealing patterns common to wild boar, red deer, and also to local cattle, indicating possible transmission among different animal species.     

Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild ruminants from the countryside or captivity in the Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, sera from 720 wild ruminants were examined for antibodies to Neospora caninum by screening competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT); the same sera were also examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by IFAT. Neospora caninum antibodies were found in 14% (11 positive/79 tested) roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 14% (2/14) sika deer (Cervus nippon), 6% (24/ 377) red deer (Cervus elaphus), 1% (2/143) fallow deer (Dama dama), 3% (3/105) mouflon (Ovis musimon), and none of 2 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were found in 50% (7/14) sika deer, 45% (169/377) red deer, 24% (19/79) roe deer, 17% (24/143) fallow deer, 9% (9/105) mouflon, and 1 of 2 reindeer. In 42 samples of wild ruminants that tested positive for N. caninum antibodies, 28 (67% of the positive N. caninum samples) reacted solely to N. caninum. This is the first evidence of N. caninum infection in mouflon, the first N. caninum seroprevalence study in farmed red deer, and the first survey of N. caninum in wild ruminants from the Czech Republic.     

Synchrony of oestrus and conception in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.)

Oestrus is synchronized in non-lactating wild red deer females (hinds) that associate together during the mating season (rut). Female relatives associate together and this association leads to synchronous oestrus within kin groups which is not due to kinship per se. Estimated conception dates show only slight synchrony between associated hinds, probably due to the failure of some hinds to conceive at the first oestrus. Hinds that were lactating during or immediately prior to the rut show no tendency to conceive synchronously. Possible advantages of synchronized oestrus and conceptions are discussed.     

新疆哈密山区天山马鹿(Cervus elaphus songaricus)的种群数量调查*

查清新疆东部哈密山区野生天山马鹿(Cervus elaphus songaricus)种群的现状,可为有效保护与合理利用野生马鹿资源提供科学依据。我们通过截线抽样法和遥感技术,弄清哈密山区天山马鹿的栖息地范围,估算马鹿的种群数量及种群密度。在哈密山区野生天山马鹿分布区域共设计了28条样线,总长度60.1 km,遇见马鹿233头,通过计算得到该地区马鹿天山亚种种群平均密度为(2.83?1.01)头/km2。栖息地面积374.35 km2,估计马鹿总数为(1 057.56?379.71)头左右。雌雄比例2.24:1,幼体和亚成体的总数量多于成体和老体总数。研究区域内马鹿的种群密度和资源总数量比往年的调查结果有所上升;马鹿的分布海拔高度比较一致,但种群的大小具有不均匀性;从性比和年龄结构来看该研究区域的马鹿种群面向着数量的增长趋势。     

Wolf predation and snow cover as mortality factors in the ungulate community of the Bialowieża National Park,Poland

Summary Wolf-ungulate interactions were studied in the pristine deciduous and mixed forests of the Bialowiea National Park in 1985–1989. The study period included two severe and two mild winters. The community of ungulates inhabiting Bialowiea National Park consisted of red deer Cervus elaphus, 55% of all ungulates; wild boar Sus scrofa, 42%; and roe deer Capreolus capreolus, moose Alces alces, and European bison Bison bonasus, about 1% each. The average size of red deer groups increased from 2.7 (SD 2.35) in spring and summer to 6.9 (SD 6.84) in autumn and winter. In winter the group size of red deer was positively correlated with the depth of snow cover and negatively correlated with the mean daily temperature. Average group size of wild boar did not change significantly between seasons; it was 6.8 (SD 5.16) in spring and summer and 5.7 (SD 4.67) in autumn and winter. Analysis of 144 wolf scats showed that wolves preyed selectively on red deer. In October–April, Cervidae (mostly red deer) constituted 91% of biomass consumed by wolves, while wild boar made up only 8%. In May–September deer formed 77% of prey biomass, and the share of wild boar increased to 22%. In all seasons of the year wolves selected juveniles from deer and boar populations: 61% of red deer and 94% of wild boar of determined age recovered from wolves' scats were young <1 year old. Analysis of 117 carcasses of ungulates found in Bialowiea National Park showed that predation was the predominant mortality factor for red deer (40 killed, 10 dead from causes other than predation) and roe deer (4 killed, none dead). Wild boar suffered most from severe winter conditions (8 killed, 56 dead). The percentage of ungulates that had died from undernutrition and starvation in the total mortality was proportional to the severity of winter.