两种温带落叶阔叶林降雨再分配格局及其影响因子

林冠对降雨的再分配是森林生态系统的重要生态水文过程,影响着生态系统生物地球化学循环。于2012年5—10月连续测定帽儿山森林生态站的两种温带天然次生林型——蒙古栎林和杂木林的林外降雨、穿透雨及树干径流,旨在量化其降雨再分配过程及其影响因素。结果表明:蒙古栎林的平均穿透雨、树干径流、林冠截留分别占同期林外降雨的76%、7%和17%;杂木林分别占85%、5%和10%。根据模型估算,当降雨量分别超过1.0mm和0.7mm时蒙古栎和杂木林开始出现穿透雨;当降雨量超过3.0mm开始出现树干径流。当降雨量超过5.6mm,树干径流体积会随着树木胸径的增加而显著增加;而当降雨量低于5.6mm则出现相反趋势。穿透雨、树干径流及林冠截留的绝对量均随降雨量的增大而显著增加,但其占降雨量的比例却表现出不同的变化趋势。穿透雨量的空间变异随降雨量和降雨强度的增大显著减小。两种林型的降雨再分配格局因受降雨量、降雨强度等降雨特征和林冠结构的影响而产生差异。     

华北石质山区油松林对降水再分配过程的影响

森林通过降水再分配过程影响着流域的水量平衡和物质循环。根据2005-2008年汛期华北石质山区主要造林树种油松林的林外降雨、穿透降雨、树干径流定位观测数据,探讨了人工油松林对降雨再分配过程的影响。结果表明,测定期间32场次降雨过程中油松林穿透雨量、树干径流量和林冠截留量平均值分别为8.67,0.11,1.07mm;透过率,树干径流率和林冠截留率分别为82.18%(57.74%-87.55%),1.07%(0.22%-2.07%),16.75%(11.01%-42.07%)。油松林冠层穿透降雨量、树干径流量和林冠截留量均与林外降雨量呈明显的线性关系(R2=0.995,R2=0.907,R2=0.855),根据回归方程,当林外降雨量大于0.3mm时,可发生穿透降雨,当林外降雨量大于3.51mm时,可发生树干径流;林冠截留率与林外降雨呈双曲线衰减趋势,回归方程为y=12.091+55.537/(x+0.426)(N=32,R2=0.685)。典型次降雨再分配过程表明,林冠不仅在量上对降雨进行再分配,还在时程上进行了再分配。     

广西南宁桉树人工林降雨再分配特征

为了解桉树人工林生态系统的降水再分配特征,改进桉树人工林经营方案,以提高林地保水保肥能力,本文依托广西南宁桉树林生态系统定位观测研究站,通过观测2015年7月—2016年5月历时11个月的尾巨桉林外降雨、林内降雨、穿透雨和树干径流,分析尾巨桉林冠降雨再分配特征。结果表明,研究期间的降雨总量1536 mm,穿透雨总量1042mm,占降雨总量68%;树干径流总量9.2 mm,占降雨总量0.6%;林冠截留总量490 mm,占降雨总量32%。月降雨量与穿透雨呈对数函数关系,当月降雨量超过25 mm即产生穿透雨;穿透雨和穿透率随降雨强度的增加而增加,当次降雨强度达暴雨以上时,林外降雨几乎全部形成林内降雨。在小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨4种降雨强度条件下,累计降雨量与累计穿透雨均呈二次多项式递增函数,其中小雨和中雨的穿透雨初始时间滞后初始降雨分别约20min和10 min,而大雨和暴雨的穿透雨初始时间与降雨同步。树干径流虽在本文降雨分配计算过程中忽略不计,但其作用不可忽视。月降雨量与截留量呈递增幂函数关系,与截留率呈递减指数函数关系。     

科尔沁沙地樟子松林降雨再分配特征

以中国科学院乌兰敖都荒漠化实验站35年生樟子松人工林为研究对象,通过对降雨、穿透雨、树干径流和林冠截留的观测,研究樟子松林对降雨再分配作用,分析各部分产生的阈值,确定降雨有效补给量。结果表明:2015年5—9月共观测到降雨事件31次,呈现小数量、低强度的特征,樟子松林地穿透雨、树干径流和林冠截留分别占同期降雨量的69.28%、1.26%和29.45%。林地有效补给量为117.67 mm,占降雨量的70.54%。穿透雨随降雨量增加而线性增加,发生阈值为0.85 mm降雨量;树干径流与降雨量呈二次多项式关系,当降雨量达到2.44 mm时,产生树干径流;林冠截留随降雨量呈现幂函数关系,截留率随降雨量呈指数减少趋势。降雨再分配比例受降雨等级影响,当降雨等级为15~20 mm时,林内有效降雨比例最高(90.35%)。明确樟子松林降雨再分配特征和比例变化对理解降雨补给作用和林地衰退的水分机制具有重要意义。     

六盘山华山松(Pinus armandii)林降雨再分配及其空间变异特征

利用2004和2005年生长季(6～9月份)六盘山自然保护区的香水河小流域内华山松天然林的穿透降雨、树干径流和冠层截留量观测资料,通过对华山松林降雨再分配特征和穿透降雨空间变异及其影响因素的综合分析,所得结果表明华山松天然林的穿透降雨量、树干径流量和冠层截留量,分别占大气降雨量的84.34%、0.72%和14.94%.穿透降雨在林内具有较大的空间变异,其变异程度随降雨量的增加而减小,冠层对穿透降雨具有一定的聚集效应,降雨量越高时效应越明显; 华山松冠层结构特征是影响穿透降雨的重要因素, 叶面积指数、冠层覆盖度、冠层厚度及距树干的距离等都会影响穿透降雨的空间分布,其中以叶面积指数的影响最大.由分析结果可知,冠层结构特征是决定大气降雨再分配和空间变异的重要生态因素之一.     

林冠截持降雨模型的初步研究

通过对林冠截持过程的研究,将单场降雨划分成很多个小的时段,顺序计算各小时段内降雨在林冠内的分配,建立了一个林冠降雨截持模型.模型考虑了冠层和树干干燥度对冠层雨期蒸发的影响,并在计算雨期蒸发时引入冠层叶面积指数、单位林地面积上树干表面积.运用模型对华北落叶松林的降雨截持进行模拟,结果表明,模拟穿透雨与实测穿透雨基本吻合,误差在±1 mm范围内,但在小降雨(＜6 mm)时模拟值偏低;树干茎流量模拟值偏低,茎流模拟相对误差随着降雨量增大而减小.同时模拟了穿透降雨的过程,结果与林内自动气象站实测穿透降雨的过程基本吻合,模拟效果较好.     

米槠常绿阔叶次生林和杉木人工林穿透雨和树干径流可溶性有机质浓度和质量的比较

以中亚热带米槠常绿阔叶次生林和杉木人工林为研究对象,定位观测了穿透雨和树干径流中可溶性有机质(DOM)浓度的变化,分析了DOM腐殖化程度和芳香性特征.结果表明: 研究区米槠次生林穿透雨可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度的变化幅度明显高于杉木人工林,且前者DOC浓度显著高于后者,相比大气降水DOC浓度,分别增加了7.2和3.2倍.杉木人工林树干径流DOC浓度约为米槠次生林的2.5倍,且两种林分树干径流DOC浓度均呈现旱季高于雨季的趋势.相关分析结果显示:米槠次生林和杉木人工林树干径流DOC浓度均与其相应的水量呈极显著负相关.米槠次生林穿透雨DOM腐殖化程度和芳香性均显著高于杉木人工林;相反,杉木人工林树干径流DOM腐殖化程度和芳香性均显著高于米槠次生林.说明米槠次生林穿透雨中DOM结构较复杂且具有较多的芳香族化合物,而杉木人工林树干径流中DOM结构复杂于米槠次生林.米槠次生林和杉木人工林穿透雨和树干径流的DOM数量和质量具有明显差异,对土壤有机碳的积累可能产生重要影响.     

中亚热带红壤区油桐(Vernicia fordii)林冠水文效应特征

于从2004年7月到2005年9月,对南方红壤区油桐人工林的穿透雨、树干流和林冠截留的水文特征进行了监测,并对其影响因素进行初步分析,结果表明：在整个测定期间,油桐林穿透雨占总降雨量75．6％±8．6％,树干流占3．6％±1．1％,而截留量占20．8％±9．1％。油桐林冠对降雨的再分配受到降雨量和降雨强度的影响,随着雨量的增加,穿透雨、树干流和截留量相应地提高,并且树干流和截留量在高的雨量下逐渐趋于稳定;随着降雨强度的增加,穿透雨率逐渐升高,而树干流率和截留率降低。在不同雨量级间,油桐穿透雨具有显著性的差异,但树干流的差异不显著。油桐林下水分输入存在明显的空间异质性,穿透雨在不同观测点间具有显著性差异,靠近树干的林冠内部穿透雨低于林冠边缘,而且随着降雨量或降雨强度的增加,穿透雨的空间异质性（穿透雨率的变异系数CV）降低;树干流对降雨也具有明显的汇集作用,在树干周围输入的雨量是林外降雨量20-70倍,并且随着降雨量的增加,这种汇集效应（漏斗比率）先提高后降低。同时油桐单株树干流（cm^3·mm^-1）与胸径、树高和冠层面积均呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）,但是与枝下高的相关性不显著（p〉0．05）。     

树干径流模型

以红松代表针叶树,栎树代表阔叶树,通过模拟实验研究树干径流过程,根据实验结果从机理上构造了模型。树干径流模型为一个方程组用“辗转迭代法”求出了数值解。该方程组基本上揭示了树干径流的规律,从实验与模拟结果对比分析中得到了佐证。     

森林降水酸度及电导率的时空变化

在离大气污染源距离不同的两片杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林中建立监测场,对降水化学进行了为期3年(1994～1996)的定位监测。降水通过林冠截留后,其酸度和电导率均明显增加,尤以树干径流为显著。在 FFC监测场,降雨、穿透雨和树干径流雨量加权平均pH值分别为6.13、6.06和4.18,在XQF监测场,其相应的数值分别为5.86、5.67和3.37;降雨和穿透雨的酸度表现出一定的季节变化动态,其最低月均pH值出现在夏委,最高值在冬季。在FFC监测场,降雨、穿透雨和树干径流雨量加权平均EC值分别为28.51μs·cm-1、63.71μs·cm-1、240.85μs·cm-1,在XQF监测场,其相应的数值分别为36.99μs·cm-1、66.41μs·cm-1、501.85μs·cm-1：降水电导率表现出显著一致的季节变化格局,其月均值均以夏季最低,冬季最高,春秋季居中,这种格局强烈受降雨量的影响。离污染源较近的XQF监测场,降水酸度和电导率明显高于相对未受污染的FFC监测场。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林和杉木人工林茎流与穿透雨的养分特征

亚热带常绿阔叶林和杉木人工林树干茎流和穿透雨养分含量均表现季节动态变化。养分含量中,K^ 、Ca^2 、NO3%-浓度高,Na^ 、Mg^2 居中,HPO4^2-含量低,相对于林外雨,养分均出现富集化,但树干茎流养分富集化高于穿透雨。树干茎流出现强烈的酸化,而穿透雨酸化现象不明显。树种之间的茎流养分特征表现不一样,樟树和枫香总的养分浓度较高,其次为刨花楠,最后为青冈和红栲。     

模拟降雨条件下玉米植株对降雨再分配过程的影响

为系统测定玉米(Zea mays)不同生长阶段的穿透雨、茎秆流和冠层截留,采用室内模拟降雨法测定了不同降雨强度、不同叶面积指数玉米冠下穿透雨和茎秆流,采用喷雾法测定了玉米不同生长阶段的冠层截留。对其进行了量化分析,并探讨了三者与玉米叶面积指数和降雨强度的关系,阐明了玉米冠下穿透雨的空间分布特征。结果表明:玉米冠下穿透雨量占冠上总降雨量比例为30.97%—94.02%,平均为63.92%;茎秆流量占降雨量比例的变化范围为5.68%—75.70%,平均为35.28%;冠层截留量在其全生育期内变化范围为0.02—0.43 mm,平均为0.16 mm,所占总降雨量比例最大仅为1%。随玉米生长,穿透雨量逐渐降低,茎秆流量和冠层截留量逐渐增加。穿透雨与茎秆流呈现此消彼长的关系,其中穿透雨率平均由93.55%降至36.23%;茎秆流率平均由5.98%增加至70.42%。降雨强度与穿透雨量和茎秆流量呈正相关关系,但是二者占总降雨量的比例与降雨强度关系不显著(P0.05)。随着玉米生长,穿透雨冠下空间分布由均匀逐渐趋向于不均匀,使降雨经过冠层后趋于向行中汇集,但在玉米生长后期,集中于行中的穿透雨量也因叶片衰败而随之降低。揭示了玉米对降雨的再分配作用特征,可为农田水分有效利用、农田生态水文过程机理和坡耕地土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Nutrient content of incident rainfall,throughfall and stemflow in a Nigerian secondary lowland rainforest

Abstract. Nutrient content of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow was studied over one year in the open and under the crowns of three tree species in a secondary rain forest at Ile‐Ife, Nigeria. Throughfall and stemflow comprised 78.8 % and 5.2 % respectively; 16.0 % of the incident rainfall was intercepted by the forest canopy. The concentrations of various nutrient elements in throughfall and stemflow were higher than those of incident rainfall. In throughfall and stemflow potassium concentration was highest and that of ammonium nitrogen was the lowest. Only calcium and sodium concentrations showed significant monthly variation in incident rainfall. Ca, Mg, K. Cu and P showed significant monthly variation in throughfall and stemflow. The concentrations of the elements were highest during the heavy‐rain months (May‐September). High concentrations of some of the elements were recorded also in November, the last rain month and the beginning of the dry season. The concentration of these elements in stemflow and throughfall was affected by tree species. The highest quantity of each element was deposited in the forest via throughfall followed by incident precipitation and the lowest via stemflow. The tree species affected the quantities of these elements by the volume of their stemflow and throughfall and the concentration of the various elements herein. Total nutrient concentration was much higher than available (dissolved) nutrient concentration. This was very pronounced with micronutrients.     

Interception, pH and solid content of rainfall in a Nigerian lowland rain forest

Rainfall interception by forest trees, pH, alkalinity, total suspended and dissolved solids of incident rainfall, stemflow and throughfall and the effect of tree species in these parameters were investigated in three open sites and a secondary rain forest at Ile-Ife, Nigeria, in 1994 and 1995. The tree species Blighia sapida , Holarrhena floribunda and Piptadeniastrum africanum intercepted different proportions of incident rainfall, 1.6, 39.4, and 7.4%, respectively. The pH of stemflow was higher than that of throughfall and the pH of both was always higher than that of incident rainfall. The total suspended solids were higher at the beginning and towards the end of the rainy season. The total dissolved solids concentration in all rainfall fractions was highest at the early rains and during the heavy rain months, especially in throughfall and stemflow. The total suspended and dissolved solids concentration of stemflow was higher than that of throughfall and those of both were higher than that of the incident rain. Total alkalinity of incident rainfall and throughfall decreased, while that of stemflow increased with increase in rainfall. There were significant differences in the alkalinity of stemflow and throughfall under the crowns of the tree species.     

Solute fluxes in throughfall and stemflow in four forest ecosystems in northwest Amazonia

The contribution of throughfall and stemflow as pathways for solute inputs into the forest floor in four mature forests in northwest Amazonia was investigated. Total solute inputs, resulting from the changes of atmospheric deposition after rainfall passes through the forest canopy, are presented in the form of throughfall and stemflow nutrient inputs and their possible sources are discussed. Throughfall is by far the most important solute input into the forest floor of the forests studied. On average, it represents about 98% of the total solute inputs. Although trends in solute enrichment varied among the forests, there is a general tendency in all ecosystems towards a distinct enrichment of SO₄, K, Cl, NO₃ and NH₄ in throughfall and stemflow and a small increase of protons, Mn, orthoP and Fe. When comparing the net enrichment between the forests, the relative increase of solutes in throughfall and stemflow was higher in the flood plain and low terrace than in the high terrace and sedimentary plain forests. While highest values for total cation inputs were observed in the flood plain, the low terrace showed the highest value for total inorganic anions. The length of the antecedent dry period was the main factor affecting throughfall and stemflow composition, concentrations increasing with increasing length. A second, less important factor was the amount of throughfall and stemflow, which showed a poor and negative correlation with solute concentrations. The increased activity of frugivores in the canopy during fruiting periods seemed to lead to temporary increased solute concentrations in throughfall and stemflow as a result of the wash off of deposited faecal materials and detritus in the canopy. Leaching from leaves and wash off of exudes, of solutes deposited on the foliage after evaporation of intercepted rainfall and of dry deposited materials were all found to contribute to the concentration of solutes in the throughfall and stemflow. Gross rainfall enrichment after passing the forest canopy, mainly by nutrient leaching, is considerably lower than the amounts of nutrients released in litterfall implying a tight nutrient cycling and nutrient conserving mechanisms by forests studied.     

太岳山不同郁闭度油松人工林降水分配特征

利用2011年5-9月生长季观测的30场降雨数据,分析了山西太岳山不同郁闭度下油松人工林林冠截留、穿透雨以及树干茎流与降雨量的关系,以及林冠截留过程的特点.结果表明:(1)实验观测期间,该地区降雨总量为634.79mm,单次平均降雨量为21.16mm,单次最大降雨量为58.15mm,单次最小降雨量为0.54mm.其中,8月份的降雨总量最大,为190.77mm,6月份的降雨总量最小,为41.81mm.(2)郁闭度为0.8的油松人工林林冠截留量与降雨量呈一元线性关系,郁闭度为0.7、0.6和0.5均呈幂函数关系;对于各郁闭度的油松人工林,其林冠截留率与降雨量均呈对数函数关系;穿透雨量、树干茎流量与降雨量均呈明显的一元线性关系,穿透雨量和树干茎流量都随着降雨量的增加而增加.(3)不同郁闭度油松人工林之间林冠截留、穿透雨和树干茎流不同,总的趋势为随着郁闭度的减小,林冠截留量减小,穿透雨量增大,树干茎流量增大.林冠截留量与郁闭度表现出正相关关系,而穿透雨量、树干茎流量都与郁闭度表现出负相关关系.(4)各郁闭度林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量的月动态变化与总降水量的月变化基本一致.     

大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松林穿透雨延滞效应

以黑龙江漠河生态站兴安落叶松天然林为研究对象,对林外雨、穿透雨和树干茎流进行定位观测,分析大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松林穿透雨延滞效应.结果表明： 穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别占同期降雨总量的76.5%、2.6%和20.9%.降雨发生后,穿透雨与林外雨在产生和终止时间上均存在一定延滞性;随降雨量级增大,穿透雨滞后时间表现出逐渐缩短的趋势,变动范围为（67.8±7.8）～（17.2±3.9） min（穿透雨）和（112.0±38.8）～（48.3±10.6） min（树干茎流）;相同降雨量级下,穿透雨滞后时间随降雨强度增大而逐渐降低,且降雨强度>2 mm·h^-1时延滞时间显著缩短,同时随雨前干燥期的增加而增长,而当雨前干燥期≥48 h时,降雨量则是影响滞后时间的主要因素;降雨终止时,降雨量>5.0 mm,穿透雨终止时间也存在延滞性,且随降雨强度增加而增大,但与雨前干燥期关系不明显;树干茎流终止时间先于林外雨终止时间,且主要与降雨量级有关,降雨量级越小,终止时间越早.     

川西亚高山白桦林穿透雨和茎流特征观测研究

观测了川西亚高山白桦次生林一个生长季节内的穿透雨和茎流的特征。结果表明 ,幂函数方程能较好地拟合林冠截留量、茎流量与总降雨量之间的关系 ,而线性方程能较好地拟合穿透雨量和总降雨量之间的关系 ;平均林冠截留量占总降雨量的 1 8 9% ,穿透雨量占总降雨量的 80 9% ,茎流量占总降雨量的 0 3%。     

鼎湖山酸沉降背景下主要森林类型水化学特征初步研究

雨水的水质在通过森林后会发生变化．如果雨水是酸性的,这种变化会更加明显．通过一年多时间在鼎湖山主要森林类型采样分析发现,鼎湖山大气降水pH值低,酸雨频率高;阔叶林穿透雨pH值比大气降水高,树干径流和地表水pH值比大气降水低,土壤自然酸化非常严重;混交林穿透雨和地表水酸度比大气降水低,树干径流酸度则大于大气降水;针叶林穿透雨和树干径流都有进一步酸化趋势,但地表水pH值比大气降水高．3种林型比较,阔叶林林冠缓冲能力最强,针叶林土壤缓冲能力最大．3种林型,林内降水和地表水养分N、P、K、Ca、Mg和Na含量除N外都明显高于大气降水．各林型树干径流对养分富集能力强于穿透水,养分在大气降水中的浓度低于在地表水中的浓度．针叶林林内降水比混交林和阔叶林养分含量高,但地表水中养分浓度比后两者低．从地表水的养分浓度看,阔叶林和混交林养分亏损更为严重．