Fungal biotransformation of zinc silicate and sulfide mineral ores

In this work, several fungi with geoactive properties, including Aspergillus niger, Beauveria caledonica and Serpula himantioides, were used to investigate their potential bioweathering effects on zinc silicate and zinc sulfide ores used in zinc extraction and smelting, to gain understanding of the roles that fungi may play in transformations of such minerals in the soil, and effects on metal mobility. Despite the recalcitrance of these minerals, new biominerals resulted from fungal interactions with both the silicate and the sulfide, largely resulting from organic acid excretion. Zinc oxalate dihydrate was formed through oxalate excretion by the test fungi and the mineral surfaces showed varying patterns of bioweathering and biomineral formation. In addition, calcium oxalate was formed from the calcium present in the mineral ore fractions, as well as calcite. Such metal immobilization may indicate that the significance of fungi in effecting metal mobilization from mineral ores such as zinc silicate and zinc sulfide is rather limited, especially if compared with bacterial sulfide leaching. Nevertheless, important bioweathering activities of fungi are confirmed which could be of local significance in soils polluted by such materials, as well as in the mycorrhizosphere.     

Evidence For In Vitro and In Situ Pyrite Weathering By Microbial Communities Inhabiting Weathered Shale

Microbial pyrite oxidation is an important driver of biological weathering within shale, making a significant contribution toward biogeochemical cycling, bedrock expansion, and soil formation. These processes are of global importance, both within natural systems and in anthropogenic environments. Despite its significance, there is a lack of research that directly investigates microbe– pyrite interactions within shale. In this study, we use both field and laboratory approaches to inspect microbial pyrite oxidation in weathered shale environments within North Yorkshire, UK. Incubation of polished pyrite samples within iron-oxidizing enrichment cultures in vitro resulted in extensive colonization and surface pitting, demonstrating the weathering potential of shale microbial communities. Mineral samples were buried for 1 year within the floor of a shale rock mine, to explore pyrite bioweathering in situ. Image analysis revealed the formation of dissolution channels by microbial filaments, a novel mechanism of pyrite oxidation that broadens the taxonomic range of known microbe-pyrite interactions in weathered shale.     

草酸青霉对含钾矿物风化及钾溶出的影响

【目的】探讨含钾硅酸盐矿物在草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)作用下的风化及钾溶出情况。【方法】利用等离子体发射光谱、X-射线能谱、X-射线光电子能谱分析了3种常见含钾硅酸盐矿物(钾长石、白云母和黑云母)在草酸青霉作用后浸出液和矿物表面元素含量的变化;通过X-射线衍射分析矿物晶相结构的变化;采用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜表征了草酸青霉在矿物表面形成的生物膜;测量了培养液中不同碳源与氮源组分对草酸青霉解钾的影响。【结果】草酸青霉对结构稳定的钾长石和白云母风化速率较低,相比而言黑云母容易被风化并释放可溶性钾元素;草酸青霉在矿物表面形成了网状结构的生物膜,有利于微环境的生成及有机酸在其内的富集,促进微环境内钾的释放,强化微生物对矿物的风化作用;草酸青霉对多种碳源及氮源都表现出较好的适用性。【结论】草酸青霉是一种能够促进多种含钾矿物风化和钾溶出的真菌,在堆肥和生物肥料领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

Altered microbial community structure and organic matter composition under elevated CO2 and N fertilization in the duke forest

The dynamics and fate of terrestrial organic matter (OM) under elevated atmospheric CO₂ and nitrogen (N) fertilization are important aspects of long‐term carbon sequestration. Despite numerous studies, questions still remain as to whether the chemical composition of OM may alter with these environmental changes. In this study, we employed molecular‐level methods to investigate the composition and degradation of various OM components in the forest floor (O horizon) and mineral soil (0–15 cm) from the Duke forest free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) experiment. We measured microbial responses to elevated CO₂ and N fertilization in the mineral soil using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. Increased fresh carbon inputs into the forest floor under elevated CO₂ were observed at the molecular‐level by two degradation parameters of plant‐derived steroids and cutin‐derived compounds. The ratios of fungal to bacterial PLFAs and Gram‐negative to Gram‐positive bacterial PLFAs decreased in the mineral soil with N fertilization, indicating an altered soil microbial community composition. Moreover, the acid to aldehyde ratios of lignin‐derived phenols increased with N fertilization, suggesting enhanced lignin degradation in the mineral soil. ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of soil humic substances revealed an enrichment of leaf‐derived alkyl structures with both elevated CO₂ and N fertilization. We suggest that microbial decomposition of SOM constituents such as lignin and hydrolysable lipids was promoted under both elevated CO₂ and N fertilization, which led to the enrichment of plant‐derived recalcitrant structures (such as alkyl carbon) in the soil.     

Silicate Dissolution in Las Pailas Thermal Field: Implications for Microbial Weathering in Acidic Volcanic Hydrothermal Spring Systems

A longitudinal field microcosm study was conducted in the Las Pailas hot spring system, located on the SW flank of Rincon de la Vieja, Costa Rica, in order to investigate initial microbial attachment and colonization, as well as chemical (abiotic) and biological silicate weathering under hydrothermal conditions. Solution chemistry was pH = 2.42–3.96, T = 43–89.3°C, Si = 4.45–8.19 mmol L^?1, Fe = 1.50–6.95 mmol L^?1and PO^3? ₄ = below detection limits-4.9 μmol L^?1. Microcosms consisted of washed, sonicated primary silicate samples in polycarbonate vessels. The vessels were enclosed either by mesh to observe water/rock/microbial interactions or by 0.2–0.45 μm filters to observe water/rock interactions. Microcosms were incubated for periods of 6 h, 24 h, or 2 mo, fixed in the field, then analyzed in the laboratory. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that microbial attachment to mineral samples occurred in as little as 6 h. Microbial colonization and the development of minor etch pits associated with microorganisms occurred within 24 h. The most significant differences in chemical vs. biological weathering were observed after 2 mo. SEM analysis of these incubated surfaces showed that volumetric losses to mineral samples were more than one order of magnitude greater for samples that had been colonized by microorganisms and thus weathered biologically. With time, preferential colonization of anorthoclase mineral samples with Fe-oxides and apatite inclusions occurred. Subsequent weathering, therefore, may be a metabolic strategy by microorganisms to access mineral-bound PO^3? ₄, which is otherwise scarce in solution. Results from this study suggest that microorganisms may play a significant role in weathering in some hydrothermal systems.     

Interactive effects of wildfire and permafrost on microbial communities and soil processes in an Alaskan black spruce forest

Boreal forests contain significant quantities of soil carbon that may be oxidized to CO₂ given future increases in climate warming and wildfire behavior. At the ecosystem scale, decomposition and heterotrophic respiration are strongly controlled by temperature and moisture, but we questioned whether changes in microbial biomass, activity, or community structure induced by fire might also affect these processes. We particularly wanted to understand whether postfire reductions in microbial biomass could affect rates of decomposition. Additionally, we compared the short‐term effects of wildfire to the long‐term effects of climate warming and permafrost decline. We compared soil microbial communities between control and recently burned soils that were located in areas with and without permafrost near Delta Junction, AK. In addition to soil physical variables, we quantified changes in microbial biomass, fungal biomass, fungal community composition, and C cycling processes (phenol oxidase enzyme activity, lignin decomposition, and microbial respiration). Five years following fire, organic surface horizons had lower microbial biomass, fungal biomass, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations compared with control soils. Reductions in soil fungi were associated with reductions in phenol oxidase activity and lignin decomposition. Effects of wildfire on microbial biomass and activity in the mineral soil were minor. Microbial community composition was affected by wildfire, but the effect was greater in nonpermafrost soils. Although the presence of permafrost increased soil moisture contents, effects on microbial biomass and activity were limited to mineral soils that showed lower fungal biomass but higher activity compared with soils without permafrost. Fungal abundance and moisture were strong predictors of phenol oxidase enzyme activity in soil. Phenol oxidase enzyme activity, in turn, was linearly related to both ¹³C lignin decomposition and microbial respiration in incubation studies. Taken together, these results indicate that reductions in fungal biomass in postfire soils and lower soil moisture in nonpermafrost soils reduced the potential of soil heterotrophs to decompose soil carbon. Although in the field increased rates of microbial respiration can be observed in postfire soils due to warmer soil conditions, reductions in fungal biomass and activity may limit rates of decomposition.     

Calcite and dolomite dissolution rates in the context of microbe–mineral surface interactions

Although microbes have been shown to alter the dissolution rate of carbonate minerals, a mechanistic understanding of the consequences of microbial surface colonization on carbonate dissolution has yet to be achieved. Here we report the use of vertical scanning interferometry (VSI) to study the effect of Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 surface colonization on the dissolution rates of calcite (CaCO₃) and dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂) through qualitative analysis of etch pit development and quantitative measurements of surface‐normal dissolution rates. By quantifying and comparing the significant processes occurring at the microbe–mineral interface, the dominant mechanism of mineral dissolution during surface colonization was determined. MR‐1 attachment under aerobic conditions was found to influence carbonate dissolution through two distinct mechanistic pathways: (1) inhibition of carbonate dissolution through interference with etch pit development and (2) excavation of carbonate material at the cell–mineral interface during irreversible attachment to the mineral surface. The relative importance of these two competing effects was found to vary with the solubility of the carbonate mineral studied. For the faster‐dissolving calcite substrates, inhibition of dissolution by attachment and subsequent extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production was the dominant effect associated with MR‐1 surface colonization. This interference with etch pit development resulted in a 40–70% decrease in the surface normal dissolution rate relative to cell‐free controls, depending primarily on the concentration of cells in solution. However, in the case of the slower‐dissolving dolomite substrates, carbonate material displaced during the entrenchment of cells on the surface far outweighed the abiotic dissolution rate. Therefore, during the initial stages of surface colonization, dolomite dissolution rates were actually enhanced by MR‐1 attachment. This study demonstrates the dynamic and competitive relationship between microbial surface colonization and mineral dissolution that may be expected to occur in natural environments.     

Characterization of Fungal Community Structure on a Weathered Pegmatitic Granite

This study exploited the contrasting major element chemistry of adjacent, physically separable crystals of framework and sheet silicates in a pegmatitic granite to investigate the mineralogical influences of fungal community structure on mineral surfaces. Large intact crystals of variably weathered muscovite, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and quartz were individually extracted, together with whole-rock granite. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) revealed a diversity of fungal structures, with microcolonial fungi and fungal hyphae clearly visible on surfaces of all mineral types. Fungal automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (FARISA) was used to generate a ribotype profile for each mineral sample and a randomization test revealed that ribotype profiles, or community fingerprints, differed between different mineral types. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that mineral chemistry affected individual fungal ribotypes, and strong relationships were found between certain ribotypes and particular chemical elements. This finding was further supported by analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the 16 most abundant ribotypes within the community. Significantly, individual ribotypes were largely restricted to single mineral types and ribotypes clustered strongly on the basis of mineral type. CCA also revealed that Al, Si, and Ca had a significant impact on fungal community structure within this system. These results show that fungal community structure was driven by the chemical composition of mineral substrates, indicating selective pressure by individual chemical elements on fungal populations in situ.     

Microbial Decomposition of Wood in Streams: Distribution of Microflora and Factors Affecting [14C]Lignocellulose Mineralization

The distribution and lignocellulolytic activity of the microbial community was determined on a large log of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in a Pacific Northwest stream. Scanning electron microscopy, plate counts, and degradation of [¹⁴C]lignocelluloses prepared from Douglas fir and incubated with samples of wood taken from the surface and within the log revealed that most of the microbial colonization and lignocellulose-degrading activity occurred on the surface. Labeled lignocellulose and surface wood samples were incubated in vitro with nutrient supplements to determine potential limiting factors of [¹⁴C]lignocellulose degradation. Incubations carried out in a nitrogenless mineral salts and trace elements solution were no more favorable to degradation than those carried out in distilled water alone. Incubations supplemented with either (NH₄)₂SO₄ or organic nitrogen sources showed large increases in the rates of mineralization over incubations with mineral salts and trace elements alone, with the greatest effect being observed from an addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄. Subsequent incubations with (NH₄)₂SO₄, KNO₃, and NH₄NO₃ revealed that KNO₃ was the most favorable for lignin degradation, whereas all three supplements were equally favorable for cellulose degradation. Supplementation with glucose repressed both lignin and cellulose mineralization. The results reported in this study indicate that nitrogen limitation of wood decomposition may exist in streams of the Pacific Northwest. The radiotracer technique was shown to be a sensitive and useful tool for assessing relative patterns of lignocellulose decay and microbial activity in wood, along with the importance of thoroughly characterizing the experimental system before its general acceptance.     

连续三年夜间增温和施氮对云杉外生菌根及菌根真菌多样性的影响

以西南亚高山针叶林建群种粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)为研究对象,采用红外加热模拟增温结合外施氮肥(NH₄NO₃ 25 g N m^-2 a^-1)的方法,研究连续3a夜间增温和施肥对云杉幼苗外生菌根侵染率、土壤外生菌根真菌生物量及其群落多样性的影响。结果表明:夜间增温对云杉外生菌根侵染率的影响具有季节性及根级差异。夜间增温对春季(2011年5月)云杉1级根,夏季(2011年7月)和秋季(2010年10月)云杉2级根侵染率影响显著。除2011年7月1级根外,施氮对云杉1、2级根侵染率无显著影响。夜间增温对土壤中外生菌根真菌的生物量和群落多样性无显著影响,施氮及增温与施氮联合处理使土壤中外生菌根真菌生物量显著降低,但却提高了外生菌根真菌群落的多样性。这说明云杉幼苗外生菌根侵染率对温度较敏感,土壤外生菌根真菌生物量及其群落多样性对施氮较敏感。这为进一步研究该区域亚高山针叶林地下过程对全球气候变化的响应机制提供了科学依据。     

Emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from soil receiving urban wastewater for maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation

In the Darmstadt long-term fertilization trial, the application of composted cattle farmyard manure without (CM) and with (CMBD) biodynamic preparations was compared to mineral fertilization with straw return (MIN). The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of spatial variability, especially of soil pH in these three treatments, on soil organic matter and soil microbial biomass (C, N, P, S), activity (basal CO₂ production and O₂ consumption), and fungal colonization (ergosterol). Soil pH was significantly lower in the MIN treatments than in the organic fertilizer treatments. In the MIN treatments, the contents of soil organic C and total N were also significantly lower (13% and 16%, respectively) than those of the organic fertilizer treatments. In addition, the total S content increased significantly in the order MIN < CM < CMBD. The microbial biomass C content was significantly lower (9%) in the MIN treatments than in the organic fertilizer treatments. Microbial biomass N and biomass P followed microbial biomass C, with a mean C/N ratio of 7.9 and a mean C/P ratio of 23. Neither the microbial biomass C to soil organic C ratio, the metabolic quotient qCO₂, nor the respiratory quotient (mol CO₂/mol O₂) revealed any clear differences between the MIN and organic fertilizer treatments. The mean microbial biomass S content was 50% and the mean ergosterol content was 40% higher in the MIN treatments compared to the organic fertilizer treatments. The increased presence of saprotrophic fungi in the MIN treatments was indicated by significantly increased ratios of ergosterol-to-microbial biomass C and the microbial biomass C/S ratio. Our results showed that complex interactions between the effects of fertilizer treatments and natural heterogeneity of soil pH existed for the majority of microbial biomass and activity indices.     

Degradation of potassium rock by earthworms and responses of bacterial communities in its gut and surrounding substrates after being fed with mineral

Background

Earthworms are an ecosystem''s engineers, contributing to a wide range of nutrient cycling and geochemical processes in the ecosystem. Their activities can increase rates of silicate mineral weathering. Their intestinal microbes usually are thought to be one of the key drivers of mineral degradation mediated by earthworms,but the diversities of the intestinal microorganisms which were relevant with mineral weathering are unclear.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In this report, we show earthworms'' effect on silicate mineral weathering and the responses of bacterial communities in their gut and surrounding substrates after being fed with potassium-bearing rock powder (PBRP). Determination of water-soluble and HNO₃-extractable elements indicated some elements such as Al, Fe and Ca were significantly released from mineral upon the digestion of earthworms. The microbial communities in earthworms'' gut and the surrounding substrates were investigated by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and the results showed a higher bacterial diversity in the guts of the earthworms fed with PBRP and the PBRP after being fed to earthworms. UPGMA dendrogram with unweighted UniFrac analysis, considering only taxa that are present, revealed that earthworms'' gut and their surrounding substrate shared similar microbiota. UPGMA dendrogram with weighted UniFrac, considering the relative abundance of microbial lineages, showed the two samples from surrounding substrate and the two samples from earthworms'' gut had similarity in microbial community, respectively.

Conclusions/Significance

Our results indicated earthworms can accelerate degradation of silicate mineral. Earthworms play an important role in ecosystem processe since they not only have some positive effects on soil structure, but also promote nutrient cycling of ecosystem by enhancing the weathering of minerals.     

Changa in the structure and activity of a soil microbial community caused by inorganic nitrogen fertilization

The changes in the structure and activity of a soil microbial community caused by addition of moderate and high rates of the mineral nitrogen fertilizer (KNO₃) were studied in a laboratory incubation experiment. The structure of the microbial community was evaluated from the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile; specific growth rate of the microorganisms was determined by the method of the kinetics of substrate-induced respiration; the total pool of microbial carbon was estimated by the fumigation-extraction method. The amounts of nitrogen fertilizer applied in three treatments of the experiment were 0 (control), 100, and 2000 ??g N/g soil. Even in the absence of additional sources of organic carbon, a considerable portion of the added ¹⁵N (up to 74%) was immobilized. No significant increase in the amount of microbial carbon was observed during incubation. The specific growth rate of the microbial community in soil supplemented with glucose decreased twofold after addition of 2000 ??g N/g soil. In this treatment, the ratio of cyclic fatty acids to their monoenoic precursors also increased, indicating the adaptation of microbial cells to extremely high amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. Moreover, considerable changes in the structure of the soil microbial community, such as an increase in the ratio of fungalto bacterial markers and a decrease in the ratio between PLFA of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, were observed in the treatment with addition of 2000 ??g N/g soil. Our data clearly indicate that mineral nitrogen fertilization of soil under carbon limitation has a pronounced impact on the structure and activity of soil microbial communities.     

Earthworm invasions of ecosystems devoid of earthworms: effects on soil microbes

Recent studies document North American earthworm invasions and their profound effects on the structure of the soil profile, which is the habitat for soil microorganisms (mainly fungi and bacteria). Dramatic alterations made to these layers during earthworm invasion significantly change microbial community structure and therefore microbial activities such as C transformations. Understanding the impacts of earthworm invasion on the microbes themselves will give insight into earthworm effects on microbial activities. Bacterial and actinomycete communities in earthworm guts and casts have not been studied in environments recently invaded by earthworms. Earthworm invasion tended to decrease fungal species density and fungal species diversity and richness. The presence of earthworms decreased zygomycete species abundance probably due to disruption of fungal hyphae. Physical disruption of hyphae may also explain decreased mycorrhizal colonization rates, decreased mycorrhizal abundance and altered mycorrhizal morphology in the presence of earthworms. Mixing of organic layers into mineral soil during earthworm invasion tended to decrease microbial biomass in forest floor materials while increasing it in mineral soil. In newly invaded forest soils, microbial respiration and the metabolic quotient tended to decline. In forests where either the microbial community has had time to adapt to earthworm activities, or where the destruction of the forest floor is complete, as in invasions by the Asian Amynthas hawayanus, the presence of earthworms tends to increase the metabolic quotient indicating a shift to a smaller, more active microbial community.     

Internal Porosity of Mineral Coating Supports Microbial Activity in Rapid Sand Filters for Groundwater Treatment

A mineral coating develops on the filter grain surface when groundwater is treated via rapid sand filtration in drinking water production. The coating changes the physical and chemical properties of the filter material, but little is known about its effect on the activity, colonization, diversity, and abundance of microbiota. This study reveals that a mineral coating can positively affect the colonization and activity of microbial communities in rapid sand filters. To understand this effect, we investigated the abundance, spatial distribution, colonization, and diversity of all and of nitrifying prokaryotes in filter material with various degrees of mineral coating. We also examined the physical and chemical characteristics of the mineral coating. The amount of mineral coating correlated positively with the internal porosity, the packed bulk density, and the biologically available surface area of the filter material. The volumetric NH₄⁺ removal rate also increased with the degree of mineral coating. Consistently, bacterial 16S rRNA and amoA abundances positively correlated with increased mineral coating levels. Microbial colonization could be visualized mainly within the outer periphery (60.6 ± 35.6 μm) of the mineral coating, which had a thickness of up to 600 ± 51 μm. Environmental scanning electron microscopic (E-SEM) observations suggested an extracellular polymeric substance-rich matrix and submicron-sized bacterial cells. Nitrifier diversity profiles were similar irrespective of the degree of mineral coating, as indicated by pyrosequencing analysis. Overall, our results demonstrate that mineral coating positively affects microbial colonization and activity in rapid sand filters, most likely due to increased volumetric cell abundances facilitated by the large surface area of internal mineral porosity accessible for microbial colonization.     

Microbial Community Responses to Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Enrichment in a Warm-Temperate Forest

Forest productivity depends on nutrient supply, and sustained increases in forest productivity under elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) may ultimately depend on the response of microbial communities to changes in the quantity and chemistry of plant-derived substrates, We investigated microbial responses to elevated CO₂ in a warm-temperate forest under free-air CO₂ enrichment for 5 years (1997–2001). The experiment was conducted on three 30 m diameter plots under ambient CO₂ and three plots under elevated CO₂ (200 ppm above ambient). To understand how microbial processes changed under elevated CO₂, we assayed the activity of nine extracellular enzymes responsible for the decomposition of labile and recalcitrant carbon (C) substrates and the release of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from soil organic matter. Enzyme activities were measured three times per year in a surface organic horizon and in the top 15 cm of mineral soil. Initially, we found significant increases in the decomposition of labile C substrates in the mineral soil horizon under elevated CO₂; this overall pattern was present but much weaker in the O horizon. Beginning in the 4th year of this study, enzyme activities in the O horizon declined under elevated CO₂, whereas they continued to be stimulated in the mineral soil horizon. By year 5, the degradation of recalcitrant C substrates in mineral soils was significantly higher under elevated CO₂. Although there was little direct effect of elevated CO₂ on the activity of N- and P-releasing enzymes, the activity of nutrient-releasing enzymes relative to those responsible for C metabolism suggest that nutrient limitation is increasingly regulating microbial activity in the O horizon. Our results show that the metabolism of microbial communities is significantly altered by the response of primary producers to elevated CO₂. We hypothesize that ecosystem responses to elevated CO₂ are shifting from primary production to decomposition as a result of increasing nutrient limitation.     

Nitrogen deposition promotes the production of new fungal residues but retards the decomposition of old residues in forest soil fractions

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has frequently been observed to increase soil carbon (C) storage in forests, but the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. Changes in microbial community composition and substrate use are hypothesized to be one of the key mechanisms affected by N inputs. Here, we investigated the effects of N deposition on amino sugars, which are used as biomarkers for fungal‐ and bacterial‐derived microbial residues in soil. We made use of a 4‐year combined CO₂ enrichment and N deposition experiment in model forest ecosystems, providing a distinct ¹³C signal for ‘new’ and ‘old’ C in soil organic matter and microbial residues measured in density and particle‐size fractions of soils. Our hypothesis was that N deposition decreases the amount of fungal residues in soils, with the new microbial residues being more strongly affected than old residues. The soil fractionation showed that organic matter and microbial residues are mainly stabilized by association with soil minerals in the heavy and fine fractions. Moreover, the bacterial residues are relatively enriched at mineral surfaces compared to fungal residues. The ¹³C tracing indicated a greater formation of fungal residues compared to bacterial residues after 4 years of experiment. In contradiction to our hypotheses, N deposition significantly increased the amount of new fungal residues in bulk soil and decreased the decomposition of old microbial residues associated with soil minerals. The preservation of old microbial residues could be due to decreased N limitation of microorganisms and therefore a reduced dependence on organic N sources. This mechanism might be especially important in fine heavy fractions with low C/N ratios, where microbial residues are effectively protected from decomposition by association with soil minerals.     

Transformation of vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl] by fungi

Saprotrophic fungi were investigated for their bioweathering effects on the vanadium‐ and lead‐containing insoluble apatite group mineral, vanadinite [Pb₅(VO₄)₃Cl]. Despite the insolubility of vanadinite, fungi exerted both biochemical and biophysical effects on the mineral including etching, penetration and formation of new biominerals. Lead oxalate was precipitated by Aspergillus niger during bioleaching of natural and synthetic vanadinite. Some calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) was formed with natural vanadinite because of the presence of associated ankerite [Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂]. Aspergillus niger also precipitated lead oxalate during growth in the presence of lead carbonate, vanadium(V) oxide and ammonium metavanadate, while abiotic tests confirmed the efficacy of oxalic acid in solubilizing vanadinite and precipitating lead as oxalate. Geochemical modelling confirmed the complexity of vanadium speciation, and the significant effect of oxalate. Oxalate–vanadium complexes markedly reduced the vanadinite stability field, with cationic lead(II) and lead oxalate also occurring. In all treatments and geochemical simulations, no other lead vanadate, or vanadium minerals were detected. This research highlights the importance of oxalate in vanadinite bioweathering and suggests a general fungal transformation of lead‐containing apatite group minerals (e.g. vanadinite, pyromorphite, mimetite) by this mechanism. The findings are also relevant to remedial treatments for lead/vanadium contamination, and novel approaches for vanadium recovery.     

Elevated temperature increases the accumulation of microbial necromass nitrogen in soil via increasing microbial turnover

Microbial‐derived nitrogen (N) is now recognized as an important source of soil organic N. However, the mechanisms that govern the production of microbial necromass N, its turnover, and stabilization in soil remain poorly understood. To assess the effects of elevated temperature on bacterial and fungal necromass N production, turnover, and stabilization, we incubated ¹⁵N‐labeled bacterial and fungal necromass under optimum moisture conditions at 10°C, 15°C, and 25°C. We developed a new ¹⁵N tracing model to calculate the production and mineralization rates of necromass N. Our results showed that bacterial and fungal necromass N had similar mineralization rates, despite their contrasting chemistry. Most bacterial and fungal necromass ¹⁵N was recovered in the mineral‐associated organic matter fraction through microbial anabolism, suggesting that mineral association plays an important role in stabilizing necromass N in soil, independently of necromass chemistry. Elevated temperature significantly increased the accumulation of necromass N in soil, due to the relatively higher microbial turnover and production of necromass N with increasing temperature than the increases in microbial necromass N mineralization. In conclusion, we found elevated temperature may increase the contribution of microbial necromass N to mineral‐stabilized soil organic N.     

The kinetics of siderophore‐mediated olivine dissolution

Silicate minerals represent an important reservoir of nutrients at Earth's surface and a source of alkalinity that modulates long‐term geochemical cycles. Due to the slow kinetics of primary silicate mineral dissolution and the potential for nutrient immobilization by secondary mineral precipitation, the bioavailability of many silicate‐bound nutrients may be limited by the ability of micro‐organisms to actively scavenge these nutrients via redox alteration and/or organic ligand production. In this study, we use targeted laboratory experiments with olivine and the siderophore deferoxamine B to explore how microbial ligands affect nutrient (Fe) release and the overall rate of mineral dissolution. Our results show that olivine dissolution rates are accelerated in the presence of micromolar concentrations of deferoxamine B. Based on the non‐linear decrease in rates with time and formation of a Fe³⁺‐ligand complex, we attribute this acceleration in dissolution rates to the removal of an oxidized surface coating that forms during the dissolution of olivine at circum‐neutral pH in the presence of O₂ and the absence of organic ligands. While increases in dissolution rates are observed with micromolar concentrations of siderophores, it remains unclear whether such conditions could be realized in natural environments due to the strong physiological control on microbial siderophore production. So, to contextualize our experimental results, we also developed a feedback model, which considers how microbial physiology and ligand‐promoted mineral dissolution kinetics interact to control the extent of biotic enhancement of dissolution rates expected for different environments. The model predicts that physiological feedbacks severely limit the extent to which dissolution rates may be enhanced by microbial activity, though the rate of physical transport modulates this limitation.