对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒同源性比较的研究

比较我国沿海不同海域对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒三个分离株：即唐海分离株（渤海湾）、宁波分离株（东海）,深圳分离株（南海）的同源性。三个WSSV分离株基因组的限制笥内切酶（Sac Ⅰ,HindⅢ,PstⅠ）酶切多态（RFLP）以及病毒结构蛋白图谱完全一致,证实造成我国从南对北对虾爆发性流行病的对虾白斑杆状病毒为同一种病毒。利用高保真Taq酶,分别以报道的日本对虾杆状病毒（RV－PJ－PRDV）,斑节对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒（WSBV－PmNOBⅢ）基因组核酸片段特异性引物进行PCR扩增,结果均能从中国一杆状病毒（WSSV）基因组中扩增得到相应大小的PCR产物,扩增产物序列分析表明中国对虾白斑杆状病毒（WSSV）与斑节对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒（WSBV－PmNOBⅢ）,日本对虾相状RV-PJ=PRDV)同源率分别为100％与97％,其结果为证实亚洲及太平洋地区对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒为同一种病毒或同一种病毒的不同株系提供了依据。     

分子信标探针用于PCR检测对虾白斑杆状病毒

将对虾白斑杆状病毒的一段特异性DNA设计成分子信标探针,用于该病毒的PCR检测.温度与荧光强度之间的关系表明,所设计探针的发夹既可以形成也可以打开,符合PCR对分子信标探针的要求.结果表明,在PCR同时加入分子信标探针不影响PCR扩增,分子信标探针只能与目的DNA杂交,具有较高的特异性.随着PCR循环数的增加以及含目的DNA的质粒拷贝数的增加,荧光强度都随之增强.     

对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒体内增殖模型的建立

应用对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒（WSSV）,对淡水克氏螯虾、罗氏沼虾、日本沼虾和两种淡水蟹（中华绒螯蟹、长江华溪蟹）进行人工感染实验。结果除淡水克氏螯虾之外,其它受试的虾蟹均不能感染WSSV。克氏螯虾3个不同剂量级感染至12d平均死亡率为94％。从发病或死亡个体采集血淋巴,经电镜负染色可观察到完整的病毒粒子,其形态大小、靶细胞组织病理均与从中国对虾中分离的WSSV相似或相同。同时,通过原位杂交技术进一步证明该实验的可靠性。克氏螯虾重复感染效果良好,有可能成为研究WSSV的一种理想的病毒体内增殖模型。     

对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒体内增殖模型的建立

应用对虾白斑综合征杆状病毒(WSSV),对淡水克氏螯虾、罗氏沼虾、日本沼虾和两种淡水蟹(中华绒螯蟹、长江华溪蟹)进行人工感染实验.结果除淡水克氏螯虾之外,其它受试的虾蟹均不能感染WSSV.克氏螯虾3个不同剂量组感染至12 d,平均死亡率为94%.从发病或死亡个体采集血淋巴,经电镜负染色可观察到完整的病毒粒子,其形态大小、靶细胞组织病理均与从中国对虾中分离的WSSV相似或相同.同时,通过原位杂交技术进一步证明该实验的可靠性.克氏螯虾重复感染效果良好,有可能成为研究WSSV的一种理想的病毒体内增殖模型.     

对虾白斑杆状病毒DNA聚合酶调控序列的克隆

为了揭示对虾白斑杆状病毒的致病机理,将该病毒基因组中推测的DNA聚合酶上游调控序列克隆进荧光素酶报告基因载体中,以便寻找一个能表达该病毒基因的细胞系统.     

原位杂交研究对虾白斑杆状病毒在虾体内感染过程

应用地高辛标记的对虾白斑杆状病毒（ｗｈｉｔｅ ｓｐｏｔ ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ ｂａｃｕｌｏｖｉｒｕｓ,ＷＳＳＶ）核酸探针,与人工感染后不同时间采集的对虾组织样品进行原位杂交,以动态研究病毒从侵染至对虾以病死亡的过程。将典型感染ＷＳＳＶ的病虾组织投喂健康对虾,结果显示：ＷＳＳＶ道德通过侵染消化道上皮进入虾体内增殖,此后随着细胞裂解、病毒粒子释放,游离的粒子伴随血淋巴循环进而杂其它靶组织,直至对虾发病死亡     

对虾白斑综合征病毒的细胞因子受体基因的分析与表达

在对虾白斑综合征病毒(White spot syndrome virus,WSSV)的基因组中发现一个具有细胞因子受体特征的开放阅读框,该阅读框全长2022个核苷酸,编码674个氨基酸,蛋白质理论分子量为76kDa.该基因含有真核生物细胞因子gpl30受体特征序列.为了研究该基因的功能,采用PCR方法从病毒基因组中扩增出基因片段,克隆到pGEM-T Easy载体中,经BamH I和Sal I双酶切后插入pET28b表达载体中.重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌BL21中,IPTG诱导后,经SDS-PAGE电泳表明在76kDa处有目的蛋白表达.用冰浴超声波对诱导后的菌液进行处理以获得初步纯化的蛋白,作为抗原人工免疫实验兔子以获得含特异性抗体的抗血清.该基因的表达成功,为其功能的进一步深入研究奠定了基础.     

对虾白斑综合征病毒ORF220基因在昆虫细胞内的表达及其分布

对虾白斑综合征病毒厦门分离株ORF220编码真核生物GP130受体同源蛋白。将ORF220和绿色荧光蛋白编码基因融合在一起克隆到昆虫杆状病毒表达载体pFastBacI,然后与AcBacmid共同转染DH10B细胞。用PCR鉴定含有ORF220和EGFP基因的重组质粒,提取纯化重组质粒并转染昆虫细胞进行表达。结果发现,DNA转染后3-5d可以在荧光显微镜下观察到绿色荧光,表明融合蛋白在昆虫系统内成功表达。用病毒上清液感染昆虫细胞进行时相观察,结果表明,ORF220蛋白在昆虫细胞的细胞质和细胞核内呈随机分布,没有特异的细胞定位。     

对虾白斑综合征病毒ORF220基因在昆虫细胞内的表达及其分布

对虾白斑综合征病毒厦门分离株ORF220编码真核生物GP130受体同源蛋白.将ORF220和绿色荧光蛋白编码基因融合在一起克隆到昆虫杆状病毒表达载体pFastBacI,然后与AcBacmid共同转染DH10B细胞.用PCR鉴定含有ORF220和EGFP基因的重组质粒,提取纯化重组质粒并转染昆虫细胞进行表达.结果发现,DNA转染后3-5d可以在荧光显微镜下观察到绿色荧光,表明融合蛋白在昆虫系统内成功表达.用病毒上清液感染昆虫细胞进行时相观察,结果表明,ORF220蛋白在昆虫细胞的细胞质和细胞核内呈随机分布,没有特异的细胞定位.     

对虾白斑综合症病毒囊膜蛋白VP28的表达及其抗病毒感染作用

根据GenBank上WSSV囊膜蛋白基因vp28的序列,设计并合成引物,PCR扩增得到vp28基因,成功构建重组表达载体pET22b-vp28并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3).基因工程菌株37℃IPTG诱导,表达产物经Western-blot和SDS-PAGE检测显示有与预期大小32kDa相符合的目的蛋白.用Ni2+-柱纯化的目的蛋白分别直接注射螯虾和包被饲料投喂螯虾,实验结果表明vp28在大肠杆菌中的表达产物有显著提高虾体抗WSSV感染力的作用,而且注射效果更好.     

Protection of blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) against the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) when injected with shrimp lysozyme

In this study we found that a blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) lysozyme gene (Lslzm) was up-regulated in WSSV-infected shrimp, suggesting that lysozyme is involved in the innate response of shrimp to this virus. Shrimp were intramuscularly injected with Lslzm protein to identify how this recombinant protein protects L. stylirostris from WSSV infection and to determine how this protein influences nonspecific cellular and humoral defense mechanisms. Higher survival rates and a lower viral load (compared with controls) were reported for shrimps that were first injected with the Lslzm protein and then infected with WSSV. In addition, the Lslzm expression level and the immunological parameters (including THC, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity, phenoloxidase activity and lysozyme activity) were all significantly higher in the WSSV-infected shrimp treated with the Lslzm protein, compared with the controls. These results indicate that lysozyme is effective at blocking WSSV infection in L. stylirostris and that lysozyme modulates the cellular and humoral defense mechanisms after they are suppressed by the WSSV virus.     

用简并寡核苷酸探针筛选对虾白斑综合征病毒DNA多聚酶基因片段

根据一些病毒的DNA多聚酶氨基酸序列中特有的保守序列VYGDTD设计的简并寡核苷酸,经地高辛标记后与对虾白斑综合征病毒基因库克隆杂交,筛选出一段长度为707 bp的EcoR I基因片段,该片段在一个开放阅读框内.并含DNA多聚酶B家族特有的保守序列YGDTDS.经与基因库比较,其氨基酸序列与藻类DNA病毒科(Phycodnaviridae)的几株藻类病毒的DNA多聚酶片段有部分相似,因此推测该核苷酸片段为对虾白斑综合征病毒DNA多聚酶基因的部分序列.     

对虾白斑综合征病毒中国地方株变异区基因的比较

对虾白斑综合征病毒(White spot syndromevirus,WSSV)是对虾养殖的主要病原之一,它是目前发现的基因组最大的动物病毒,为环状双链DNA病毒[1,2],全基因组序列分析结果显示,对虾白斑综合征病毒和其他杆状病毒相差甚远,最新病毒分类报告已将该病毒划归新建立的线头病毒科(Nima-viridae)白斑病毒属(Whispovirus)[3,4]。目前Gen-Bank公布有3个版本的WSSV全序列[1,2],其基因组大小的测定结果相差较大。不同的WSSV毒株可能在形态结构、理化性质上无法区分,但病毒基因组限制酶切片段长度多态性(RFLP)可以将之区分开来,Marks等[6,7]通过计…     

用简并寡核苷酸探针筛选对虾白斑综合征病毒DNA多聚酶基因片段

根据一些病毒的DNA多聚酶氨基酸序列中特有的保守序列VYGDTD设计的简并寡核苷酸 ,经地高辛标记后与对虾白斑综合征病毒基因库克隆杂交 ,筛选出一段长度为 70 7bp的EcoRI基因片段 ,该片段在一个开放阅读框内。并含DNA多聚酶B家族特有的保守序列YGDTDS。经与基因库比较 ,其氨基酸序列与藻类DNA病毒科 (Phycodnaviridae)的几株藻类病毒的DNA多聚酶片段有部分相似 ,因此推测该核苷酸片段为对虾白斑综合征病毒DNA多聚酶基因的部分序列。     

Construction and Application of a Protein Interaction Map for White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV)

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is currently the most serious global threat for cultured shrimp production. Although its large, double-stranded DNA genome has been completely characterized, most putative protein functions remain obscure. To provide more informative knowledge about this virus, a proteomic-scale network of WSSV-WSSV protein interactions was carried out using a comprehensive yeast two-hybrid analysis. An array of yeast transformants containing each WSSV open reading frame fused with GAL4 DNA binding domain and GAL4 activation domain was constructed yielding 187 bait and 182 prey constructs, respectively. On screening of ∼28,000 pairwise combinations, 710 interactions were obtained from 143 baits. An independent coimmunoprecipitation assay (co-IP) was performed to validate the selected protein interaction pairs identified from the yeast two-hybrid approach. The program Cytoscape was employed to create a WSSV protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. The topology of the WSSV PPI network was based on the Barabási-Albert model and consisted of a scale-free network that resembled other established viral protein interaction networks. Using the RNA interference approach, knocking down either of two candidate hub proteins gave shrimp more protection against WSSV than knocking down a nonhub gene. The WSSV protein interaction map established in this study provides novel guidance for further studies on shrimp viral pathogenesis, host-viral protein interaction and potential targets for therapeutic and preventative antiviral strategies in shrimp aquaculture.White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)¹ is the causative agent of white spot disease (WSD) and is one of the most serious viral pathogens that threaten the shrimp culture industry worldwide. Because WSD causes rapid and high mortality up to 100% within 3–10 days after viral infection (1), it causes dramatic economic losses on farms. WSSV is a large enveloped, ovoid to bacilliform, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus with a genome of ∼300 kb (See reviews in (2, 3)). The WSSV genome has been completely characterized for isolates from Thailand (GenBank accession number {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AF369029","term_id":"58866698","term_text":"AF369029"}}AF369029), China (accession number {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AF332093","term_id":"721172032","term_text":"AF332093"}}AF332093) and Taiwan (accession number {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AF440570","term_id":"19481591","term_text":"AF440570"}}AF440570). To expand its basic genetic information, various genomic and proteomic approaches have been applied to gain more insight into the molecular mechanisms of WSSV pathogenesis (See reviews in (2, 3)). However, the roles of most of the WSSV proteins still remain to be elucidated. This is due to the fact that many of its putative open reading frames (ORFs) lack homology to known proteins in the database. Protein–protein interaction studies can provide a valuable framework for understanding the roles of protein functions. Interaction studies of WSSV proteins have particularly focused on viral structural proteins (4–15). However, so far there has been no report on a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network for WSSV or any other crustacean virus. By contrast, several PPI networks for cellular organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (16, 17), Helicobacter pylori (18), Drosophila melanogaster (19), Caenarhabitis elegans (20), Plasmodium falciparum (21), and Homo sapiens (22, 23) and pathogens such as bacteriophage T7 (24), vaccinia virus (25), hepatitis C virus (26), and herpesviruses (27–29) have already been established. Therefore, the present study aimed to obtain a more fundamental understanding of WSSV protein interactions. A comprehensive yeast two-hybrid assay was employed to generate viral fusion proteins with DNA binding (BD) and activation (AD) domains in an array format that effectively allowed searching every possible binary interaction in WSSV. The interaction results from the yeast two-hybrid assays were subsequently validated by coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP). Topological properties of the WSSV PPI network were assessed and compared with previously published viral networks. Candidate viral hub proteins with high numbers of interacting partners were identified in this study and their significance was investigated using an RNA interference approach.     

Envelope Proteins of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Interact with Litopenaeus vannamei Peritrophin-Like Protein (LvPT)

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major pathogen in shrimp cultures. The interactions between viral proteins and their receptors on the surface of cells in a frontier target tissue are crucial for triggering an infection. In this study, a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) library was constructed using cDNA obtained from the stomach and gut of Litopenaeus vannamei, to ascertain the role of envelope proteins in WSSV infection. For this purpose, VP37 was used as the bait in the Y2H library screening. Forty positive clones were detected after screening. The positive clones were analyzed and discriminated, and two clones belonging to the peritrophin family were subsequently confirmed as genuine positive clones. Sequence analysis revealed that both clones could be considered as the same gene, LV-peritrophin (LvPT). Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed the interaction between LvPT and VP37. Further studies in the Y2H system revealed that LvPT could also interact with other WSSV envelope proteins such as VP32, VP38A, VP39B, and VP41A. The distribution of LvPT in tissues revealed that LvPT was mainly expressed in the stomach than in other tissues. In addition, LvPT was found to be a secretory protein, and its chitin-binding ability was also confirmed.