植物环境响应启动子的诱导元件及转录因子

光、温度、水分等环境因素影响植物的生长发育,植物可以通过启动子中顺式作用元件与转录因子的相互协调作用,对这些信号产生响应,调控基因表达。本文综述了光、温度、水分诱导表达启动子中的顺式作用元件及相关转录因子研究的最新进展,从分子水平上探讨了环境因子诱导的基因表达调控,对研究植物适应环境的机制具有一定的意义。     

马尾松和杉木树干韧皮部水溶性糖 δ13C值对气象因子的响应

通过测定亚热带马尾松和杉木树干韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C值的连日变化,及其对天气变化过程的响应,研究δ¹³C值对短期天气变化动态的响应特征。结果显示,春季马尾松和杉木树干韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C日均值分别介于-26.81‰到-26.49‰之间,以及-29.26‰到-27.47‰之间,平均值分别为(-26.58±0.12)‰和(-28.67±0.65)‰。进一步分析表明,马尾松树干韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C值与取样之前第4天的太阳辐射、水气压亏缺、相对湿度和空气温度显著相关(P≤0.05),杉木树干韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C值取样之前第3天的太阳辐射、水气压亏缺和相对湿度显著相关(P≤0.05),但与空气温度的相关性不显著(P≤0.05)。在所测定的环境因子中,太阳辐射是影响马尾松和杉木树干韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C值的首要因素。当天降水事件可能导致马尾松和杉木树干韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C值连日变化出现异常波动。马尾松和杉木韧皮部水溶性糖δ¹³C值可以敏感记录短期天气变化动态。     

Growth ring response of two Atlantic Forest tree species pre- and post-dam operation in Southern Brazil

Hydropower plants are important sources of renewable energy, but the climatic impacts of their constructions remain poorly explored. Considering that tree growth analysis is a useful tool to identify environmental impacts, this study aimed at using climate records and tree-ring chronologies to understand possible local climate changes caused by the construction of a hydropower plant in the 1980s in the State of Paraná, Southern Brazil. Historical climatic data were obtained from the local meteorological station and surrounding municipalities and analyzed using ANOVA and means tests. The Pettitt test was additionally used to identify change-points in the meteorological data. Wood samples from a total of 60 trees from Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (Araucariaceae) and Cedrela fissilis Vell. (Meliaceae) were collected, and tree-ring chronologies were built using dendrochronological standard procedures. Chronologies for A. angustifolia and C. fissilis represented time periods from 1800 to 2016 and 1899–2015, respectively. Tree-ring growth responses to climatic variables were evaluated by adjusting generalized mixed linear models and the Spearman correlations. Our results evidenced that the hydropower plant altered the local climate, mostly influencing the hydrological cycle by increasing local rainfall, with monthly rain volumes being statistically higher than in other meteorological stations. Significant responses in the growth of A. angustifolia were found to be associated with the water level increase caused by the dam and of C. fissilis due to the increase in cloud cover.     

松嫩平原碱化草地植物群落分布的空间和环境因素分析

在１９９６年野外实地采样的基础上,运用ＤＣＡ消势对应分析（ｄｅｔｒｅｎｄｅｄｃｏｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ）对群落主要变化趋势及其与土壤环境因子之间的关系进行了分析。运用ＤＣＣＡ消势典范对应分析（ｄｅｔｒｅｎｄｅｄｃａｎｏｎｉｃａｌｃｏｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ）对影响松嫩平原碱化草地群落结构季节动态的空间和环境因素进行了定量的分解。结果表明：在影响群落分布的各因子中,环境因子独立约占４０％,而环境＿空间耦合因子占３５％,空间因子独立约占３％,其他因子约占２０％。在诸多因子中,土壤的盐渍化程度在整个生长季起着决定性作用,但土壤水分和氮素的作用因季节而变化。在干旱季节,植物生长的主要制约因子为土壤碱化度和土壤水分,而土壤氮素的作用处于次要地位。但在降雨较多、土壤湿润度较大的季节,土壤氮素的影响明显增强,成为仅次于土壤碱化度的决定性因素。     

Circadian clock-dependent gating in ABA signalling networks

Plant growth and development are intimately attuned to fluctuations in environmental variables such as light, temperature and water availability. A broad range of signalling and dynamic response mechanisms allows them to adjust their physiology so that growth and reproductive capacity are optimised for the prevailing conditions. Many of the response mechanisms are mediated by the plant hormones. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a dominant role in fundamental processes such as seed dormancy and germination, regulation of stomatal movements and enhancing drought tolerance in response to the osmotic stresses that result from water deficit, salinity and freezing. Whereas plants maintain a constant vigilance, there is emerging evidence that the capacity to respond is gated by the circadian clock so that it varies with diurnal fluctuations in light, temperature and water status. Clock regulation enables plants to anticipate regular diurnal fluctuations and thereby presumably to maximise metabolic efficiency. Circadian clock-dependent gating appears to regulate the ABA signalling network at numerous points, including metabolism, transport, perception and activity of the hormone. In this review, we summarise the basic principles and recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of circadian gating of the ABA response network and how it can affect fundamental processes in plant growth and development.     

Woody plant assemblages in isolated forest patches in a semiarid agricultural matrix

Spatial and temporal isolation and environmental variability are important factors explaining variation in plant species composition. The effect of fragmentation and disturbance on woody plant species composition was studied using data from 32 remnant church forest patches in northern Ethiopia. The church forests are remnants of dry Afromontane forest, embedded in a matrix of intensively used crop and grazing lands. We used canonical correspondence analysis and partial canonical correspondence analysis to analyze the effects of fragmented and isolated forest-patch identity, environmental and spatial variables on woody plant species composition in different growth stages. The dominance of late successional species was higher at the adult growth stage than seedlings and saplings growth stages. In the adult stages, late successional species like Olea europaea subsp. cuspidate had high frequency of occurrence. Forest patch identity was more important in explaining woody plant assemblages than environmental and spatial variables. For all growth stages combined, environmental variables explained more of the explained total fraction of variation in species composition than spatial variables. Topographic variables best explained variations in species composition for saplings, adults and all growth stages combined, whereas the management regime was most important for seedlings species composition. Our results show that in a matrix of cultivated and grazing land, fragmented and isolated forest patches differ in woody plant species assemblages. Some species are widely distributed and occurred in many patches while other occurred only in one or a few forest patches. Thus, our results indicate that remnant forest patches are important for preserving rare plant species and therefore management practices should focus on minimizing disturbance to the church forests and if possible increase church forest patch size.     

Shoot and Root Activities During Steady-state Plant Growth

A simple model for steady-state plant growth is described. Thegrowth constant, measured during steady-state exponential growth,is related to the specific activities of the shoot and the root,enabling the effects of certain environmental variables (light,carbon dioxide and nitrogen) on the growth constant to be examined.The model is used to interpret data on the growth kinetics ofwheat (Macdowall, 1972a, b, c).     

不同时间尺度北京蟒山油松树干液流对环境因子的响应

探究不同时间尺度蒸腾与环境因子的关系并明确其主控因子,对于理解蒸腾对环境响应规律和驱动机制具有重要的理论意义。以北京蟒山国家森林公园的油松为例,开展树干液流及气象指标、土壤温湿度等环境因子的长期定位观测,并分析不同时间尺度油松液流速率与环境因子的关系。研究结果表明,在日尺度上,土壤温度、大气相对湿度、土壤湿度与液流速率呈极显著正相关,这3个因子对液流速率变化的贡献量分别占28.3%、11.7%和10.1%;在月尺度上,土壤温度对液流速率的影响最大,贡献量占比49.7%,土壤湿度和相对湿度的贡献量分别为7.3%和6.4%;在年尺度上,相对湿度对液流速率的年际变化的贡献量高达93.3%,是关键控制因子。随着时间尺度的扩展,环境因子对油松液流速率的控制作用逐渐增强。本研究的结果可以为植物蒸腾的时间尺度转换、未来全球气候变化背景下植物蒸腾耗水特征的预测提供理论依据。     

Molecular interactions between light and hormone signaling to control plant growth

As sessile organisms, plants modulate their growth rate and development according to the continuous variation in the conditions of their surrounding environment, an ability referred to as plasticity. This ability relies on a web of interactions between signaling pathways triggered by endogenous and environmental cues. How changes in environmental factors are interpreted by the plant in terms of developmental or growth cues or, in other words, how they contribute to plant plasticity is a current, major question in plant biology. Light stands out among the environmental factors that shape plant development. Plants have evolved systems that allow them to monitor both quantitative and qualitative differences in the light that they perceive, that render important changes in their growth habit. In this review we focus on recent findings about how information from this environmental cue is integrated during de-etiolation and in the shade-avoidance syndrome, and modulated by several hormone pathways—the endogenous cues. In some cases the interaction between a hormone and the light signaling pathways is reciprocal, as is the case of the gibberellin pathway, whereas in other cases hormone pathways act downstream of the environmental cue to regulate growth. Moreover, the circadian clock adds an additional layer of regulation, which has been proposed to integrate the information provided by light with that provided by hormone pathways, to regulate daily growth.     

光衰减及其相关环境因子对沉水植物生长影响研究进展

光衰减对沉水植物的生长具有至关重要的影响。系统归纳总结了光衰减及其相关环境因子对沉水植物生长的影响,指出:光因子是沉水植物生长的第一环境要素,水体中的有色可溶性有机质、浮游植物叶片细胞中的叶绿素和悬浮颗粒物以及水体本身,对光穿透水体时光强的衰减有着直接的影响,是影响沉水植物最重要的光衰减水质参数。其他环境因子如营养盐、沉积物和流水动力学等因素,则会直接或间接影响光衰减水质参数,进而影响水体透明度和浑浊度,影响沉水植物的光合作用,是影响沉水植物光衰减的间接环境因子。提出了研究中重点关注的几个问题。     

The Influence of Environmental Conditions on Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plants: A Literature Review

Medicinal plants, a source of different phytochemical compounds, are now subjected to a variety of environmental stresses during their growth and development. Different ecologically limiting factors including temperature, carbon dioxide, lighting, ozone, soil water, soil salinity and soil fertility has significant impact on medicinal plants′ physiological and biochemical responses, as well as the secondary metabolic process. Secondary metabolites (SMs) are useful for assessing the quality of therapeutic ingredients and nowadays, these are used as important natural derived drugs such as immune suppressant, antibiotics, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer. Plants have the ability to synthesize a variety of secondary metabolites to cope with the negative effects of stress. Here, we focus on how individual environmental variables influence the accumulation of plant secondary metabolites. A total of 48 articles were found to be relevant to the review topic during our systematic review. The review showed the influence of different environmental variables on SMs production and accumulation is complex suggesting the relationship are not only species-specific but also related to increases and decline in SMs by up to 50 %. Therefore, this review improves our understanding of plant SMs ability to adapt to key environmental factors. This can aid in the efficient and long-term optimization of cultivation techniques under ambient environmental conditions in order to maximize the quality and quantity of SMs in plants.     

设施番茄果实生长与环境因子的关系

在设施环境下,研究环境因子与番茄果实生长的关系,以期为设施番茄精准管理提供参考。以1h为步长,记录设施内温度、光照强度及空气湿度,每7d进行1次果径测定,将采集的环境数据细分为7个变量,分析7个变量与果实日增量随时间的变化,采用DPS软件进行逐步回归,建立显著环境因子与果实日增量的回归模型。春茬两个棚环境因子随时间动态变化规律较一致,秋茬日光温室与其有所不同。番茄品种'粉冠’和'金棚’果实日增量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,品种'珍琪’果实日增量变化波动较大。3个设施内影响果实日增量的显著环境因子有所不同,7个环境变量之间相互影响、相互制约。剔除不显著的环境变量后,建立了3个番茄品种果实日增量与显著环境变量的回归模型,确定了7个环境因子对果实生长的影响及果实生长适宜的环境变量范围。     

Controlled-Environment Sunlit Plant Growth Chambers

Controlled environment sunlit plant growth chambers have been built because of a great interest in plant responses to environmental variables under light intensities approaching those of natural sunlight conditions. Individual research projects have designed sunlit chambers that differ in size, structure, material, and environmental control systems dependent on the goals of the projects. Most literature describes plant organism responses to environmental variables, whereas reports of system design and performance are few. The objective of this article is to present a review of the engineering aspects of the design, environmental control, and performance of sunlit growth chambers that have been described in the literature. Most controlled environment sunlit growth chambers have been constructed with experimental plants grown in either pots or soil bins. Although a few sunlit growth chambers were designed for field grown plants, precise environmental control was not available. Further progress in the development of precise controlled environment sunlit growth chambers should include portability (or movability) so these chambers can be used in multiple field sites for greater cost-effectiveness. Modifications for improvements in guidelines for the design and operation of controlled environment growth chamber studies are also proposed.     

Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants

Plant secondary metabolites are unique sources for pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavors, and industrially important biochemicals. Accumulation of such metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to stresses including various elicitors or signal molecules. Secondary metabolites play a major role in the adaptation of plants to the environment and in overcoming stress conditions. Environmental factors viz. temperature, humidity, light intensity, the supply of water, minerals, and CO₂ influence the growth of a plant and secondary metabolite production. Drought, high salinity, and freezing temperatures are environmental conditions that cause adverse effects on the growth of plants and the productivity of crops. Plant cell culture technologies have been effective tools for both studying and producing plant secondary metabolites under in vitro conditions and for plant improvement. This brief review summarizes the influence of different abiotic factors include salt, drought, light, heavy metals, frost etc. on secondary metabolites in plants. The focus of the present review is the influence of abiotic factors on secondary metabolite production and some of important plant pharmaceuticals. Also, we describe the results of in vitro cultures and production of some important secondary metabolites obtained in our laboratory.     

Analysis of dominant factors influencing moisture change of broad-ovate leaves of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus euphratica</Emphasis> Oliv. in extremely arid region

We studied the dominant environmental factors that affect the gas-exchange characteristics and water potential (ψ) of broad-ovate leaves of Populus euphratica Oliv. in extreme arid area of Tarim River, China, and their correlation to water status of P. euphratica by analyzing on-field monitored meteorological data, soil moisture and salinity, P. euphratica leaf gas exchange and ψ, and revealed the indicative threshold of environmental factors for P. euphratica leaf water changes and growth. The results indicated that meteorological factors such as air relative humidity (RH), air temperature (T _air), etc. are the dominant factors. The threshold value of RH is (48.19 ± 1.06)% for P. euphratica growth, i.e. RH from 10.69% to 48.19% is suitable for P. euphratica growth in extremely arid region of Tarim River. This study provides a theoretical basis for reducing drought damage to P. euphratica and maintaining normal growth of P. euphratica by in-time watering.     

Safe sites for establishment of Nymphoides peltata seedlings for recovering the population from the soil seed bank

The population of the endangered plant species Nymphoides peltata in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan, has been declining drastically recently, and seedlings that emerge from the remaining soil seed bank have entirely failed to establish. The decline has followed artificial control of the water level in the lake. To examine the environmental requirements at the seedling establishment stage, we investigated the survival and growth of emerged seedlings at various microsites on the lakeshore by manipulating environmental conditions such as exposure to waves, inundation, and light availability so as to include the conditions of the presumed safe sites. Seedling survival at the early stage was affected most by environmental variables relating to the susceptibility to inundation. Survival until seedling establishment was profoundly affected by light availability as well as by susceptibility to inundation. In all, 136 genets were established in quadrats less prone to inundation and with sufficient light availability, which is consistent with the presumed safe-site characteristics of the original water regime: bare ground exposed during the spring water-level drawdown. Recovering the original water regime with seasonal drawdown will be indispensable for recovering a self-sustainable population. However, as first-aid measures, active restoration efforts through adaptive management using the remnant soil seed bank are urgently needed before the soil seed bank becomes exhausted.     

Modelling Stem Height and Diameter Growth in Plants

A model of stem height and diameter growth in plants is developed.This is formulated and implemented within the framework of anexisting tree plantation growth model: the ITE Edinburgh ForestModel. It is proposed that the height:diameter growth rate ratiois a function of a within-plant allocation ratio determinedby the transport-resistance model of partitioning, multipliedby a foliage turgor pressure modifier. First it is demonstratedthat the method leads to a stable long-term growth trajectory.Diurnal and seasonal dynamics are also examined. Predicted timecourses over 20 years of stem mass, stem height, height:diameterratio, and height:diameter growth rate ratio are presented forsix treatments: control, high nitrogen, increased atmosphericcarbon dioxide concentration, increased planting density, increasedtemperature and decreased rainfall. High nitrogen and increasedtemperature give initially higher stem height:diameter ratios,whereas high CO₂gives an initially lower stem height:diameterratio. However, the responses are complex, reflecting interactionsbetween factors which often have opposing influences on height:diameterratios, for example: stem density, competition for light andfor nitrogen; carbon dioxide and decreased water stress; rainfall,leaching and nitrogen nutrition. The approach relates stem heightand diameter growth variables via internal plant variables toenvironmental and management variables. Potentially, a coherentview of many observations which are sometimes in apparent conflictis provided. These aspects of plant growth can be consideredmore mechanistically than has hitherto been the case, providingan alternative to the empirical or teleonomic methods whichhave usually been employed.Copyright 1999 Annals of Botany Company Plant, stem, height, diameter, growth, model, forest, plantation, trees.     

我国植物光信号转导研究进展概述

光是影响植物的重要环境因子,可调节植物生长和发育的各个过程,如种子萌发、形态建成、庇荫反应、开花和衰老等。自20世纪80年代以来,借助模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana),科学家在光调控植物生长与发育研究领域取得了重要进展,不仅鉴定了一系列光受体和重要蛋白因子,而且初步建立了光信号转导的调控网络,这其中包含中国科学家的杰出贡献。该文对近10多年来我国学者在光信号转导领域的主要研究进展进行了概述,并对该领域发展提出展望。     

Forage grasses under drought stress in conditions of Poland

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among the environmental factors, water is one of the most important, which limits the crop production on a global basis. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing, and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are observed. There are many problems that are specifically related to water scarcity: an extremely dynamic nature of plant water status, relationship to the severity of the effects of water, time stress during ontogeny of plants, and the interaction of water stress with other environmental variables. The paper presents a review of recent literature on the effect of the grasses to drought stress at the level of physiological processes and the possibility of yielding. A better understanding of how long-term growth and yield are affected by water stress should aid in improving irrigation efficiency and practices, in modifying plants for more efficient water use, and in developing effective dry-land agriculture.