The posibility of soil micromycetes produced the abscisic acid

The typical soil micromycetes Aspergillus niger and Cladosporium cladosporioides from the family moniliaceae were investigated with emphasis on production of ABA into the culture medium. The both fungi were cultivated in a static liquid Czapek — Dox medium and agar Czapek — Dox medium. Aspergillus niger and Cladosporium cladosporioides showed ability to produce ABA. Analytical detection of ABA from the culture medium was performed by TLC combinated with biotest and HPLC with spectroscopy.     

Decolorization of 1:2 metal complex dye Acid blue 193 by a newly isolated fungus, Cladosporium cladosporioides

Summary A fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides isolated from coal sample as a decolorizing microorganism. It decolorized five different azo and triphenylmethane dyes like acid blue 193, acid black 210, crystal violet, reactive black B(S) and reactive black BL/LPR both on solid and in liquid broth medium. Culture broth of this fungus decolorized completely 100 mg of acid blue 193 l⁻¹ in 8 days. The extracellular enzyme of Cladosporium cladosporioides decolorized acid blue 193 on repeated addition to a total (out of 700 mg l⁻¹) concentration of 564 mg l⁻¹ within 168 h without significant decline in the activity, showing the resistant property of Cladosporium cladosporioides to a high concentration of the dye. The optimal temperature 40 °C, pH 5.6 and sugar concentration of 4% required for decolorization of acid blue 193. Cladosporium cladosporioides showed manganese peroxidase activity with 41 U l⁻¹, laccase activity with 1413 U l⁻¹ and lignin peroxidase activity was negligible after day 8 of incubation.     

Mycobiota associated with larval mines of Thrypticus truncatus and T. sagittatus (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) on waterhyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, in Argentina

Thrypticus truncatus is a candidate agent for biocontrol of waterhyacinth; the larvae of this diptera mine in the petioles and feed on the phloem in the vascular bundles. The mycobiota associated with T. truncatus and T. sagittatus mines was investigated during two surveys undertaken in the spring and autumn in the Delta of the Paraná River, Argentina. Isolations were made from the mines and larval feeding points, as well as from the larvae, following dissection of the petioles, and plated onto agar. Young and upper parts of the petioles without Thrypticus mines were used as controls. Twenty eight fungal species were isolated from the mines. Pestalotiopsis guepinii, Mucor attenuatus, Phoma tropica, Achlya americana, Fusarium avenaceum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Clonostachys rosea, Epicoccum purpurascens, Plectosporium tabacinum, Alternaria alternata, and Acremonium sp. were the most common fungi associated with mines and feeding points. Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cytospora sp., Mucor attenuatus, and Phoma tropica were associated with the larval body. The list of fungi in mines was compared with bibliographic information to determine if the species are known pathogens on waterhyacinth or other plant species. This is the first study on mycobiota associated with T. truncatus and T. sagittatus mines in waterhyacinth petioles in Argentina.     

Salt mediated changes in some enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in halotolerantCladosporium sphaerospermum

Cladosporium sphaerospermum, isolated from salt pans was halotolerant. When grown in the presence of salt, the activities of invertase, isocitrate lyase, fructose-1,6 diphosphate aldolase and malate dehydrogenase were found to be increased and that of amylase decreased. Both, enzyme activation as well as an increase inde novo synthesis of enzymes were found to be some of the mechanisms of salt mediated changes. This may be one of the adaptive mechanisms, in halotolerantCladosporium sphaerospermum.     

野生兜兰菌根真菌对带叶兜兰生长和生理指标的效应

为探究兰科菌根真菌对带叶兜兰(Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum)生长的影响,用4个分离自广西野生兜兰根部的兰科菌根真菌(Cladosporium perangustum、Kirschsteiniothelia tectonae、Phialophora sp.和Cyphellophora sp.)与带叶兜兰试管苗和营养钵苗进行菌-苗共生试验,对其生长和生理指标的变化进行了研究。结果表明,接菌处理具有明显的促进生长作用和生理效应,Cladosporium perangustum和Phialophora sp.对试管苗的接种效果最佳,鲜质量增量、3种保护酶活性和叶绿素总量均与对照存在显著或极显著差异,鲜质量增加了360%～380%。Kirschsteiniothelia tectonae、Phialophora sp.对营养钵苗的接种效果最佳,鲜质量增量、叶面积及3种保护酶活性均与对照存在显著或极显著差异,鲜质量增加了261%～330%。因此,实际生产中可在带叶兜兰不同生长阶段接种适当菌株,Phialophora sp.对带叶兜兰表现出较好的促生效应,可研发为带叶兜兰育...     

Rapid method for the determination of ochratoxin A in urine by immunoaffinity column clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography

Buildings with poor indoor air quality (IAQ) frequently have many areas with surface fungal contamination. Studies have demonstrated that certain fungal genera (e.g., Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Stachybotrys) are able to grow on building materials such as wallpaper, drywall, and ceiling tiles, particularly after water damage has occurred. Due to the increasing awareness of sick building syndrome (SBS), it has become essential to identify building materials that prevent the interior growth of fungi. The objective of this study was to identify building materials that would not support the growth of certain fungal genera, regardless of whether an external food source was made available. The growth of three fungal genera (Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Stachybotrys) was evaluated on cellulose-containing ceiling tile (CCT) and inorganic ceiling tile (ICT). Both types of ceiling tile were exposed to environmental conditions which can occur inside a building. Our results show that ICT did not support the growth of these three fungal genera while CCT did. Our data demonstrate that ICT could serve as an ideal replacement for CCT. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Allergic potential of someAspergilli on saw mill workers in Lucknow,India

Fifty fungal types were isolated from the indoor atmosphere of saw mills by exposing Petri plates containing Czapek-dox Agar, Potato-dextrose Agar and Sabouraud Agar media for 5 min. The fungal flora of the outdoor surroundings was also studied for comparison. Species ofAspergilli dominated in the saw mills, being represented by 16 species including one ascosporic form. Other fungi were species ofCladosporium, Alternaria, Curvularia, Penicillium, Fusarium, etc. Variations in the fungal population in different months were also observed. Fungal spores recovered using the Rotorod Sampler wereAlternaria, Curvalaria lunata, Curvularia tetramera, Cladosporium, Dreschslera sp.,Epicoccum sp.,Pithomyes sp.,Nigrospora, Stemphylium sp. andTorula sp. Mycelial fragments and unidentifiable spores were also seen in abundance. Varying allergic responses of patients were also recorded by testing intradermally, the antigens of nineAspergilli, vizAspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. japonicus, A. melleus, A. nidulans, A. niger, A. niveus, A. tammarii and A. terreus.     

Allergic potential of someAspergilli on saw mill workers in Lucknow,India

Fifty fungal types were isolated from the indoor atmosphere of saw mills by exposing Petri plates containing Czapek-dox Agar, Potato-dextrose Agar and Sabouraud Agar media for 5 min. The fungal flora of the outdoor surroundings was also studied for comparison. Species ofAspergilli dominated in the saw mills, being represented by 16 species including one ascosporic form. Other fungi were species ofCladosporium, Alternaria, Curvularia, Penicillium, Fusarium, etc. Variations in the fungal population in different months were also observed. Fungal spores recovered using the Rotorod Sampler wereAlternaria, Curvalaria lunata, Curvularia tetramera, Cladosporium, Dreschslera sp.,Epicoccum sp.,Pithomyes sp.,Nigrospora, Stemphylium sp. andTorula sp. Mycelial fragments and unidentifiable spores were also seen in abundance. Varying allergic responses of patients were also recorded by testing intradermally, the antigens of nineAspergilli, vizAspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. japonicus, A. melleus, A. nidulans, A. niger, A. niveus, A. tammarii and A. terreus.     

Mould biodiversity in homes I. Air and surface analysis of 130 dwellings

Summary Air and surface sampling to quantify and identify fungi were conducted over a 10-year period in 130 Belgian homes, including flats and houses. Homes were selected based on the medical files of allergic, mostly asthmatic patients to assess possible mould responsibility in the aetiology of the disease. Air sampling was done with Reuter centrifugal air sampler using different sampling times and incubation temperatures to detect mesophilic and thermotolerant or thermophilic fungi. More than 50 genera were detected, withCladosporium, Penicillium andAspergillus being the most common. The main species detected wereAspergillus versicolor, several species ofPenicillium, Cladosporium sphaerospermum andCladosporium herbarum. Surface sampling was conducted concomitant with air sampling. Surfaces with and without visible mould growth were tested equally by Rodac contact plates or swabs. AlthoughCladosporium herbarum was shown to be a common species in indoor environments by air sampling, it was not detected by surface sampling from visible mould growth. This finding suggests that its presence in dwellings is from an outdoor origin and not indicative of indoor proliferation.Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium sphaerospermun, andPenicillium chrysogenum were the most common species isolated from surfaces showing visible mould growth.     

Mycoses in red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) caused by two deuteromycete fungi (Penicillium corylophilum and Cladosporium sphaerospermum)*

We report two species of deuteromycete fungi (Penicillium corylophilum and Cladosporium sphaerospermum) concurrently infecting the swim bladder and posterior kidney and causing erratic behavior in two specimens of wild-caught, tank-held red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus). Lesions produced by both species infiltrated the immediately surrounding tissue and produced severe pathological changes; however, the infection apparently was not systemic. Only P. corylophilum grew in the initial culture from the swim bladder and only C. sphaerospermum grew in the initial culture from the kidney. Infection may have occurred upon penetration of a syringe to deflate the swim bladder. There was no horizontal transmission to 13 other specimens of red snapper held in the same tank. This suggests that these fungi are not primary pathogens. Injection of each species into various sites in the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, failed to produce infections within 1 month, suggesting differences in susceptibility among species.     

Tinea Nigra: Report of Twelve Cases in Venezuela

Tinea nigra is a superficial mycotic infection produced by Hortaea werneckii, formerly known as Phaeoannelomyces werneckii, formerly known as Exophiala werneckii, and Stenella araguata, the latter autochthonous in Venezuela, it was first described and named as Cladosporium castellanii in 1973. The present report describes 12 cases in the period of 1972–2002, diagnosed at the Medical Mycology Section at the Tropical Institute of the Universidad Central de Venezuela, in Caracas. This mycosis is more prevalent among young people, with fair skin, from 3 to 28 years of age, who visited beaches and in whom the lesions are more evident. Out of these 12 patients, 8 (66.66%) had Phaeoannelomyces werneckii as the causal agent and 2 (16.67%) Stenella araguata was isolated. Two patients had more than one macule, and curiously in these cases, each lesion was caused by a different species of the aforementioned fungus.     

Experimental central nervous system phaeohyphomycosis following intranasal inoculation of Xylohypha bantiana in cortisone-treated mice

Experimental central nervous system (CNS) phaeohyphomycosis was established in cortisone-treated mice following intranasal exposure to conidia of Xylohypha bantiana (Cladosporium bantianum, C. trichoides). X. bantiana was recovered from the lungs of 78% of intranasally inoculated normal mice sacrificed within the first 3 days of infection and from 15% at day 28. The fungus was not recovered from the brains of normal mice. In contrast, X. bantiana was recovered from only 33% of the lungs of cortisone-treated mice within the first 3 days of infection. However, the fungus was recovered from the brains of 11% of cortisone-treated mice sacrificed or dying over a 28 day period. Histologically and temporally the CNS disease in cortisone-treated, intranasally inoculated mice was consistent with hematogenous dissemination from a primary pulmonary focus.     

Bioactive compound production by thermophilic and thermotolerant cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

A thermotolerant species of Phormidium produced extracellular anti-microbial material during batch culture. Although this material was inactive when screened against a number of other cyanobacteria, it inhibited the growth of a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative heterotrophic bacteria, Candida albicans and Cladosporium resinae.The authors are with the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK     

Preliminary evaluation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cladosporium cladosporioides</Emphasis> (Fresen.) de Vries in laboratory conditions,as a potential candidate for biocontrol of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis> Koch

A survey for natural entomopathogenic fungi of two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) adults was made in Erzurum, Turkey, during the period 2006. Tetranychus urticae (65.8%) infected with a strain of the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides were found. Thirteen isolates of C. cladosporioides were assessed against T. urticae, in a single dose (8 × 10⁶ conidia ml ⁻¹), laboratory bioassay on bean leaflets. The total mortality percentage caused by C. cladosporioides isolates varied from 50.95 to 74.76% and LT₅₀ values ranged from 2.34 to 3.90 days. The results revealed that isolates of C. cladosporioides were effective against two spotted spider mite. This is the first record of natural infection of T. urticae by C. cladosporioides.     

The effect of non-pathogenic phylloplane fungi on life-history traits of urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

The direct effect of three common non-pathogenic phylloplane fungi on the life-history traits of Tetranychus urticae Koch was investigated on intact leaves of the garden bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. (var. Tendergreen Improved), under conditions of low and high water-deficit stress. The survival rate of T. urticae was always reduced by an increase in water-deficit stress, whereas the effect of the fungi depended in part on the watering regime. On two of the three fungi tested, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and Epicoccum nigrum Link, the mites showed a significant increase in net reproduction compared to those reared under control (i.e. no fungi added) conditions, independent of water-deficit stress, resulting in a higher intrinsic rate of increase. The third fungus tested, Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) de Vries, had a similar response with respect to net reproduction when reared under low water-deficit stress but not when reared under a high water-deficit stress. There was, however, no evidence of an interactive effect with water-deficit stress and presence or absence of fungus affecting the net reproduction of the mites, for any of the three fungal species tested. An interactive effect between fungal species and water-deficit stress was observed for the intrinsic rate of increase of the mites. It is suspected that the fungi are acting as a source of an otherwise limiting resource and the differences observed between the fungal treatments is due to differences in consumption, based on the different sizes of their conidia.     

A novel method of quantifying root exudation in the presence of soil microflora

A microcosm is described in which root exudation may be estimated in the presence of microorganisms. Ryegrass seedlings are grown in microcosms in which roots were spatially separated from a microbial inoculant by a Millipore membrane. Seedlings grown in the microcosms were labelled with [¹⁴C]-CO₂, and the fate of the label within the plant and rhizosphere was determined. Inoculation of the microcosms with Cladosporium resinae increased net fixation of the [¹⁴C] label compared to plants grown under sterile conditions. Inoculation also increased root exudation. The use of the microcosm was illustrated and its applications discussed.     

Colonization byCladosporium spp. of painted metal surfaces associated with heating and air conditioning systems

Summary Cladosporium cladosporioides andC. hebarum colonized painted metal surfaces of covering panels and register vents of heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems. Hyphae penetrated the paint film and developed characteristic conidiophores and conidia. The colonies were tightly appressed to the metal surface and conidia were not readily detectable via standard air sampling procedures.     

蒜头果内生真菌次生代谢产物抑制人类致病菌活性的研究

蒜头果是我国特有的单种属稀有树种,为了进一步开发利用蒜头果树皮内生真菌的抗菌活性化合物,该研究对来自蒜头果的植物内生真菌(白黄笋顶孢霉、哈茨木霉、大棘黑团孢、枝状枝孢菌、斑污拟盘多毛孢、赭绿青霉、淡紫紫孢菌、朱黄青霉、Xenoacremonium recifei、Xylaria feejeensis)进行液体培养,10 d后回收培养液并用乙酸乙酯萃取获得初提物,采用抑菌圈法检测蒜头果内生真菌初提物抑菌活性,同时测定了最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明:白黄笋顶孢霉、大棘黑团孢、枝状枝孢菌、斑污拟盘多毛孢、赭绿青霉、淡紫紫孢菌均有抑菌活性,大棘黑团孢、斑污拟盘多毛孢、淡紫紫孢菌的初提物均对缓慢芽孢杆菌、无乳链球菌和藤黄微球菌有明显抗菌活性,最低抑菌浓度在1.562 5~6.25 mg·m L~(-1)之间。这说明蒜头果树皮内生真菌的次生代谢产物具有抗菌活性,各内生真菌次生代谢产物的抗菌效果不同。     

Phylogeny and taxonomy of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cladosporium</Emphasis>-like hyphomycetes,including <Emphasis Type="Italic">Davidiella</Emphasis> gen. nov., the teleomorph of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cladosporium s. str.</Emphasis>

A phylogenetic study employing sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, ITS2) and 5.8S gene, as well as the 18S rRNA gene of various Cladosporium-like hyphomycetes revealed Cladosporium s. lat. to be heterogeneous. The genus Cladosporium s. str. was shown to represent a sister clade to Mycosphaerella s. str., for which the teleomorph genus Davidiella is proposed. The morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy of the cladosporioid fungi are discussed on the basis of this phylogeny, which consists of several clades representing Cladosporium-like genera. Cladosporium is confined to Davidiella (Mycosphaerellaceae) anamorphs with coronate conidiogenous loci and conidial hila. Pseudocladosporium is confined to anamorphs of Caproventuria (Venturiaceae). Cladosporium-like anamorphs of the Venturia (conidia catenate) are referred to Fusicladium. Human-pathogenic Cladosporium species belong in Cladophialophora (Capronia, Herpotrichiellaceae) and Cladosporium fulvum is representative of the Mycosphaerella/Passalora clade (Mycosphaerellaceae). Cladosporium malorum proved to provide the correct epithet for Pseudocladosporium kellermanianum (syn. Phaeoramularia kellermaniana, Cladophialophora kellermaniana) as well as Cladosporium porophorum. Based on differences in conidiogenesis and the structure of the conidiogenous loci, further supported by molecular data, C. malorum is allocated to Alternaria.