用心率变异功率谱研究出生后心率变慢的机理

目的 :探讨神经机制及心源性因素在出生后心率变慢中的作用。方法 :运用心率变异性的频域和时域分析方法 ,主要为功率谱分析方法 ,以不同年龄组的人和家兔为实验对象 ,对出生后心脏的自主神经调控进行初步探讨 ;并通过观察不同年龄组离体灌流兔心 (无神经体液因素影响 )自律性的变化 ,探讨心脏本身因素是否参与出生后心率变慢的调控。结果 :人和家兔迷走交感对心率的调控作用比在各年龄组之间有显著差异 ,且随年龄增长逐渐升高 ;家兔离体心脏的自主心率在各年龄组之间有显著差异 ,且随年龄增长逐渐降低。结论 :出生后心率减慢与神经机制有关 ,也有心脏本身因素的参与     

Cs对兔窦房结细胞起搏离子流If和IK及自律活动的影响

运用微电极记录窦房结细胞动作电位及穿孔膜片箝技术记录酶解游离的窦房结细胞电流,研究兔心窦房结的起搏原理。实验结果显示,Ｃｓ对自律性动作电位的频率及４期自动除极速率仅有轻度抑制作用。在同一细胞、同一时间、同一测试电位范围内,Ｃｓ能基本阻断Ｉｆ及它的电导变化而对Ｉｋ电流无明显抑制作用。上述结果表明在兔心窦房结细胞的起博活动初期,Ｉｆ不是起搏的主要因素。     

心房肽Ⅲ对大鼠离体灌流心脏的影响

为探讨心房肽(atriopeptin,AP)降低心输出量(CO)的机理,我们应用离体作功心脏灌流模型,在去除了神经、体液因素影响的情况下,观察了 APⅢ 对大鼠离体心脏的作用。实验结果表明,APⅢ10mol/L 可使冠脉流量(CF)和 CO 轻度降低,40nmol/L 时对离体心脏具有明显抑制作用,在30s 内使心指数(CI)、每搏指数(SVI)、CF、左室压(LVP)及其微分(LVdp/dt)等多项指标降低。提示 APⅢ 对心脏具有直接抑制作用。APⅢ 使冠脉流量降低,可能是这种抑制作用的重要原因。     

家兎右心房加压对心率的影响——关于Bainbridge反射问题的探讨

(一)在氯醛糖和氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的兔或未麻醉的箭毒化兔,右心房内输液(输入量为8—10毫升/公斤,输入速度为0.5—1.0毫升/秒),可规律地引起心率减慢和动脉血压下降。(二)右心房输液引起的心率变化,在切断两对缓冲神经和迷走神经后并不消失,说明此种输液效应并非反射作用。(三)经颈外静脉向右心房内引入一小气囊,以不同压力扩张后,也可导致心率减慢。此时气囊内压值与心率变化之间的关系不是完全呈直线式的。切断迷走神经后,效应仍存在;且此效应也不是由于气囊扩张阻断血液回流所致。(四)以奴佛卡因溶液阻断窦房结区后,右心房输液不再引起心率减慢。全身低温或选择性心脏低温(26—28℃)后,大多数实验中的心率在输液后不再变慢,由此说明右心房内输液对心率的影响是刺激直接作用于窦房结而改变其机能活动的结果。(五)在我们的实验条件下,从兔身上不能证示有 Bainbridge 反射的存在。     

吗啡降低大鼠脊髓内cAMP的含量

有资料表明,吗啡或脑啡肽可影响脑内 cAMP 与 cGMP 的含量,但对脊髓内 cAMP 与cGMP 的含量有何影响,未见报道。本实验采用放射免疫分析(RIA)方法研究的结果表明,吗啡可使大鼠离体与在体脊髓内 cAMP 的含量明显降低;而对脊髓内 cGMP 的含量则无明显影响;纳洛酮可特异阻断吗啡对脊髓内 cAMP 含量的抑制效应。提示:吗啡的上述作用是通过大鼠脊髓内阿片受体所介导。脑和脊髓内 cAMP 含量的变化可能部分介导了吗啡作用的中枢机制。     

精氨酸加压素、神经降压素和强啡肽对神经母细胞瘤细胞cAMP和cGMP的影响

本文报道小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞在无血清培养条件下,用cAMP和cGMP放射免疫测定方法,观察AVP、NT和DYN对小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞内cAMP和cGMP水平及cAMP/cGMP比值的影响。结果发现:AVP使cAMP水平和cAMP/cGMP比值显著升高(P<0.01);DYN使cGMP水平升高(P<0.01),但cAMP/cGMP比值下降;NT使cAMP水平和cAMP/cGMP比值下降,同时又使cGMP水平升高。结果提示:这三种神经肽可以分别对神经母细胞瘤细胞内cAMP、cGMP水平和cAMP/cGMP比值产生影响。     

阿司匹林对离体蟾蜍心功能影响的实验研究

目的:观察阿司匹林(aspirin)溶液对离体蟾蜍心脏心率和心肌收缩力的影响。方法:根据斯氏蛙心插管方法,用不同浓度的阿司匹林对离体蟾蜍心脏进行灌流,采用BL-410生物机能实验系统记录心率和心肌收缩力的变化。结果:灌注0.1g/ml的阿司匹林溶液时,离体蟾蜍的心脏收缩力明显下降和心率明显减慢(P0.05),心脏甚至停止跳动,0.05g/ml的阿司匹林溶液时,离体蟾蜍的心脏收缩力降低和心率减慢程度不如0.1g/ml,并且随着阿司匹林浓度的降低离体蟾蜍的心脏收缩力和心率降低程度逐渐较少。结论:阿司匹林溶液降低离体蟾蜍心肌收缩力和减慢心率,并随着阿司匹林浓度升高,其心肌收缩力和心率降低程度更加明显。     

乙醇与乙醛对心脏的影响及其可能机制的探讨

通过研究乙醇、乙醛对离体心脏和神经干的影响,探讨乙醇、乙醛对心脏作用的可能机制.用不同浓度的乙醇和乙醛处理牛蛙蛙心灌流标本和坐骨神经标本,用BL-420 系统对给药前后心脏的心率和振幅以及神经干最小刺激强度作记录.乙醇和乙醛可以引起神经兴奋性的改变从而影响神经冲动的传导,而且其影响具有明显的量效依赖关系,低浓度的乙醇和乙醛能使神经的兴奋性增加,高浓度则降低;乙醇对心脏的心率和振幅均有抑制作用,低浓度的乙醛对心脏心率和振幅有促进作用,高浓度的乙醛对心脏造成不可恢复的损伤.乙醇、乙醛对心脏的影响效果不同,但两者均可直接影响及通过神经而间接影响心脏的活动.     

咖啡碱对蟾蜍坐骨神经干动作电位和离体心脏活动的影响

目的:观察咖啡碱对中华大蟾蜍离体坐骨神经干及离体心脏的影响;方法:采用细胞外电极引导法和离体心脏灌流法;结果:咖啡碱处理后,坐骨神经干动作电位幅度显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01);咖啡碱处理使心率明显加快,20mg/ml时显著增加心肌收缩力;结论:咖啡碱有兴奋神经及强心作用。     

15甲基前列腺素F_(2α)对兔卵巢环磷酸腺苷和孕酮含量的影响

于假孕第7天的家兔,分別静脉注射15-甲-PGF_(2α)、HCG、HCG 15-甲-PGF_(2α),茶碱,茶碱 15-甲 PGF_(2α),观察用药后卵巢内 cAMP 和孕酮含量的变化。结果表明15-甲-PGF_(2α)能使卵巢内孕酮相 cAMP 含量明显下降,HCG 能促进孕酮合成,使卵巢内孕酮和cAMP 含量增加。HCG 和15-甲-PGF_(2α)联合应用则卵巢中孕酮和 cAMP 的含量与对照组比较均无显著差别,这表明15-甲-PGF_(2α)对 HCG 增加细胞内 cAMP 含量和促进孕酮合成均有颉颃作用,以上结果提示15-甲-PGF_(2α)的溶黄体作用与降低卵巢内 cAMP 水平是相关的。注射茶碱后卵巢内 cAMP 和孕酮含量均较对照组显著增加,茶碱是磷酸二酯酶抑制剂,表明茶碱增高孕酮的合成可能与提高卵巢细胞内 cAMP 水平是有关的,也表明磷酸二酯酶促进 cAMP转变为5′AMP 的过程也参与假孕兔卵巢孕酮合成的调节。茶碱与15-甲-PGF_(2α)合并应用后卵巢中 cAMP 和孕酮含量均不增加,与对照组比较无明显差別,表明15-甲-PGF_(2α)有颉颃茶碱使卵巢细胞内 cAMP 含量增加和促进孕酮合成的作用,实验结果进一步支持了15-甲-PG-F_(2a)溶黄体作用机制可能与细胞内 cAMP 水平降低有关。     

Ionic determinants of spontaneous activity in clusters of cultured cardiac cells from newborn rats.

The spontaneous activity of cell clusters derived from ventricle cells of newborn rats was studied using a recording television microscope. The influence of varying concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, tetrodotoxin (TTX), and that of 2 mM MnCl2 was tested. The spontaneous activity of the cell clusters persisted in TTX but it was abolished by Mn. The beating rate increased when [Ca]0 and [Na]0 were changed from 0.3 mM to 3.0 mM and from 30 mM to 75 mM; it decreased with a change of [Na]0 from 75 mM to 142 mM. It is concluded that electrogenesis in their behavior to very young embryonic rat heart cells or cells of the rabbit sinoauricular node.     

Effect of antibodies to S-100 group proteins on the electrical activity and chemical sensitivity of the cerebral cortical neurons

The influence of antibodies to proteins S-100 group on electrical activity and chemical sensitivity of rabbit cortical neurons has been investigated by means of extracellular recording and microiontophoresis. It has been found that anti-S-100 increase as a rule spontaneous discharge rate of the neurons, decrease, blockade or invert the neuronal responses to acetylcholine, noradrenaline and glutamate action. It is supposed that proteins S-100 group take part in regulation of eleitrogenic and postsynaptic (primarily glutamate- and GABA-ergic) processes of neural and glial cells in the brain.     

Simultaneous biofeedback of heart rate and frontal EMG as a pretraining for the control of EEG theta activity

Following one base-line session, 20 normal subjects received four half hour sessions consisting of simultaneous feedback of heart rate and frontalis muscle (pretraining). Ten subjects received contingent (CF), the other ten noncontingent feedback (NCF). Subjects were asked to lower heart rate and frontal muscle tension (EMG). Heart rate within sessions decreased up to 19 bpm, with a mean of 4 bpm for the CF group. There was only a weak decrease over sessions, however, because of the strong habituation effect. The following events accompanied the heart rate decrease: (1) an increase of the variability of the heart rate, (2) a decrease of the variance of the EMG, (3) an increased correlation between heart rate slowing and EMG decrease, and (4) an increasing subjective experience of control of heart rate and EMG. After pretraining, subjects received eight sessions of auditory feedback of their frontal EEG theta activity (four sessions with CF and four sessions with NCF in balanced order). There was a weak increase of theta for the CF condition over sessions, but a decrease within the sessions. Pretraining on heart rate and frontal EMG control had no influence on the performance during theta training. It was hypothesized that control of heart rate slowing and theta control involve different mechanisms.     

小鼠胚胎心肌细胞的分离及电生理特性

本文旨在探索小鼠胚胎心肌细胞的分离方法并观察其电生理特性。应用胶原酶B消化法获得不同时期单个小鼠胚胎心肌细胞;利用全细胞膜片钳技术,记录胚胎心肌细胞的超极化激活的非选择性内向阳离子电流(If)和L-钙电流(ICa-L),并用电流钳记录其自发性动作电位。胚胎心肌细胞通过相差显微镜依据其形态和自发性收缩进行鉴定。本法分离所获得的胚胎心肌细胞容易进行全细胞膜片钳记录,可用于记录If,ICa-L．电流和自发性动作电位,己证实胚胎心肌细胞If和Ica-L的电生理特性与成年起搏细胞或心肌细胞相似。本实验建立的分离方法简单、稳定、有效、可靠,最早可获得8．5d的胚胎心肌细胞。胚胎心肌细胞的电生理记录为探索胚胎心肌细胞的电生理特性提供了一个可用的模型,并可能为某些心脏疾病产生的机制提供实验依据。     

Inotropic responses of the left ventricle to changes in heart rate in anesthetized rabbits

Factors known to influence left ventricular contractility include preload, afterload, circulating catecholamine concentration, efferent sympathetic discharge, and heart rate. Heart rate influences have been primarily determined in the dog, whereas the influence of heart rate in smaller mammals has not been determined. Eight pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits were instrumented to measure electrocardiogram, heart rate, left ventricular pressure, end-diastolic pressure, dP/dt, and mean and pulsatile aortic pressures. Systematic bradycardia was induced by stimulating the peripheral end of the sectioned right vagus nerve. Between 293 and 235 beats/min, there was no change in (dP/dt)max as heart rate was decreased. Below this range there was a direct relationship between (dP/dt)max and heart rate. Preload remained unchanged down to 132 beats/min. There was a small but significant decrease in afterload (0.09 mmHg X beat-1 X min-1; 1 mmHg = 133.32 Pa) throughout the decrease in heart rate. Infusion of propranolol (2.0 mg/kg) produced no marked change in the heart rate - (dP/dt)max relationship, although both resting heart rate and (dP/dt)max were reduced. This study demonstrates that (dP/dt)max is not influenced by changes in heart rate above 235 beats/min in the pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbit. These results differ from findings in other animals, and demonstrate that species and heart rate ranges must be considered when drawing conclusions regarding (dP/dt)max as a reliable index of contractility.     

Induction of meiotic maturation of follicle-enclosed oocytes of rabbits by a transient increase followed by an abrupt decrease in cyclic AMP concentration.

The involvement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in mammalian oocyte maturation was assessed using cultures of rabbit cumulus-oocyte complexes and perfused rabbit ovaries. Rabbit cumulus-oocyte complexes were cultured in Brackett's medium with or without forskolin at 10(-4), 10(-5) or 10(-6) mol l-1 for 3-6 h. At 3 or 4 h spontaneous meiotic maturation was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by forskolin at 10(-4) mol l-1. With prolonged incubation, spontaneous maturation progressed despite exposure to forskolin. In the second experiment ovaries were perfused for 12 h with forskolin (10(-4), 10(-5) or 10(-6) mol l-1) or medium alone. Neither ovulation nor degeneration of follicular oocytes occurred in any perfused ovary. The percentage of follicular oocytes achieving germinal vesicle breakdown was significantly (P < 0.001) increased in response to forskolin in a dose-related manner. In an additional experiment, ovaries were perfused with forskolin at 10(-4) mol l-1. A significant increase in the cAMP content in the follicle was observed within 30 min, but the ability to produce cAMP in response to forskolin decreased as the duration of perfusion was increased. Intraoocyte cAMP increased significantly within 30 min and reached its maximum 2 h after exposure to forskolin. Thereafter, cAMP levels in the oocytes decreased abruptly. This drop in intraoocyte cAMP concentration was followed by the resumption of meiosis. The alterations of intraoocyte cAMP contents following exposure to hCG in vivo paralleled those observed in the ovaries perfused with forskolin. These data suggest that a transient, but not continuous, increase in cAMP concentration after the gonadotrophin surge may be required to initiate oocyte maturation.     

A view of the cardiac rhythm control: Intrinsic regulation

Regulation of the cardiac rhythm is intricate and occurs at least at two major levels, intrinsic and extrinsic. In turn, each of these levels can be divided into several sublevels. The factors regulating the cardiac activity eventually affect the duration of spontaneous diastolic depolarization of pacemaker myocytes of the sinoatrial node and, to a far lesser extent, the conduction velocity in the conduction system of the heart. Intrinsic regulation of the heart rate (HR) includes the myogenic sublevel and the sublevels of cell-to-cell communication, the cardiac nervous system, and humoral factors produced within the heart. Myogenic regulation is considered to be the first sublevel in control of the cardiac function. The available data suggest myogenic regulation only for the contractility of the myocardium. The cell-to-cell regulation sublevel involves two principal mechanisms. One depends on the heterogeneous structure of the sinoatrial node and within-node shifts of the dominant pacemaker, which is a group of cells that determine the HR and govern all other cells of the sinoatrial node. The other mechanism is based on the effects of peptides produced by cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells on pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node. Regulatory peptides are also produced by the cardiac nervous system, which includes sensory and effector autonomic fibers, represents the cardiac part of the metasympathetic system, and forms intramural ganglia. In addition to modulating the HR, these peptides affect the contractility, microcirculation, coronary blood flow, preload, and afterload. Currently available data demonstrate that the autonomic nervous system is far more intricate than believed earlier. Using various neuropeptides, this system provides for fine adjustment of the cell functions, subject to its immediate control.Translated from Fiziologiya Cheloveka, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2005, pp. 116–129.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Nozdrachev, Kotelnikov, Mazhara, Naumov.Deceased.     

The action of fenoptin on cAMP dynamics in the isolated guinea pig heart during contraction-relaxation

The influence of finoptin and Ca2+ concentration decrease on cAMP dynamic during cardiac cycle in guinea pig isolated heart, activated by isadrin (3 x 10(-8) M), has been studied. In isadrin activation of adrenoceptors cAMP concentration increased by 50% during contraction and decreased during relaxation. Hypocalcium solution (0.15 mM) and finoptin decreased cAMP concentration and influenced its dynamic during cardiac cycle.     

Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone on cyclic adenosine monophosphate level and on meiotic maturation in mouse cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes cultured in vitro

We have reported that in vitro treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) delays by about 3 h spontaneous meiotic resumption in cumulus cell-enclosed mouse oocytes. In the present paper we show that the temporary meiotic block is accompanied by a transient increase of cAMP concentration in the oocyte. In cumulus cell-oocyte complexes stimulated with 1 microgram/ml FSH, cAMP significantly increases within 1 h both in the whole complex (from a basal value of 1.9 +/- 0.2 to 169 +/- 13 fmol) and in the enclosed oocyte (from 0.9 +/- 0.2 to 2.4 +/- 0.2 fmol), then progressively decreases to basal values. Stimulation by FSH does not cause any cAMP increase in denuded oocytes. As the concentration of cAMP in the cells decreases, the percentage of oocytes escaping the meiotic block imposed by FSH increases. If the complexes are cultured in the presence of 1 microgram/ml FSH plus 1 mM isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (1BMX), cAMP concentration increases approximately 250-fold in the complex, and 10-fold in the enclosed oocyte; the level of cAMP in the oocyte drops very rapidly (50% degradation in less than 2 min) if the oocyte is then transferred to IBMX-free medium. The data are discussed in terms of the possible role of cAMP transfer from cumulus cells to the oocyte in the regulation of meiotic progression in mouse oocytes.