GROWTH AND WOOD PROPERTIES OF GMELINA ARBOREA (VERBENACEAE) SEEDLINGS GROWN UNDER FIVE SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES

The effects of different watering regimes on vegetative growth, histological properties of wood, and the derived values relevant to paper and pulp production of Gmelina arborea Roxb. were investigated. Soil moisture stress significantly retarded vegetative growth as analyzed by leaf area ratio, root shoot ratio, net assimilation rate, and relative growth rate. Moisture stress also adversely affected specific gravity of the wood, fiber length, diameter, lumen size, and fiber wall thickness, but enhanced flexibility coefficient, lowered slenderness ratio, and runkel ratio. Although water stress reduces the volume of wood produced and changes wood fiber properties, it does not significantly affect the quality of paper produced from Gmelina wood.     

EFFECTS OF BT RICE ON THE FOOD CONSUMPTION,GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF CHILO SUPPRESSAUS LARVAE UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES*

Abstract The Bt transgenic rice line, i.e. KMD1 containing a synthetic cry 1 Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was tested in the laboratory for evaluating its effects on larval food consumption, growth and survival of striped stem borer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis (Walker) under different temperatures. The food consumption and body weight growth as well as the survival of both 3rd and 5th instar larvae fed on Bt rice were significantly reduced, as compared with those on the control. The temperature showed no marked effect on both food consumption and body weight growth of larvae fed on Bt rice stems since the onset of 3rd instar, conversely had significant effects as since the initial stage of 5th instar. In contrast, the temperature did not distinctly influence the survival of both 3rd and 5th instar larvae. There was a linearly positive relationship between the corrected mortality of larvae and the accumulative amount of Bt rice tissues ingested by larvae.     

温度对安婀珍蝶取食量的影响

安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas(Doubleday&Hewitson)作为控制害草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha的生物防治因子,在14～26℃范围内,在相同温度不同龄期的取食量变化规律相同.1～4龄幼虫之间,幼虫的取食量变化不大,但在4龄以后,幼虫的取食量成倍增长.不同温度下安婀珍蝶幼虫各龄期取食量随温度的升高而增大;1、3、5、6龄幼虫的取食量在23℃时达最高,在26℃时有所回落;幼虫期的总取食量在14～26℃范围内,取食量随温度的升高而增大;14～17℃之间,取食量增加较快,在17℃以后,取食量增加缓慢.通过分析建立安婀珍蝶幼虫日平均取食量与温度间的回归模型:Y=-60.054+8.788X-0.402X2+0.006X3,P＜0.05,R2=0.9989,对模型进行计算得出安婀珍蝶取食量最适温度为25.58℃.     

A COMPARISON OF THE LIFE CYCLES OF DEROCERAS RETICULATUM (MULLER) AND ARION INTERMEDIUS NORMAND (PULMONATA: STYLOMMATOPHORA) AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

Growth rates and life cycles of D. reticulatum and A. intermediusare described and compared at different temperatures. D. reticulatummatures earlier in the cycle than A. intermedius and is moresensitive to changes in temperature. These differences are discussedin relation to the natural life cycles and ecology of thesespecies. (Received 9 February 1981;     

不同水温和给药方式下磺胺甲(口恶)唑在草鱼体内的药动学研究

在18℃和28℃的不同水温条件下,分别采用口灌和腹腔注射的给药方式,给予草鱼100mg/kg体重单剂量的磺胺甲(口恶)唑(SMZ),以HPLC法测定草鱼血浆和肌肉中药物浓度,用MCPKP药代动力学软件处理药时数据,结果表明,18℃条件下,草鱼口灌SMZ的分布半衰期T1/2α、消除半衰期T1/2β、达峰时间Tp均显著长于28℃(P＜0.01),其峰浓度Cmax显著低于28℃下的值(P＜0.01);腹腔注射给药时,SMZ在鱼体血浆和肌肉中的吸收与分布较口服快,消除较口服也快.在水温18℃条件下,口灌SMZ在草鱼血浆中的药时数据符合带时滞的二室开放模型,腹腔注射的符合无时滞二室开放模型;水温28℃条件下,口灌SMZ在草鱼血浆中的药时数据符合可忽略时滞的二室开放模型.根据SMZ的药代动力学规律、最低有效血药浓度和抗菌药物应用的一般原则,制定了SMZ的用药方案:治疗温水性鱼类细菌性疾病,在水温18℃左右,口服或注射100mg/kg剂量的SMZ,以每天给药两次,3d一个疗程为宜;在水温28℃左右,以每天给药3-4次为宜.该项研究全面了解了在不同水温和不同给药方式下SMZ在鱼体内的药动学规律,为确定合理的临床用药方案以及无公害水产品中药物残留监测提供了可靠的理论依据.     

CIRCADIAN GROWTH RHYTHM IN JUVENILE SPOROPHYTES OF LAMINARIALES (PHAEOPHYTA)1

A circadian rhythm in growth was detected by computer-aided image analysis in 3–4-cm-long, juvenile sporophytes of the kelp species Pterygophora California Rupr. and in seven Laminaria spp. In P. californica, the free-running rhythm occurred in continuous white fluorescent light, had a period of 26 h at 10°or 15°C, and persisted for at least 2 weeks in white or blue light. The rhythm became insignificant in continuous green or red light after 3 cycles. Synchronization by white light-dark regimes, e.g. by 16 h light per day, resulted in an entrained period of 24 h and in a shift of the circadian growth minimum into the middle of the light phase. A morning growth peak represented the decreasing portion of the circadian growth curve, and an evening peak the increasing portion. The circadian growth peak was not visible during the dark phase, because growth rate decreased immediately after the onset of darkness. At night, some growth still occurred at 16 or 12 h light per day, whereas growth stopped completely at 8 h light per day, as in continuous darkness. During 11 days of darkness, the thallus area became reduced by 3.5%, but growth rate recovered in subsequent light–dark cycles, and the circadian growth rhythm reappeared in subsequent continuous light.     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LACUNA VINCTA AND LACUNA PALLIDULA (GASTROPODA: PROSOBRANCHIA) IN LITTORAL ALGAL TURFS

A comparison is made of the number of individuals of Lacunavincta and L. pallidula associated with several red algae betweenJune 1978 and June 1980 at Cooskeen Cove, Bantry Bay, Ireland.Both are annuals and exhibit similar seasonal cycles of abundance.Planktonic larvae of L. vincta settle between eary May and July,resulting in summer maxima followed by heavy mortality. Survivorshipcurves of L. vincta were similar in both 1978 and 1979. Juvenilemortality is very high resulting in less than 2% of the populationsurviving at commencement of the spawning period in January.In L. pallidula hatching occurs from April to July and populationstructure between April and September in G. stellata indicatesa succession of cohorts which remain for only short periodsbefore moving to the adult habitat, Fucus serratus. Sex-ratioand sexual dimorphism in shell height was investigated in bothspecies. Mean growth rate of penis and shell for male L. vinctabetween October and January was compared for the 1978 and 1979populations. Measurements on L. pallidula are also given. Acomparison of the spawn in both species was made. (Received 20 June 1981;     

THE GROWTH OF PELTODORIS ATROMACULATA BERGH, 1880 (GASTROPODA: NUDIBRANCHIA) IN THE LABORATORY

The growth of Peltodons atromaculata Bergh, 1880, measured astotal dorsal body area, was followed in the laboratory for 15months. The growth of dorsal brown patches was compared to thetotal area of the mantle, and was shown to be approximatelyconstant over time in the different animals. This numericalapproach can be useful to quantify the body pigmentation clinepreviously described for Mediterranean specimens. P atromaculatahas an annual life-cycle in the laboratory, reaching its maximumsize before opposition. Post-spawning mortality followed a decreasein size for all specimens. Mantle margin autotoray in P atromaculataseems not to be related to defence against predation, but itis a process that takes place before death in laboratory. (Received 1 December 1994; accepted 28 April 1995)     

ORGANIC CARBON RELEASE BY DUNALIELLA SALINA (CHLOROPHYTA) UNDER DIFFERENT GROWTH CONDITIONS OF CO2, NITROGEN,AND SALINITY1

Two strains of Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teod., UTEX 1644 and UTEX 200, were cultured under different growth regimes, including 10 mM NO₃^? or NH₄⁺, 1.5 or 3.0 M NaCl, and low (0.035%) or high (5%) CO₂ in air. The release of ¹⁴C-labeled dissolved organic carbon (DOC), expressed as a rate and as a percentage of photosynthetic ¹⁴CO₂ assimilation, was subsequently determined. The percentage of DOC released was inversely related to cell density in the assay medium, but photosynthesis on a per-cell basis was not. Release of DOC was low, in the range of 1–5% of photosynthesis, but during acclimation to growth on NH₄⁺, it rose to 11%. The presence of NH₄⁺ rather than NO₃^? in the growth medium increased the rate of release by both strains, but the percentage release was stimulated only in UTEX 200 cells, because their photosynthetic rate was depressed by NH₄⁺. For UTEX 1644, high, as compared to low, CO₂-grown cells, had somewhat higher rates and percentages of DOC release, but release from UTEX 200 cells was unaffected by the growth-CO₂. The rate of DOC release by high CO₂-grown cells was not enhanced at a low concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon, indicating that the released material did not originate from the photorespiratory pathway. The effects of NaCl on DOC release varied with strain and growth conditions. For UTEX 200, the cells in NO₃^?, but not NH₄⁺, exhibited a doubling or more in percentage of release with a doubling in NaCl concentration, irrespective of growth-CO₂. With UTEX 1644 the low CO₂-grown cells showed the greatest enhancement in 3.0 M NaCl. Organic matter accumulated on the external surface of the cell membrane and constituted a well-defined cell-coat, which was more dense in NH₄⁺ than in NO₃^?-grown cells. Microtubules, which may play a role in maintaining cell shape, were observed just below the plasma membrane. From a practical viewpoint, the presence of organic material in the hypersaline ponds of salt-works is detrimental to salt production. When D. salina cells become abundant in such ponds, the attendant, continuous release of DOC may make a significant contribution to the problem.     

GROWTH AND DEMOGRAPHY OF POPULATIONS OF BIOMPHALARIA PFEIFFERI (GASTROPODA, PLANORBIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY

The growth and demography of the freshwater snail Biomphalariapfeifferi, an intermediate host of the parasitic worm Schistosomamansoni in Eastern Zaire, were investigated in the laboratoryunder two conditions of crowding. Both individual and populationgrowth were depressed by crowding. Crowding reduced growth rateand all the variables and parameters related to reproduction(fecundity, instantaneous birth rate, net reproduction rate),but did not affect maximum size, survivorship, instantaneousdeath rate and life expectancy. The mechanism involved in theseeffects is likely to be exploitation competition for especiallyprofitable food items such as diatoms. (Received 10 November 1986;     

LIFE HISTORY OF BONNEMAISONIA CENICULATA (RHODOPHYTA): A LABORATORY AND FLELD STUDY1, 2

Cystocarpic and spermatangial plants of rarely reported red alga Bonnemaisonia geniculata Gardner, epiphytic on Odonthalia Aoccosa (Esp.) Falk, were collected from june to September 1975 at shell Beach, california. Carpospores inoculated into unialgal culture divided, upon germination, in to two daughter cells, both of which formed erect and rhizoidal axes, Erect axes were uniseriale and alternately branched with a distictive zigzag pattern of axial cells. No tetrasporangia developed in culture. The presumptive tetrasporangia developed in culture to a described genus. Plants morphologically similar to those cultured from carpospores were found at the collection site; they bore tetrasporangia from February to june. Cullured letrasporews gave rise to male and female plants similar to those of field-collected B. geniculate in ca. a I:I ratio. Fertile female plants in the presence of male plants formed cystocarps. Carpospores gave rise to the alternately branched tetrasporophyte phase. Bonnemaisonia geniculate has a heteromorphic life history involving a previously undescribed tetrasporophyte.     

壳聚糖对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼生长性能及免疫功能的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加浓度为0对照组）、1.25、2.5、5、7.5和10 g/kg的壳聚糖,投喂12 g左右的俄罗斯鲟50d,每组设3个重复,每个重复30尾,研究不同浓度的壳聚糖对俄罗斯鲟（Acipenser gueldenstaedti）幼鱼的生长性能及免疫力的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加2.5和5 g/kg的壳聚糖可显著提高俄罗斯鲟幼鱼的增重率和特定生长率,降低饲料系数（P < 0.05）,而当添加量超过10 g/kg时会抑制其生长（P < 0.05）;1.25和2.5 g/kg组血清超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）,其他试验组则显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）;2.5和5 g/kg组溶菌酶活性显著高于对照组,当壳聚糖添加量超过7.5 g/kg时则会抑制血清溶菌酶活性（P < 0.05）;1.25和5 g/kg组酸性磷酸酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和补体C3含量都显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）;各试验组IgM含量不受壳聚糖的影响,与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）。在试验条件下,添加适量的壳聚糖能提高俄罗斯鲟幼鱼的生长性能,增强其免疫能力,以增重率、特定生长率及非特异性免疫为综合评价指标,壳聚糖添加量以2.5 g/kg为宜。     

不同蛋白源对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼生长和蛋白质代谢相关基因表达的影响

以初始体重为(2.90±0.01) g的瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)为研究对象, 探究不同蛋白源对瓦氏黄颡鱼生长、体组成、前肠PEPT1和肝脏TOR基因表达的影响。以鱼粉(FM)、大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)、水解鱼蛋白(FH)和晶体氨基酸混合物(CAA)为主要蛋白源, 配制4种等氮(粗蛋白含量为39.0%)等脂(粗脂肪含量为9.0%)的实验饲料, 投喂实验鱼66d。结果显示, 不同蛋白源虽然对瓦氏黄颡鱼存活率(SR)无显著影响(P>0.05), 但显著影响了瓦氏黄颡鱼的特定生长率(SGR)。其中, SPC组瓦氏黄颡鱼SGR低于FM组, 却显著高于FH组和CAA组(P<0.05)。虽然SPC组瓦氏黄颡鱼粗蛋白含量低于FM组, 但其鱼体粗脂肪含量显著高于FM组(P<0.05)。不同蛋白源显著影响了瓦氏黄颡鱼PEPT1基因表达(P<0.05), 在35d时, SPC组PEPT1表达量虽然低于FM组, 但显著高于FH和CAA组(P<0.05);在66d时, SPC组瓦氏黄颡鱼前肠PEPT1表达量显著高于FM组(P<0.05)。不同蛋白源饲料对鱼体肝脏TOR基因表达无显著影响(P>0.05)。以上结果表明, SPC组瓦氏黄颡鱼生长性能虽然低于FM组, 但显著高于FH组和CAA组, 这可能是通过上调前肠PEPT1表达来实现的。     

中国小蛹螺属一新种记述(前鳃亚纲,蛹螺科)

在整理广西陆生贝类标本中得小蛹螺属1新种,即具槽小蛹螺Pupinella(Pupinopsis)sulcatus sp.nov.,对新种进行了详细描述,并与近似种进行了比较。     

发头裸腹溞生长、生殖的研究

发头裸腹MoinairrasaBrehm（Cladocera）在25±1℃下有3个幼龄、6个成龄,平均寿命为167．7h,平均最大体长为1．75mm,平均产仔量为117个,rm为1．358／d;在30±1℃下有3个幼龄、7个成龄,平均寿命为121．0h,平均最大体长为1．71mm,平均产仔量为106．6个,rm为1．650／d。在生命初期30±1℃下体重增长率（dW／dt）、相对体长增长率（dL／Ldt）、体长、体重均大于25±1℃,在生命中后期25±1℃各增长率、体长及体重反而超出30±1℃。体重增长率25±1℃下在0．862d有一最大值,30±1℃下在0．395d有一最大值。两温度下相对体长增长率在t＝0即刚出生时最大。