Litter age interacted with N and P addition to impact soil N2O emissions in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations

凋落物年龄和氮、磷添加交互作用对杉木林土壤N₂O排放的影响 氧化亚氮(N₂O)是一种重要的温室气体，增温潜势较大，其浓度增加影响全球气候变化。由于凋落物分解影响碳和养分循环，土壤N₂O排放受凋落物分解作用，而凋落物年龄和氮、磷添加影响凋落物分解，潜在影响土壤N₂O的排放。然而，凋落物年龄和养分添加对土壤N₂O排放的交互作用及其机制目前还没有报道，这限制了凋落物分解对N₂O排放的影响评价。本研究以杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)不同年龄凋落物为研究对象，通过氮、磷添加处理，研究了养分和凋落物年龄对N₂O排放的影响及其机制。研究结果显示，幼龄凋落物主要通过调节碳氮比来影响N₂O排放。氮添加主要通过调节凋落物碳氮比、土壤pH以及与N₂O产生相关的微生物功能基因所编码的土壤酶活性来影响N₂O排放，整体上促进N₂O排放。磷添加显著降低凋落物碳氮比，进而作用于N₂O排放，该途径促进N₂O排放。同时，磷添加提高土壤有效磷水平，潜在降低N₂O排放，整体上降低土壤N₂O排放。凋落物年龄和养分添加交互作用于土壤N₂O排放。因此，在森林经营管理中，评价不同管理措施，尤其是间伐和选择性砍伐等导致不同凋落物输入的管理活动对土壤N₂O排放的影响时，应同时考虑养分输入和凋落物年龄的潜在影响。     

不同施氮量对麦田土壤水稳性团聚体和N2O排放的影响

过量施氮可破坏农田土壤结构,增加温室气体排放量。为揭示不同施氮量对土壤团聚体和N₂O排放的影响,于2018—2020年基于氮肥定位试验,设置秸秆原位还田条件下施氮 0 (N₀)、120 (N₁₂₀)、180 (N₁₈₀)、240 (N₂₄₀)、300 (N₃₀₀)、360 kg·hm^-2 (N₃₆₀) 6个处理,研究不同施氮量对麦田土壤N₂O排放、土壤充水孔隙度(WFPS)、土壤温度、硝态氮、铵态氮含量、水稳性团聚体的组成及稳定性的影响。结果表明: 土壤N₂O排放量与氮肥用量之间呈显著正相关关系,WFPS与施氮量之间无显著相关关系,0~10 cm土壤温度随氮肥施用量的增加而显著降低,土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量与氮肥施用量间存在显著正相关关系。随氮肥施用量的增加,直径>2 mm的水稳性团聚体含量降低,直径<0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量增加,土壤水稳性团聚体的粒径也逐渐减小。氮肥施用量与团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径之间呈显著负相关关系,但与分形维数之间并无显著相关性。MWD (x)与N₂O排放通量(y)之间的拟合方程为:y=3928.3e^-2.171x (R²=0.55,P<0.001),表明当MWD减小时,N₂O排放量将会剧烈升高。可见,麦田施氮量的增加会降低0~10 cm土壤温度,增加土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,减小耕层土壤水稳性团聚体的平均粒径,降低团聚体的稳定性,增加N₂O的排放量。     

氮沉降和施生物质炭对毛竹林土壤N2O通量的影响

本研究于2019年7月—2020年7月在浙江省杭州市典型毛竹林布置野外控制实验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定毛竹林土壤N₂O通量,分析生物质炭(10 t·hm^-2)、氮沉降(60 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、生物质炭+氮沉降混合处理对土壤N₂O通量的影响,并探讨了土壤N₂O通量与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 与对照相比,氮沉降处理使毛竹林土壤N₂O年累积排放量增加了14.6%,而施用生物质炭及其与氮沉降混合处理则分别降低了20.8%和10.6%。相关分析表明,在所有处理下,毛竹林土壤N₂O排放速率与土壤温度、硝态氮含量、脲酶和蛋白酶活性之间均呈极显著相关,与土壤铵态氮含量均呈显著相关。在氮沉降背景下,施用生物质炭对毛竹林土壤N₂O通量仍具有显著的减排效应。     

氮磷添加对昆仑山北坡高山草地N2O排放的影响

氮(N)、磷(P)等养分添加是提高草地生态系统生产力的重要策略, 但其对土壤氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放的影响尚不明确。该研究以南疆昆仑山北坡高山草地为研究对象, 设置氮添加、磷添加、氮磷交互以及不施肥(CK) 4个处理, 采用静态箱-气象色谱法连续监测2017年生长季草地的N₂O排放, 研究不同氮、磷添加处理下的N₂O排放特征, 并利用Pearson相关分析对影响N₂O排放的主要环境因子进行定性识别及定量解析。结果表明: 氮添加处理与氮磷交互处理在施肥后约3周引起显著的N₂O排放峰, 分别为42.3和15.4 g N·hm ^-2·d ^-1。与其他处理相比, 氮添加处理生长季N₂O排放通量显著增加了1.8-3.2倍, 而磷添加以及氮磷交互处理与CK之间没有显著差异。Pearson相关分析结果表明: N₂O排放与微生物生物量碳呈负相关关系, 与溶解性有机碳含量、pH值呈正相关关系, 而与其他环境因子关系不显著。以上结果表明, 与单施氮肥相比, 在该地区草场采用氮磷混施可显著减少N₂O的排放。     

大气CO2浓度和气温升高下硝化抑制剂后效对大豆土壤无机氮和N2O排放的影响

为探究气候变化背景下,小麦-大豆轮作体系中小麦季施用硝化抑制剂对大豆土壤无机氮、N₂O排放及相关酶活性的后效作用,在控制气室内设置了不同的大气CO₂浓度(400和600μmol/mol)和气温(环境温度T和T+2℃),在此基础上测定了小麦季添加硝化抑制剂时大豆土壤的硝态氮和铵态氮的含量、土壤硝化-反硝化相关酶活性以及N₂O排放量。结果表明,小麦季添加硝化抑制剂配合麦秸还田,使大豆土壤的硝态氮和铵态氮均有所增加,但是对土壤硝化-反硝化酶的活性影响较小。升温(ET)使大豆土壤硝态氮含量显著增加,而铵态氮含量显著降低;大气CO₂浓度增加(EC)或同时升高气温和CO₂浓度(ECT),土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量均有所增加,但与环境高温和CO₂浓度(CK)下的无机氮含量差异不显著。不同环境条件下的土壤硝化-反硝化酶的活性没有明显规律。在ET和ECT条件下,大豆生长季N₂O排放总量均显著高于CK处理,且添加硝化抑制剂使N₂O排放...     

Moso bamboo and Japanese cedar seedlings differently affected soil N2O emissions

毛竹和日本柳杉幼苗对土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响及微生物机制 毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)向日本柳杉(Cryptomeria japonica)林的扩张现象越发普遍,其扩张对大 气重要温室气体氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放的影响也引起了更多的关注,而其微生物机制尚不明确。本研究通过添加微生物抑制剂链霉素和扑海因分别抑制细菌和真菌活性,连续观测土壤N₂O排放速率以及相关土壤养分和植物生物量。研究结果表明：(i)毛竹土壤N₂O的排放速率显著高于日本柳杉;与对照相比,细菌抑制剂、真菌抑制剂及其交互作用均对N₂O排放速率具有显著抑制效应,但三者之间无显著差异;(ii)毛竹生物量显著高于日本柳杉;(iii)日本柳杉土壤有机质、全氮和铵态氮显著高于毛竹土壤,日本柳杉土壤pH和全磷显著低于毛竹土壤。真菌抑制剂降低了土壤有机质含量,细菌抑制剂降低了土壤硝态氮含量。真菌抑制剂与物种在影响土壤pH、全磷和铵态氮方面具有显著交互作用。细菌抑制剂与物种在影响土壤全氮方面有显著交互作用。综上所述,毛竹和日本柳杉在生长过程中土壤N₂O排放速率不同,毛竹幼苗土壤N₂O排放及生物量均高于日本柳杉。细菌抑制剂和真菌抑制剂对N₂O的排放速率均具有一定抑制作用。因而,在全球气候变化背景下,应进一步深入了解森林生态系统物种组成和变化对N₂O排放的影响,以有效评估毛竹扩张等导致的生物多样性变化对全球N₂O排放的贡献。     

我国北方几种玉米和设施菜地土壤的N2O和N2排放特征

为了探究旱地土壤施入氮肥后的气态氮(N₂O和N₂)损失规律,本研究通过室内好氧培养试验(60 d,25 ℃,80%孔隙含水量),运用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,研究了4个玉米地土壤(哈尔滨、沈阳、栾城、寿光)和2个设施菜地土壤(沈阳、寿光)在施入尿素后的氮转化、N₂O和N₂排放动态。试验中尿素添加量为167 mg N·kg^-1,以模拟田间氮肥施用量200 kg N·hm^-2。结果表明: 在4个玉米地土壤中,尿素施用60 d内N₂O累积排放量为寿光(20 mg N·kg^-1)>栾城(14 mg N·kg^-1)>沈阳(5 mg N·kg^-1)>哈尔滨(0.5 mg N·kg^-1),N₂累积排放量为栾城(176 mg N·kg^-1)>沈阳(106 mg N·kg^-1)>寿光(75 mg N·kg^-1)>哈尔滨(12 mg N·kg^-1);在2个设施菜地土壤中,寿光土壤N₂O累积排放量(21 mg N·kg^-1)是沈阳(2 mg N·kg^-1)的10倍,而两个站点N₂累积排放量分别为28和24 mg N·kg^-1。不同土壤N₂O排放占两种气体排放总量的5%～40%,其中寿光土壤(30%～40%)显著高于其他样地土壤(1%～10%)。在土壤排放的N₂O和N₂中,土壤氮库分别贡献了56%和61%,高于添加当季氮肥的贡献率。相关分析表明,N₂O累积排放量与本底土壤pH呈正相关,说明土壤本底pH可能是调控不同旱地土壤N₂O和N₂排放的重要环境因子。在华北碱性土壤区,采用能降低土壤pH值的措施可能具有较好的气态氮减排效果。     

冻融循环期间土壤氧化亚氮排放影响因素

全球气候变化可能会提高冻融循环时间、强度以及频率, 从而可能显著影响土壤氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放。N₂O是一种重要的温室气体, 但目前对冻融循环期间土壤N₂O排放规律以及影响因素的了解还有限。为此, 该研究采用整合分析方法, 从已发表文献中收集了30篇关于冻融循环对土壤N₂O通量和累积排放量影响的文献, 探究冻融循环在不同生态系统对N₂O排放的影响, 从试验设置、土壤基本理化性质以及冻融循环格局等角度全面综合地探究其排放影响因素。该研究得出, 冻融循环能显著增加N₂O通量、N₂O累积排放量和硝化作用速率, 全球平均增幅分别为72.34%、143.25%和124.63%; 冻融循环也可增加反硝化作用速率, 全球平均增幅为162.56%; 与之相反, 冻融循环显著减少微生物生物量氮含量, 全球平均减幅为6.39%。不同生态系统土壤水热条件和基本理化性质差异可显著影响冻融循环对N₂O排放的影响。当年平均气温超过5 ℃时, 冻融循环作用可显著提高N₂O通量104.13%, 显著高于年平均气温为0-5 ℃ (25.56%)和小于0 ℃ (55.29%)时; 土壤湿度大于70%时, N₂O通量增加109.17%, 显著高于土壤湿度为50%-70% (65.67%)和小于50% (20.37%)时的通量。土壤黏粒和养分含量越高的土壤区域, 冻融循环对N₂O排放的提高幅度越大。在有植物存在时, 冻融循环可显著提高土壤N₂O通量达91.21%, 高于无植物存在时的54.43%。土壤过筛和在冻融循环期间采集土壤都会增加冻融循环对N₂O排放的影响。另外, 融化时间长, 冻结强度大和冻融循环频率高均可显著提高土壤N₂O累积排放量对冻融循环的响应。当冻结温度低于-10 ℃时, 冻融循环对土壤N₂O排放通量的增幅可达100.73%, 显著高于在冻结温度为-10- -5 ℃ (47.74%)和高于-5 ℃ (70.25%)时。主要原因是冻结强度高可促进土壤微生物和土壤结构释放更多的养分, 从而提高N₂O的产生和排放。该研究结果有助于更好地理解土壤N₂O对冻融循环的响应及其影响因素, 为更准确地预测未来全球气候变化对N₂O排放影响提供科学数据支撑。     

淹水条件下添加有机物料对蔬菜地土壤硝态氮及氮素气体排放的影响

蔬菜地大量施用氮肥可以引起土壤硝态氮积累,导致土壤退化,快速消除土壤积累的硝态氮,可以提高蔬菜地土壤质量,延长其使用时间.在硝态氮(360 mg N·kg^-1)积累的蔬菜地土壤中,分别加入0、2500、5000和7500 kg C·hm^-2黑麦草(记为CK、C₂₅₀₀、C₅₀₀₀和C₇₅₀₀),淹水条件下,30 ℃恒温室内培养240 h,研究土壤硝态氮含量及氮素气体排放量变化.结果表明：培养结束时,CK处理中土壤硝态氮含量高达310 mg N·kg^-1,添加黑麦草能有效地消除土壤中积累的硝态氮,C₂₅₀₀、C₅₀₀₀和C₇₅₀₀处理中土壤硝态氮含量降低至10 mg N·kg^-1以下需要的时间分别为240、48和24 h.添加黑麦草显著提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤电导率,其变化幅度随黑麦草添加量的增加而增大.添加黑麦草处理的土壤N₂O和N₂累积排放量为270～378 mg N·kg^-1,N₂O/N₂为0.6～1.5.淹水条件下添加黑麦草可快速消除蔬菜地土壤积累的硝态氮,但应充分重视N₂O在这一过程中的大量排放.     

增温和隔离降雨对亚热带森林土壤N2O通量的影响

设置对照(CT)、增温5 ℃(W)、隔离50%降雨(P)和增温5 ℃+隔离50%降雨(WP)4种处理,以相关功能基因作为标志物,研究增温和隔离降雨影响亚热带森林生态系统土壤N₂O通量变化的途径.结果表明: 隔离降雨显著降低了土壤铵态氮浓度;增温显著降低了土壤N₂O通量和土壤反硝化势.增温处理(W)和降雨处理(P)的土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)均显著低于对照(CT),AOA amoA基因丰度与MBN和铵态氮含量之间呈显著负相关,但与土壤硝化势和土壤N₂O通量没有显著相关性.路径分析显示,反硝化势直接显著影响土壤N₂O通量,而微生物生物量磷(MBP)和增温则通过直接影响反硝化势来间接影响土壤N₂O通量.温度可能是影响亚热带森林土壤N₂O通量的主要驱动因素,全球变暖可能会减少亚热带森林土壤的N₂O排放.     

稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田耕作措施对氧化亚氮排放的影响

2008—2011年,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对长江下游稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田N2O排放进行了为期3a的田间原位观测,研究不同耕作措施(免耕、旋耕和翻耕)对冬小麦生长季N2O排放的影响。结果表明:不同耕作措施下冬小麦农田N2O排放高峰出现在施用基肥后的1个月内以及施用孕穗肥后的4月中旬至小麦成熟期,其余时间N2O排放通量均较小。年度和耕作措施对冬小麦农田N2O季节排放总量均有极显著影响(P<0.01),不同处理N2O季节排放总量表现为免耕>翻耕>旋耕,2008—2011年3年平均分别为2.50 kg/hm2、2.05 kg/hm2和1.66 kg/hm2,免耕比翻耕增加N2O排放22.0%(P<0.05),旋耕比翻耕减排19.0%(P<0.05)。冬小麦生长期内施用孕穗肥后1个月内N2O排放通量与农田土壤充水孔隙率(WFPS)及10 cm地温呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,2009—2010年施用基肥后1个月内N2O排放通量与WFPS呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结果说明旋耕是减少长江下游稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田N2O排放的最佳耕作措施。     

Enrichment of nosZ-type denitrifiers by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigates N2O emissions from soybean stubbles

Hotspots of N₂O emissions are generated from legume residues during decomposition. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from co-cultivated intercropped plants may proliferate into the microsites and interact with soil microbes to reduce N₂O emissions. Yet, the mechanisms by which or how mycorrhizal hyphae affect nitrifiers and denitrifiers in the legume residues remain ambiguous. Here, a split-microcosm experiment was conducted to assess hyphae of Rhizophagus aggregatus from neighbouring maize on overall N₂O emissions from stubbles of nodulated or non-nodulated soybean. Soil microbes from fields intercropped with maize/soybean amended with fertilizer nitrogen (SS-N1) or unamended (SS-N0) were added to the soybean chamber only. AMF hyphae consistently reduced N₂O emissions by 20.8%–61.5%. Generally, AMF hyphae promoted the abundance of N₂O-consuming (nosZ-type) denitrifiers and altered their community composition. The effects were partly associated with increasing MBC and DOC. By contrast, AMF reduced the abundance of nirK-type denitrifiers in the nodulated SS-N0 treatment only and that of AOB in the non-nodulated SS-N1 treatment. Taken together, our results show that AMF reduced N₂O emissions from soybean stubbles, mainly through the promotion of N₂O-consuming denitrifiers. This holds promise for mitigating N₂O emissions by manipulating the efficacious AMF and their associated microbes in cereal/legume intercropping systems.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields: Assessment, measurement and mitigation

In this paper we discuss three topics concerning N₂O emissions from agricultural systems. First, we present an appraisal of N₂O emissions from agricultural soils (Assessment). Secondly, we discuss some recent efforts to improve N₂O flux estimates in agricultural fields (Measurement), and finally, we relate recent studies which use nitrification inhibitors to decrease N₂O emissions from N-fertilized fields (Mitigation).To assess the global emission of N₂O from agricultural soils, the total flux should represent N₂O from all possible sources; native soil N, N from recent atmospheric deposition, past years fertilization, N from crop residues, N₂O from subsurface aquifers below the study area, and current N fertilization. Of these N sources only synthetic fertilizer and animal manures and the area of fields cropped with legumes have sufficient global data to estimate their input for N₂O production. The assessment of direct and indirect N₂O emissions we present was made by multiplying the amount of fertilizer N applied to agricultural lands by 2% and the area of land cropped to legumes by 4 kg N₂O-N ha^-1. No regard to method of N application, type of N, crop, climate or soil was given in these calculations, because the data are not available to include these variables in large scale assessments. Improved assessments should include these variables and should be used to drive process models for field, area, region and global scales.Several N₂O flux measurement techniques have been used in recent field studies which utilize small and ultralarge chambers and micrometeorological along with new analytical techniques to measure N₂O fluxes. These studies reveal that it is not the measurement technique that is providing much of the uncertainty in N₂O flux values found in the literature but rather the diverse combinations of physical and biological factors which control gas fluxes. A careful comparison of published literature narrows the range of observed fluxes as noted in the section on assessment. An array of careful field studies which compare a series of crops, fertilizer sources, and management techniques in controlled parallel experiments throughout the calendar year are needed to improve flux estimates and decrease uncertainty in prediction capability.There are a variety of management techniques which should conserve N and decrease the amount of N application needed to grow crops and to limit N₂O emissions. Using nitrification inhibitors is an option for decreasing fertilizer N use and additionally directly mitigating N₂O emissions. Case studies are presented which demonstrate the potential for using nitrification inhibitors to limit N₂O emissions from agricultural soils. Inhibitors may be selected for climatic conditions and type of cropping system as well as the type of nitrogen (solid mineral N, mineral N in solution, or organic waste materials) and applied with the fertilizers.     

黄河上游灌区稻田N2O排放特征

黄河上游灌区稻田高产区过量施肥现象十分突出,氮肥过量施用引起土壤氮素盈余,导致N₂O排放量增大,由此引起的温室效应引起广泛关注。采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究黄河上游灌区稻田不同施肥处理下N₂O排放特征。试验设置5个施肥处理,包括常规氮肥300 kg/hm²下单施尿素和有机肥配施2个处理,分别用N300和N300-OM代表;优化氮肥240 kg/hm²下单施尿素和有机肥配施2个处理,分别用N240和N240-OM代表;对照不施氮肥用N0代表。试验结果得出,灌区水稻生长季稻田土壤N₂O排放主要集中在水稻分蘖前及水稻生长的中后期,稻田氮肥施用、灌水及土壤温度的变化对N₂O排放通量影响较大,不同处理水稻各生育阶段N₂O累积排放量与稻田土壤耕层NO^-₃-N含量动态变化显著相关。稻田N₂O排放不是黄河上游灌区稻田氮素损失的主要途径,但灌区稻田N₂O排放的增温潜势较大;稻田氮肥过量施用会显著增加N₂O排放量,在相同氮素水平下,有机肥配施会显著增加稻田土壤N₂O的排放量(P＜0.01)。优化施氮能有效减少灌区稻田水稻生长季N₂O排放量。稻田不同处理的水稻整个生长季土壤N₂O排放总量为2.69-3.87 kg/hm²,肥料氮通过N₂O排放损失的百分率仅为0.43%-0.64%。在灌区习惯灌水和高氮肥300 kg/hm²时,N300-OM处理的稻田N₂O排放量达3.87 kg/hm²,在100 a时间尺度上的全球增温潜势(GWPs)为20.76×10⁷ kg CO₂/hm²;优化施氮240 kg/hm²水平下,N240和N240-OM处理的N₂O累计排放量较N300-OM处理,分别降低了1.18 kg/hm²和0.57 kg/hm²,在100 a尺度上每年由稻田N₂O排放引起的GWPs分别降低了6.33×10⁷ kg CO₂/hm²和3.06×10⁷ kg CO₂/hm²。     

Stimulation of N2O emission by manure application to agricultural soils may largely offset carbon benefits: a global meta‐analysis

Animal manure application as organic fertilizer does not only sustain agricultural productivity and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, but also affects soil nitrogen cycling and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. However, given that the sign and magnitude of manure effects on soil N₂O emissions is uncertain, the net climatic impact of manure application in arable land is unknown. Here, we performed a global meta‐analysis using field experimental data published in peer‐reviewed journals prior to December 2015. In this meta‐analysis, we quantified the responses of N₂O emissions to manure application relative to synthetic N fertilizer application from individual studies and analyzed manure characteristics, experimental duration, climate, and soil properties as explanatory factors. Manure application significantly increased N₂O emissions by an average 32.7% (95% confidence interval: 5.1–58.2%) compared to application of synthetic N fertilizer alone. The significant stimulation of N₂O emissions occurred following cattle and poultry manure applications, subsurface manure application, and raw manure application. Furthermore, the significant stimulatory effects on N₂O emissions were also observed for warm temperate climate, acid soils (pH < 6.5), and soil texture classes of sandy loam and clay loam. Average direct N₂O emission factors (EFs) of 1.87% and 0.24% were estimated for upland soils and rice paddy soils receiving manure application, respectively. Although manure application increased SOC stocks, our study suggested that the benefit of increasing SOC stocks as GHG sinks could be largely offset by stimulation of soil N₂O emissions and aggravated by CH₄ emissions if, particularly for rice paddy soils, the stimulation of CH₄ emissions by manure application was taken into account.     

Dominance of bacterial ammonium oxidizers and fungal denitrifiers in the complex nitrogen cycle pathways related to nitrous oxide emission

Organic compounds and mineral nitrogen (N) usually increase nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. Vinasse, a by‐product of bio‐ethanol production that is rich in carbon, nitrogen, and potassium, is recycled in sugarcane fields as a bio‐fertilizer. Vinasse can contribute significantly to N₂O emissions when applied with N in sugarcane plantations, a common practice. However, the biological processes involved in N₂O emissions under this management practice are unknown. This study investigated the roles of nitrification and denitrification in N₂O emissions from straw‐covered soils amended with different vinasses (CV: concentrated and V: nonconcentrated) before or at the same time as mineral fertilizers at different time points of the sugarcane cycle in two seasons. N₂O emissions were evaluated for 90 days, the period that occurs most of the N₂O emission from fertilizers; the microbial genes encoding enzymes involved in N₂O production (archaeal and bacterial amoA, fungal and bacterial nirK, and bacterial nirS and nosZ), total bacteria, and total fungi were quantified by real‐time PCR. The application of CV and V in conjunction with mineral N resulted in higher N₂O emissions than the application of N fertilizer alone. The strategy of vinasse application 30 days before mineral N reduced N₂O emissions by 65% for CV, but not for V. Independent of rainy or dry season, the microbial processes were nitrification by ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea and denitrification by bacteria and fungi. The contributions of each process differed and depended on soil moisture, soil pH, and N sources. We concluded that amoA‐AOB was the most important gene related to N₂O emissions, which indicates that nitrification by AOB is the main microbial‐driven process linked to N₂O emissions in tropical soil. Interestingly, fungal nirK was also significantly correlated with N₂O emissions, suggesting that denitrification by fungi contributes to N₂O emission in soils receiving straw and vinasse application.     

施肥对板栗林地土壤N2O通量动态变化的影响

2011年6月—2012年6月期间,在浙江省临安市典型板栗林地进行施肥对土壤N2O通量变化影响的试验研究。目的在于探明不同施肥处理下板栗林地土壤N2O通量的动态变化规律,并探讨土壤N2O通量和土壤环境因子之间的关系。试验设置4个处理:对照(不施肥)、无机肥、有机肥、有机无机混合肥。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了板栗林地土壤N2O通量,并测定了土壤温度、水分、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量。结果表明:板栗林土壤N2O通量呈显著季节性变化,最大值出现在夏季,最小值出现在冬季;而且,施肥处理显著提高土壤N2O年均通量和年累积量;在整个试验期间,无机肥、有机肥和有机无机混合肥处理下土壤N2O的排放系数分别达到0.96%、1.45%和1.29%。此外,施肥也显著增加了土壤WSOC和MBC的含量(P<0.05)。不同施肥处理条件下,土壤N2O通量与土壤5 cm处温度、WSOC含量间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),但与MBC含量之间的相关性不显著。土壤N2O排放与土壤含水量间除对照处理外均没有显著相关性。综上所述,施肥引起土壤WSOC含量的增加可能是施肥增加板栗林地土壤N2O排放速率的主要原因之一。     

Global soil nitrous oxide emissions since the preindustrial era estimated by an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models: Magnitude,attribution, and uncertainty

Our understanding and quantification of global soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and the underlying processes remain largely uncertain. Here, we assessed the effects of multiple anthropogenic and natural factors, including nitrogen fertilizer (N) application, atmospheric N deposition, manure N application, land cover change, climate change, and rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration, on global soil N₂O emissions for the period 1861–2016 using a standard simulation protocol with seven process‐based terrestrial biosphere models. Results suggest global soil N₂O emissions have increased from 6.3 ± 1.1 Tg N₂O‐N/year in the preindustrial period (the 1860s) to 10.0 ± 2.0 Tg N₂O‐N/year in the recent decade (2007–2016). Cropland soil emissions increased from 0.3 Tg N₂O‐N/year to 3.3 Tg N₂O‐N/year over the same period, accounting for 82% of the total increase. Regionally, China, South Asia, and Southeast Asia underwent rapid increases in cropland N₂O emissions since the 1970s. However, US cropland N₂O emissions had been relatively flat in magnitude since the 1980s, and EU cropland N₂O emissions appear to have decreased by 14%. Soil N₂O emissions from predominantly natural ecosystems accounted for 67% of the global soil emissions in the recent decade but showed only a relatively small increase of 0.7 ± 0.5 Tg N₂O‐N/year (11%) since the 1860s. In the recent decade, N fertilizer application, N deposition, manure N application, and climate change contributed 54%, 26%, 15%, and 24%, respectively, to the total increase. Rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration reduced soil N₂O emissions by 10% through the enhanced plant N uptake, while land cover change played a minor role. Our estimation here does not account for indirect emissions from soils and the directed emissions from excreta of grazing livestock. To address uncertainties in estimating regional and global soil N₂O emissions, this study recommends several critical strategies for improving the process‐based simulations.     

水肥一体化条件下设施菜地的N2O排放

在保证作物产量的前提下,研究减少农田土壤N_2O排放的水肥统筹管理措施对全球温室气体减排具有重要意义。以京郊典型设施菜地为例,设置了农民习惯(FP)、水肥一体化(FPD)、优化水肥一体化(OPTD)和对照(CK)4个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对果菜-叶菜(黄瓜-芹菜)轮作周期内土壤N_2O排放进行了观测,并分析了氮肥施用量、灌溉方式、土壤温度和湿度等因素对土壤N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:在黄瓜-芹菜种植模式中,各施氮处理除基肥施用后N_2O排放峰持续10—15d外,一般施肥、施肥+灌溉事件后土壤N_2O排放峰均呈现3—5d短而急促的情形。黄瓜生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤湿度(WFPS)之间呈现显著相关的关系;芹菜生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤温度之间呈现显著相关的关系。观测期内FP处理N_2O排放量为(31.00±2.15)kg N/hm~2,FPD处理与之相比N_2O排放量减少了4.2%,而OPTD处理在减少40%化肥氮量的情况下,N_2O累积排放量比FP处理减少了42.7%,且达到显著水平。说明在水肥一体化条件下,合理改变施肥体系是减少N_2O排放的前提,在此基础上进行水肥优化是设施菜地保持产量、减少N_2O排放的重要技术措施。