入侵害虫西花蓟马的生物学、危害及防治技术

西花蓟马Frankliniellaoccidentalis最早发生于北美地区,现已广泛分布于世界各地,是园艺作物最重要的害虫之一。早在1996年,西花蓟马就被我国农业部列为进境植物检疫潜在的危险性害虫,2003年夏季西花蓟马在北京部分保护地首次发现。该文从分布及危害、寄主植物、生物学特性和防治方法4个方面对该害虫进行了概述。     

口岸检疫性蚧类害虫疫情截获分析

【目的】了解我国口岸截获的检疫性蚧类害虫情况,为口岸进一步做好植物检疫工作提供参考。【方法】收集整理2010—2019年口岸截获蚧类害虫数据,重点统计分析被截获蚧类害虫种类、时间、数量、寄主、来源地的变化和关系。【结果】2010—2019年,我国各口岸共截获检疫性蚧类害虫24541种次,年截获种次总体呈上升的趋势。截获检疫性蚧类害虫共有12种,截获频率最高的3种为无花果蜡蚧、松突圆蚧和扶桑绵粉蚧。截获该类害虫数量最多的3个关区为深圳关、南宁关和上海关。货物检疫为主要截获途径,主要截获寄主植物为榴梿、香蕉、红毛丹、番荔枝。截获货物来源地为除南极洲以外六大洲的49个国家或地区,其中尤以东南亚为主,代表国家包括泰国、越南和菲律宾。【结论】蚧类害虫的截获与进口水果贸易密切相关,在相关贸易量不断增加的背景下,应警惕蚧类害虫疫情持续传入我国的风险,建议有关部门进一步完善检疫管理体系,提升检测和监测技术水平,加强检疫处置能力。     

实验室害虫的防治

实验室内的标本、挂图和资料,长期存放易被害虫所侵害,造成残缺,因而实验室里的害虫防治,是一项长期而细致的工作。实验室内害虫主要为花斑皮蠹、黑皮蠹、百怪皮蠹     

棉田施药对棉虫天敌的影响

我省棉区从1956年以来全面推广药剂治虫,对棉花增产起了显著作用。但随着喷药次数和药剂浓度的增加,也出现了一些问题。表现在棉虫天敌大量被杀死,某些害虫(如棉蚜、红蜘蛛对1059、1605)产生了抗药性等,已成为害虫猖獗发生原因之一。例如1971和1972两年棉铃虫大暴发,近两年棉蚜在个别产棉县一跃而为最主要害虫。本试验为了进一步探明棉田施药对棉虫天敌的影响,以便找出既能保护天敌,又能使害     

我国大陆一新入侵种:七角星蜡蚧(半翅目:蚧总科:蚧科)

七角星蜡蚧Ceroplastes stellifera(Westwood)是一种多食、热带广布害虫,2007年被列入《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》中。该虫在我国以前仅记录于台湾省,2013年10月下旬,发现该虫在云南省西双版纳地区危害鹅掌柴(Schefflera octophylla)和芒果(Mangifera indica),为我国大陆的新入侵害虫。本文介绍了其形态特征、地理分布、寄主植物、经济重要性等。     

警惕果树重大害虫——苹楔天牛

苹楔天牛Saperda candida Fabricius(鞘翅目Coleoptera:天牛科Cerambycidae)原产北美,主要危害果树,300多年来被认为是原产地果园最具毁灭性的害虫。2008年该害虫首次传入欧洲(德国费马恩岛),因而受到许多国家的重视。该害虫的寄主植物苹果、梨、李、山楂等果树在我国种植非常广泛,具有十分重要的经济价值。该天牛会随着寄主植物的引进、调运进行远距离传播,我国应加强对该害虫的检疫。文章就其形态特征、危害特点、生物学特性及潜在风险作一阐述。     

近年出版关于害虫生物防治新书的评介

害虫的生物防治虽然已有一千多年的历史,被认为是老生常谈。但由于近十几年滥用杀虫药剂的结果,出现害虫再增猖獗现象,同时对人类健康及野生生物带来严重损害。因此各国昆虫学工     

定量评价天敌控害功能的生态能学方法

由于昆虫的能量完全来自于寄主,因此昆虫摄入的能量相当于食物的被取食消耗量。生态能量学方法的基本原理就是捕食性天敌完全依靠捕食猎物(害虫)而获取能量。显然,捕食性天敌摄入的能量就相当于为猎物(害虫)的被捕食消耗量,也即是捕食性天敌摄入量等于猎物(害虫)的被捕食消耗量。由此,可通过研究捕食性天敌和害虫种群的能量动态,定量分析捕食性天敌对害虫的控制作用。本文详细论述了生态能量学方法的基本原理、测算方法,并以棉田捕食性瓢虫类捕食作用为例,介绍了该方法的应用,为定量评价天敌的控害作用提供了一种新方法。     

植物-害虫-天敌互作机制研究前沿

植物-害虫-天敌之间的三级营养互作关系是当今进化生态学和化学生态学研究领域的前沿课题,也是寻找害虫可持续控制途径的重要基础。自2006年以来,我国昆虫学家在973项目《重大农业害虫猖獗危害的机制及可持续控制》的支持下,围绕害虫、植物、天敌协同进化机理的关键科学问题,以棉花-害虫-天敌、水稻-害虫-天敌和蔬菜-害虫-天敌系统为研究对象开展研究,发现OsHI-LOX参与虫害诱导的水稻茉莉酸(JA)信号途径合成,并通过水稻对二化螟和褐飞虱不同抗性作用的调控;寄主植物烟草受到棉铃虫和烟青虫危害后将被诱导产生化学防御作用,但它们的作用不同;绿叶挥发物(3Z)-hexen-ol是寄生蜂天敌定位寄主的最关键化合物,植物-害虫-天敌之间的互作关系受到光周期和CO2浓度升高而改变;植物对害虫直接的防御和通过寄生蜂对害虫的间接防御存在"权衡"关系;转基因棉花种植加重了盲椿象灾变。这些研究成果在Science,New Phytology,Plant Journal,Plant,Cell and Environment等刊物上发表论文150余篇,极大地提高了我国在作物-害虫-天敌三者之间关系的研究水平。     

浅谈害虫成虫防治技术

目前害虫防治中的一系列问题如害虫幼虫抗药性上升、害虫天敌被大量杀伤、人畜中毒、环境污染与土壤农药残毒日趋严重 ,使以成虫为目标虫态或防治对象而开展的成虫防治策略被广为接受并广泛应用。本文对目前使用的各种成虫防治技术体系进行了概括 ,并列举了成虫防治技术的特点和优点 ,以及进行成虫防治的许多实例。其中信息化合物防治和遗传防治的飞速发展为成虫防治的应用提供了多种途径。     

d(CGGTGGT) forms an octameric parallel G-quadruplex via stacking of unusual G(:C):G(:C):G(:C):G(:C) octads

Among non-canonical DNA secondary structures, G-quadruplexes are currently widely studied because of their probable involvement in many pivotal biological roles, and for their potential use in nanotechnology. The overall quadruplex scaffold can exhibit several morphologies through intramolecular or intermolecular organization of G-rich oligodeoxyribonucleic acid strands. In particular, several G-rich strands can form higher order assemblies by multimerization between several G-quadruplex units. Here, we report on the identification of a novel dimerization pathway. Our Nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, UV, gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry studies on the DNA sequence dCGGTGGT demonstrate that this sequence forms an octamer when annealed in presence of K(+) or NH(4)(+) ions, through the 5'-5' stacking of two tetramolecular G-quadruplex subunits via unusual G(:C):G(:C):G(:C):G(:C) octads.     

Biology of Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) on Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae)

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of six different temperatures on the development of Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) using eggs of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) as hosts. The temperature affected the development of A. lacunatus. The largest values for the progeny (19 mites in T. castaneum and 15 mites in C. ferrugineus) were obtained at about 30 degrees C, as also observed for the net reproductive rate (Ro), which revealed that the A. lacunatus population increased 18 times in T. castaneum and 14 times in C. ferrugineus in a generation. The intrinsic rate of increase (r m) gradually increased with temperature, reaching the maximum value at 35 degrees C in T. castaneum (1,608) and C. ferrugineus (1,289). The generation time was negatively correlated with temperature, ranging from 1,60 to 4,85 days in T. castaneum and from 1,96 to 5,34 days in C. ferrugineus. These results suggest that the mite A. lacunatus may be used in programs of biological control of T. castaneum and C. ferrugineus in the tropics.     

Nasal mites (Gamasida: Rhinonyssidae) of Paroaria coronata (Miller) (Passeriformes: Emberezidae)

With the aim of identifying the species of nasal mites of Paroaria coronata (red-crested cardinal), the nasal cavity of 40 birds were examined. The nasal mites were identified as Ptilonyssus sairae de Castro and Sternostoma pirangae Pence, with 50% and 7.5% of prevalence, respectively. This is the first record of these mite species parasitizing P. coronata. This report also amplifies the area of occurrence of S. pirangae for Brazil and that of P. sairae for Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.     

Interaction between Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

The interaction between Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) may be a promising tool for the integrated pest management of stored grain insect pests. The objective of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of these two natural enemies on Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius). The experimental units were petri dishes (140 x 10 mm) containing 30 g of whole wheat grains (13% water content) infested with 20 adults of R. dominica. The treatments consisted of inoculation of A. lacunatus and A. calandrae, separately and associated, in eight replicates. Three inoculations of five adult females of the natural enemies were carried out in each petri dish at five, ten and fifteen days after the infestation of R. dominica. All treatments were stored during 60 days in environmental chamber at 30 +/- 1 degrees C, 60 +/- 5% relative humidity and 24 h scotophase. The smallest numbers of physogastric females of A. lacunatus and of adults of A. calandrae were obtained when the natural enemies were in association. The use of A. calandrae alone demonstrated a low instantaneous rate of increase (r(i)) of R. dominica and a high protection of the wheat grains. The association of A. calandrae with A. lacunatus led to the lowest number of immatures of R. dominica. These results demonstrate the importance of this interaction as a tool of for the integrated management of R. dominica in stored wheat grains.     

形宽刺甲Bioramix(Bioramix) rotundicollis(Kaszab,1940)(鞘翅目:拟步甲科:刺甲族)的再描述

2012年在西藏普兰地区采集到鞘翅目Coleoptera拟步甲科Tenebrionidae刺甲族Platyscelidini一种昆虫:形宽刺甲Bioramix(Bioramix)rotundicollis(Kaszab,1940)。鉴于原始描述过于简单,且缺少特征图和整体照片,本文对其进行了详细描述,并附有特征图和整体照片。检视标本保存于西华师范大学标本馆和俄罗斯楚瓦什国立师范大学标本馆。     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

Carcinops troglodytes (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Histeridae) preying on Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in poultry houses

We first record Carcinops troglodytes (Paykull) as a predator of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) larvae in poultry houses in North and Northwest regions of the state of Paraná. Carcinops spp. are commonly recorded as predators of dipterans, and this record in poultry houses indicates the possibility of exploiting such predator for future studies aiming the development of management strategies for A. diaperinus.     

芬兰真绥螨对苹果全爪螨的捕食作用研究

在实验条件下,系统研究了芬兰真绥螨Euseius finlandicus Oudemans对苹果全爪螨Panony-chus ulmi Koch的控制能力。研究结果表明:(1)在15～32℃的温度条件下,芬兰真绥螨雌成螨的捕食量随着温度的上升呈线型正相关。在15～25℃的温度内芬兰真绥螨的产卵量随温度升高而增加,在15℃下平均单雌产卵0.42粒,25℃时平均单雌产卵2.56粒;当温度升到32℃时单雌产卵下降为1.62粒,雌成螨的产卵量与温度的关系呈抛物线型。(2)在5～15头/叶的猎物密度下,雌成螨的捕食量随着猎物的密度增加呈线型正相关,而当猎物密度达到30头/叶时,芬兰真绥螨雌成螨的捕食量处于平稳状态。在5～15头/叶的猎物密度下,芬兰真绥螨的产卵量和产卵量均与猎物的密度呈线型正相关;当每头雌成螨捕食量为1.8～3.5头时,产卵量为1.0～1.5粒。(3)不同温度下,芬兰真绥螨对猎物的不同密度和虫态的功能反应可用圆盘方程II型进行拟合;在25℃条件下捕食效率最高且喜好捕食的虫态是卵和幼螨。     

小黑瓢虫对高氏瘤粉虱捕食作用的研究

在高氏瘤粉虱不同虫态共存的条件下,小黑标虫对高氏瘤粉虱各虫态的选择次序为卵＞1龄若虫＞2龄若虫＞3龄若虫＞4龄若虫和拟蛹,对卵的捕食率均最高,有明显的嗜好选择;小黑瓢虫幼虫捕食粉虱卵的数量,随着龄期的增长而递增,其中4龄幼虫的捕食量最大,4龄期捕食量平均为1565．42粒,占全幼虫期总食卵量的45．42％,整个幼虫期可捕食高氏瘤粉虱的卵数平均为3446．5粒。小黑瓢虫3龄幼虫对粉虱卵的捕食作用率在所给的猎物密度（1500粒／皿）条件下,随着自身密度的增加而降低。     

Sericolophus (Pheronematidae) and Hernandeziana (Corythophoridae) are synonyms (Hexactinellida: Porifera)

Eight specimens of Sericolophus reflexus (Ijima) were compared with the holotype of Hernandeziana ijimae (Hernandez) to assess suspected synonymy of these taxa. An extensive morphometric analysis of the spicules available in these specimens of variable condition show that the H. ijimae holotype exhibits characters near the centre of the range of S. reflexus. It is concluded that H. ijimae is a junior synonym of S. reflexus , and that the family Corythophoridae de Laubenfels is invalid by preoccupation of its base generic name.