云南紫胶虫与粗纹举腹蚁之间的互利关系

为了明确云南紫胶虫Kerria yunnanensis和粗纹举腹蚁Crematogaster macaoensis之间的相互作用关系, 于2009年4月至2010年10月, 在云南省墨江县雅邑乡紫胶种植园, 结合野外调查和室内试验对比研究了粗纹举腹蚁取食人工食物、 云南紫胶虫排泄的蜜露和无食物的3种处理下粗纹举腹蚁个体体重和存活率的变化, 以及在粗纹举腹蚁垄断蜜露、 自然条件下和无蚂蚁照顾的3种处理下云南紫胶虫个体怀卵量、 虫体大小、 死亡率和生活史周期的变化。结果显示： 云南紫胶虫排泄的蜜露是一种高质量的食物资源, 能够稳定增加粗纹举腹蚁工蚁的体重百分比［人工食物（44.55%）>蜜露（25.81%）>无食物（-4.13%）］ （F_（2,54）=18.81; P＜0.01）, 并提高其存活率［人工食物（85.78%）>蜜露（82.48%）>无食物（78.74%）］ （F_（2,55）=7.31; P＜0.01）。粗纹举腹蚁取食蜜露的同时, 有利于增加单位面积上云南紫胶虫的雌虫数量［蚂蚁垄断蜜露（80.81%）>自然状态（75.55%）>无蚂蚁照顾（75.33%）］ （F_（2,143）=54.08; P＜0.01）, 提高云南紫胶虫的个体怀卵量［蚂蚁垄断蜜露（401.85粒）>自然状态（395.73粒）>无蚂蚁照顾（353.34粒）］ （F_（2,144）=4.82; P＜0.01）, 降低云南紫胶虫的死亡率［蚂蚁垄断蜜露（89.42%）<自然状态（89.78%）<无蚂蚁照顾（90.82%）］ （F_（2,146）=3.45; P＜0.05）; 云南紫胶虫虫体有变小的趋势［蚂蚁垄断蜜露（12.92 mm²）<自然状态（13.04 mm²）<无蚂蚁照顾（14.90 mm²）］ （F_（2,147）=10.88; P＜0.01）, 生活史周期变长［蚂蚁垄断蜜露（203.96 d）>无蚂蚁照顾（202.85 d）>自然状态（200.00 d）］ （F_（2,71）=19.77; P＜0.01）, 提示粗纹举腹蚁取食蜜露增加了云南紫胶虫的代谢压力。结果说明, 以蜜露为纽带的粗纹举腹蚁和云南紫胶虫之间的相互作用关系是兼性互利的。     

伊大头蚁蚁巢的结构与分布

伊大头蚁Pheidole yeensis是舞草Codariocalyx motorius种子的主要搬运者, 在舞草的扩散中起着重要作用。2000年在西双版纳和思茅地区景谷县对伊大头蚁种群数量、蚁巢结构与分布进行了调查。结果表明:伊大头蚁主要在土壤中筑巢,深度可达地下50 cm;每巢蚁量一般在2 000～3 000头,最多的可达万头;伊大头蚁大多在海拔1 000～1 200 m的山腰筑巢, 以西坡的蚁巢密度最大,南坡次之,北坡最少;在丢荒2～3年的地里筑巢最多,其次为玉米和花生地,在森林里筑巢的相对较少;伊大头蚁的蚁巢呈均匀分布,但巢群间相互排斥。伊大头蚁筑巢生境与舞草生长的环境基本一致,蚁巢结构与蚁量有利于舞草的扩散与建群。     

粗纹举腹蚁垄断蜜露对紫胶生产的影响

为了解粗纹举腹蚁垄断云南紫胶虫分泌的蜜露对紫胶生产的影响,于2008年10月至2 010年5月,在云南省墨江县雅邑乡调查了粗纹举腹蚁对蜜露的垄断方式,以及粗纹举腹蚁垄 断蜜露对云南紫胶虫的雌雄性比、死亡率、泌胶量和怀卵量的影响.结果表明：在云南紫胶 虫生活史周期内,被粗纹举腹蚁垄断的胶被上,该蚂蚁昼夜不停地取食云南紫胶虫分泌的蜜 露,每10 cm胶被上粗纹举腹蚁的平均数量在（168±23）～（393±100）头,并在 胶被 上建立保护膜,阻止其他动物访问云南紫胶虫.粗纹举腹蚁的垄断显著降低了云南紫胶虫个 体的泌胶量,但是垄断对云南紫胶虫的群体泌胶量没有显著影响;粗纹举腹蚁的垄断 显著降低了云南紫胶虫的死亡率,提高了云南紫胶虫的雌虫比例和个体怀卵量.粗纹举腹 蚁垄断紫胶虫分泌的蜜露有利于紫胶生产.     

中国角腹蚁属分类研究及一新种记述（膜翅目∶蚁科）

本文记述华南地区角腹蚁属１新种,光亮角腹蚁Ｒｅｃｕｒｖｉｄｒｉｓ ｇｌａｂｒｉｃｅｐｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。新种与皮克氏角腹蚁Ｒ．ｐｉｃｋｂｕｒｎｉ Ｂｏｌｔｏｎ相似,但有如下不峭：头部及前胸背板光亮;并胸腹节刺较粗;结节具长的腹柄下突。文中还提供我国已知３种角腹蚁工蚁分种检索表,新种正模标本保存于广西师范大学生物系,副模标本保存于嘉道理农场暨植物园和广西师范大学生物系。     

中国角腹蚁属分类研究及一新种记述(膜翅目: 蚁科)

本文记述华南地区角腹蚁属 1新种 ,光亮角腹蚁 Recurvidris glabricepssp.nov.。新种与皮克氏角腹蚁 R.pickburni Bolton相似 ,但有如下不同 :头部及前胸背板光亮 ;并胸腹节刺较粗 ;结节具长的腹柄下突。文中还提供我国已知 3种角腹蚁工蚁分种检索表。新种正模标本保存于广西师范大学生物系 ,副模标本保存于嘉道理农场暨植物园和广西师范大学生物系。     

中国西南地区角腹蚁属和卡蚁属新种记述（膜翅目：蚁科：切叶蚁亚科）

中国西南地区角腹蚁属和卡蚁属新种记述（膜翅目：蚁科：切叶蚁亚科）徐正会,郑哲民（陕西师范大学动物研究所陕西省西安市７１００６２）本文报道了在中国西南地区发现的２个蚂蚁新种。新种女蜗角腹蚁Ｒｅｃｕｒｖｉｄｒｉｓｎｕｗａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．与弯刺角腹蚁Ｒ．ｒ...     

中国小蚁蛛属（蜘蛛目：平腹蛛科）1新种及1新纪录

记述采自我国内蒙古贺兰山的2种小蚁蛛,其中有1新种:阿拉善小蚁蛛Mi-caria alxa sp.nov.,1新纪录种:图瓦小蚁蛛Micaria tuvensis Danilov,1993。     

绿盲蝽腹神经节的解剖结构

【目的】揭示绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum腹神经节的组成结构。【方法】采用免疫组织化学染色方法,利用突触蛋白抗体对绿盲蝽成虫的腹神经节进行免疫标记,激光共聚焦扫描显微镜扫描照相获得原始数据,用图像分析软件进行标记,构建三维结构模型。【结果】绿盲蝽成虫腹神经节位于腹神经索的末端,与其前方的后胸神经节和中胸神经节紧密融合,形成后部神经节。与脑和胸神经节类似,腹神经节由周围的细胞体和内部的神经髓构成。腹神经节的神经纤维束主要包括位于腹侧的两条纵向神经连索和向两侧发出的9束神经纤维。9束神经纤维连接着9个神经原节,即富含突触联系的神经髓。这些神经原节紧密融合,无明显的边界,最后两节形成膨大的末端腹神经节。两侧的神经原节由横向的神经连锁连接起来。腹神经节外周的细胞体数量较多,排列紧密,大小一致,仅在前端背侧中间和后端腹侧中间位置分别有2个和5个体积较大的细胞体。【结论】本研究结果明确了绿盲蝽腹神经节的结构,为进一步研究昆虫的行为调控及神经系统发育和演化奠定一定的形态学基础。     

胎儿胃底后壁、贲门及食管腹段后壁的动脉解剖

目的:研究胎儿胃底后壁、贵门及食管腹段后壁的血液供应.方法:取30例胎儿尸体(6-10月),5%红色过氯乙烯填充胎儿胃的动脉血管,解剖观察胃底后壁、贲门及食管腹段的动脉血管的来源,测量动脉支数,血管长度,口径,分布.结果:胎儿胃底后壁、贲门及食管腹段后壁的血液由胃上动脉供给.胎儿胃上动脉起于左膈下动脉和胃左动脉,出现率为49.26%,1-3支不等,平均长(5.86±0.21)mm,起始点平均外径(0.32±0.08)mm.结论:胎儿胃底后壁、贲门及食管腹段后壁有1-3支动脉血管供应,即胃上动脉分支:食管支,胃底支,贲门支.动脉分布的研究为全胃切除和残胃血供提供形态学依据.     

中国新纪录属——纹腹茧蜂属Shelfordia Cameron记述及一新种描述(膜翅目:茧蜂科:茧蜂亚科)(英文)

纹腹茧蜂属ShelfordiaCameron系中国新记录属。该属一新种———中华纹腹茧蜂Shelfordiachinensis。本新种与分布于印度的长尾纹腹茧蜂S .longicaudatavanAchterberg相似 ,但下列特征可资区别 :产卵器相对较短 ,仅为前翅的 3倍 ;腹部更为细长 ,第 1腹节背板隆起区域为其全长的 7 8;第 2腹节背板具亚平行的陷纹带 ;第 3腹背板前侧区具较大的隆起区域 ;前翅脉沿 1 SR、1 SR +M、m cu和 3 CU1等脉区域褐色 ;前翅 1 SR脉基部弯曲 ;后翅 2 SC +R脉长大于或等于 1r m脉的 1 2 ;颜面中央具浅的凹陷 ;中胸盾纵沟浅等。新种正模 ,♀ ,浙江古田山 ,1980 0 6 1,周文豹采。模式标本存浙江大学寄生蜂标本室。     

Spatial patterns of the ant Crematogaster scutellaris in a model ecosystem

1. The spatial arrangement of individuals and populations may have deep influences on all the biotic interactions within a community. 2. The spatial distribution of nests of the ant Crematogaster scutellaris Olivier was analysed in an olive orchard in central Italy. As this species nests inside tree trunks, the regular structure of this simplified ecosystem may help to reduce the confounding effect of habitat heterogeneity on the spatial distribution of nests. In total, 531 trees were mapped and their shape (size and structure of the trunk) recorded. The presence of C. scutellaris nests in each tree was assessed in spring–summer and autumn 2006 and 2007. 3. The number of occupied trees changed in time, from a maximum of 129 (summer 2006) to a minimum of 60 (autumn 2007). Occupancy of tree was related to its shape, with larger trees being more frequently and more steadily occupied than smaller ones. 4. Nests were spatially aggregated, forming well‐defined clusters, but aggregation was not explained by a corresponding clumping of larger trees. Nests belonging to the same cluster were usually not aggressive to each other, whereas aggression was more common between nests belonging to different clusters. The dynamic nature of the system coupled with the clustered distribution of nests, is consistent with a hypothesis of seasonal polydomy, and suggest that whereas some trees are steadily occupied (core) others are opportunistically colonised when new resources are discovered (satellites). 5. Clusters size distribution was shown to follow a truncated power‐law, a finding consistent with the idea that clusters are self‐organised structures dependent on local interactions. These results suggest that spatial self‐organisation in ant colonies may in principle be more common than previously thought, although the mechanisms generating these patterns still need to be clarified.     

Interactions of the ant Crematogaster scutellaris with the fig/fig wasp mutualism

Abstract. 1. A classical example of specialised pollination mutualisms is the relationship between fig trees and their pollinating wasps, in which each partner depends completely on the other for its reproduction; however the fig/fig wasp association is also the target of a great diversity of other species, ranging from specialised parasites to opportunistic foragers, among them ants.
2. The ant community and the sources of ant attraction observed on the Mediterranean fig tree Ficus carica were characterised.
3. A guild of ants attracted by homopterans tended on the plant was distinguished from a second guild composed of two co-dominant ant species ( Crematogaster scutellaris and Pheidole pallidula ) that prey mostly on pollinating wasps, abundant during certain parts of the fig cycle.
4. Foraging workers of C. scutellaris search for prey on the fig inflorescence (syconium), capturing pollinating wasps mostly at the peak of wasp emergence and at a rate estimated to reach 600 prey per day for an entire tree.
5. Detailed study of the predatory sequences displayed under experimental conditions showed that ant workers captured 100% of the pollinating wasps offered, while they captured only 5.5% of the parasitoid wasp specific to the pollinator. The respective impacts of the interaction on ants and on the figs are discussed, as well as several behavioural traits of predation by the dominant ant on pollinators.     

Mathematical and kinetic modeling of biofilm reactor based on ant colony optimization

Inverse estimation of model parameters via mathematical modeling route, known as inverse modeling (IM), is an attractive alternative approach to the experimental methods. This approach makes use of efficient optimization techniques in the course of solution of an inverse problem with the aid of measured data. In this study, a novel optimization method based on ant colony optimization (ACO), denoted by ACO-IM, is presented for inverse estimation of kinetic and film thickness parameters of biofilm models that describe an experimental fixed bed anaerobic reactor. The proposed optimization method for parameter estimation emulates the fact that ants are capable of finding the shortest path from a food source to their nest by depositing a trial of pheromone during their walk. The efficacy of the ACO-IM for numerical estimation of bio-kinetic parameters is demonstrated through its application for the anaerobic treatment of industry wastewater in a fixed bed biofilm process. The results explain the rigorousness of mathematical models, the form of kinetic and film thickness models and the type of packing to be used with the biofilm process for accurate determination of kinetic and film thickness parameters so as to ensure reliable predictive performance of the biofilm reactor models.     

Estimation of dispersal distances of the obligately plant‐associated ant Crematogaster decamera

1. In obligate symbioses with horizontal transmission, the population dynamics of the partner organisms are highly interdependent. Host population size limits symbiont number, and distribution of partners is restricted by the presence and thus dispersal abilities of their respective partner. The Crematogaster decamera–Macaranga hypoleuca ant–plant symbiosis is obligate for both partners. Host survival depends on colonisation by its ant partner while foundress queens require hosts for colony establishment. 2. An experimental approach and population genetic analyses were combined to estimate dispersal distances of foundresses in their natural habitat in a Bornean primary rainforest. 3. Colonisation frequency was significantly negatively correlated with distance to potential reproductive colonies. Results were similar for seedlings at natural densities as well as for seedlings brought out in the area experimentally. Population genetic analysis revealed significant population differentiation with an F_ST of 0.041 among foundresses (n = 157) located at maximum 2280 m apart. In genetic spatial autocorrelation, genotypes of foundresses were significantly more similar than expected at random below 550 m and less similar above 620 m. Direct estimation of dispersal distances by pedigree analysis yielded an average dispersal distance of 468 m (maximum 1103 m). 4. For ants that disperse on the wing, genetic differentiation at such small spatial scales is unusual. The specific nesting requirements of the queens and the necessity for queens to find a host quickly could lead to colonisation of the first suitable seedling encountered, promoting short dispersal distances. Nonetheless, dispersal distances of C. decamera queens may vary with habitat or host spatial distribution.     

Polymorphic microsatellite loci for the ant-garden ant, Crematogaster levior (Forel)

Throughout Amazonia, the ant Crematogaster levior is known for its participation in a complex ant-garden mutualism with the ant Camponotus femoratus and several species of epiphytic plants for which it plays an important role in seed viability. We isolated nine polymorphic microsatellite loci for C. levior from a genomic library enriched for di-, tri-, and tetra-nucleotide repeats. Two to 14 alleles were detected per locus, with levels of observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.103 to 0.785.