南京地区酸模属药用植物的显微鉴别研究

目的：为羊蹄或土大黄类药材的显微鉴别提供依据。方法：对南京地区的5种酸模属药用植物羊蹄Rumex japonicus Houtt．、网果酸模Rumex chalepensis Mill．、长刺酸模Rumex trisetifer Stokes、齿果酸模Rumex dentatus L．和酸模Rumex acetosa L．的根和叶横切面的组织结构特征进行了研究和描述,并采用数码显微成像技术记录显微图像。结果：对5种酸模的根和叶的显微特征进行了详细的记录和比较,数码显微图像真实、直观地反映了根和叶的组织构造特征。结论：5种酸模属植物根和叶横切面的组织结构虽然比较相似,但也具有明显的差异,可用于5种植物的鉴别.     

江西产酸模属植物叶片比较解剖学研究

对江西产酸模属(Rumex L.)7种植物进行了叶形态结构的显微观察.结果表明:(1)叶片上表皮均有气孔器分布,表皮上普遍具有腺体和异细胞,叶肉中均含有晶体细胞,晶体类型为簇晶;(2)下表皮细胞特征及气孔类型、叶肉细胞的分化及排列方式、中脉维管束数目等特征具有明显的种间差异,可以作为属下种级鉴定指标;(3)小酸模在气孔类型、栅栏组织和海绵组织排列紧密程度、中脉形状及维管束数量等特征上与同属其它种类具有显著的差异,形态解剖学证据支持小酸模亚属(Subgen.Acetosella(Meisn.)Rech.)的成立;(4)根据酸模属植物气孔器类型的演化阶段,并结合孢粉学、形态学等证据,认为酸模属处于蓼科植物系统演化的较低或中等地位.通过对酸模属植物叶形态结构的比较观察,为探讨该属的系统演化关系及属下分类提供叶解剖学证据.     

柴胡不同部位显微特征研究

目的:对柴胡不同部位的显微构造进行研究,为柴胡正本清源提供依据。方法:采用显微制片方法,对柴胡植物各部位进行显微观察及显微描述。结果:阐明了柴胡根、茎、叶、果实的组织横切面显微特征。结论:该研究结果可作为正品柴胡原植物和药材鉴别依据。     

蓼科羊蹄减数分裂过程的观察

首次对蓼科酸模属植物羊蹄（Rumex japonicus Houtt．）进行了花粉母细胞减数分裂观察。减数分裂后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ存在染色体桥、染色体断片和落后染色体等异常现象,统计各时期畸形率都低于5％。随机统计花粉粒活性,成熟率达到95％。羊蹄的减数分裂过程基本正常,也证实了羊蹄的体细胞染色体数目2n=2x=100是可信的。     

8种蒲公英属植物叶柄解剖学特征与分类学意义

采用石蜡切片法在光学显微镜下观察8种蒲公英属(Taraxacum)植物叶柄中部横切面的解剖特征.结果表明:8种蒲公英属植物不同种叶柄中部横切面形状不同,可分为椭圆形、长椭圆形和扁椭圆形.维管束类型可分为两大类,周韧和近周韧,且每种蒲公英的维管束数目和大小都不尽相同.这些特征在种之间差异比较明显,可作为种间分类鉴定的重要依据,并为蒲公英属植物亲缘关系鉴定提供了解剖学证据.     

六盘水酸模属植物资源的初步调查研究

通过野外调查、标本采集、分类学研究及资料考证,对六盘水酸模属植物的资源进行了调查.结果表明,六盘水有酸模属植物7种,其中钝叶酸模(Rumex obtusifoliusL.)为贵州省的分布新纪录,并对酸模属植物药用价值、食用价值及生态价值等进行了分析.     

霍山石斛与河南石斛生药学特征比较研究

在植物分类学方法鉴定的基础上,对霍山石斛及其主要伪品河南石斛药材的性状特征,根、茎、叶横切面显微特征,粉末显微特征和粉末中细胞内含物进行了研究,明确了霍山石斛药用部位的性状特征及显微特征,为霍山石斛药材和饮片的真伪鉴别提供参考依据,为该药材的进一步研究、开发、利用及质量标准的构建提供理论依据。     

陕西中药细辛原植物种类及营养器官的比较解剖研究

本文报道了中药细辛在陕西的原植物种类、分布、形态特征以及营养器官的比较解剖。经对细辛原植物的营养器官作了比较解剖学研究,发现不同种类的细辛根中木质部脊数目、根被皮特点、茎中维管束数日及排列、叶柄中维管束数目及变化均有明显差异及规律,这些结构特点不仅可作为显微鉴别的主要特征,还可为植物分类及系统演化提供解剖学依据。     

蓝花棘豆的性状与显微鉴别研究

目的：为蓝花棘豆提供科学准确的性状和显微鉴别依据。方法：采用性状及显微鉴定方法对蓝花棘豆的叶轴、叶的内部组织构造及叶的表面特征和粉末特征进行研究。结果：蓝花棘豆密被长柔毛,茎短缩。叶轴细长。蓝花棘豆叶轴横切面圆形,波状起伏,像花瓣一样。维管束外韧型,为16～20个,大小相间隔排列,形成连续的环。髓部宽广,髓细胞常呈类圆形,为较大细胞。小叶主脉维管束为外韧型,近圆形,维管束鞘明显,由一层类圆形薄壁细胞组成。粉末中可见成束的纤维、单细胞的非腺毛、具缘纹孔和螺纹导管、不定式气孔。结论：首次提出蓝花棘豆全草的性状和显微鉴定特征,以期为该品种的鉴定和进一步开发利用提供科学依据。     

国产嵩草属(莎草科)植物秆的解剖学研究

对嵩草属27种(亚种)植物秆的解剖学研究证明,嵩草属植物秆的解剖学性状具有系统学意义.在该属中,秆的横切面外形为三角形、圆三角形、圆形或扁圆形.在横切面上分为2个区域;外部区域包括绿色组织、外韧维管束和气腔,内部区域为薄壁组织或其碎裂形成空腔.秆表皮的横切面观和表面观均与叶的下表皮相似.以上特征与莎草科其它类群植物秆的解剖特征一致,不支持将嵩草属和其近缘属另立为嵩草科.同时,秆的解剖学特征可以做为某些在外部形态上难于区分的种之间的分类依据.     

羊蹄植株的水培养以及对污水的净化作用研究

用武汉沙湖污水培养不同大小羊蹄植株,以观察羊蹄植株的生长状况,结果表明:湿生植物羊蹄完全可以悬浮生长于污水之中,且生长极好,当培养1d后可长大量新须根(0.3—0.5cm),培养到第12d可长须根23.5cm左右;测定其生物量时发现植株越大其生物量增加越大,但植株越小其净增加生物量越大(每克植物每天的增加量);当测定羊蹄对污水的蒸腾加蒸发量时,发现最大量达到420mL/d,12d总量达1820mL,由于羊蹄植株的作用使污水的透光率由96上升到99.1(自来水为100),即较浑浊的污水已变为几乎透明的清水,通过测定污水的污染指标发现,由于6号羊蹄植株的净化使污水COD由原来的49mg/L降为28mg/L、氨氮由原来的328mg/L降为82mg/L、磷由原来的2.931mg/L降为0.124mg/L,因此,本实验证明了羊蹄植株是治理污水的优良品种之一。       

Ethylene Biosynthesis and Accumulation under Drained and Submerged Conditions (A Comparative Study of Two Rumex Species)

A model is presented of the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in relation to submergence and flooding resistance. It is based on time-course measurements of ethylene production, ethylene accumulation, and concentrations of free and conjugated 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in submerged and drained flooding-resistant Rumex palustris Sm. and flooding-sensitive Rumex acetosella L. plants. From these data, in vivo reaction rates of the final steps in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway were calculated. According to our model, submergence stimulates ACC formation and inhibits conversion of ACC to ethylene in both Rumex species, and as a result, ACC accumulates. This may explain the stimulated ACC conjugation observed in submerged plants. Although submergence inhibited ethylene production, physical entrapment increased endogenous ethylene concentrations in both flooding-resistant R. palustris and flooding-sensitive R. acetosella plants. However, R. palustris plants controlled their internal ethylene levels in the long term by a negative regulation of ACC synthase induced by ethylene. In flooding-sensitive R. acetosella plants, absence of negative regulation increased internal ethylene levels to more than 20 [mu]L L-1 after 6 d of submergence. This may accelerate the process of senescence and contribute to their low level of flooding resistance.     

Submergence-Induced Ethylene Synthesis,Entrapment, and Growth in Two Plant Species with Contrasting Flooding Resistances

Submergence-induced ethylene synthesis and entrapment were studied in two contrasting Rumex species, one flood-resistant (Rumex palustris) and the other flood-sensitive (Rumex acetosa). The application of a photoacoustic method to determine internal ethylene concentrations in submerged plants is discussed. A comparison with an older technique (vacuum extraction) is described. For the first time ethylene production before, during, and after submergence and the endogenous concentration during submergence were continuously measured on a single intact plant without physical perturbation. Both Rumex species were characterized by enhanced ethylene concentrations in the shoot after 24 h of submergence. This was not related to enhanced synthesis but to continued production and physical entrapment. In R. palustris, high endogenous ethylene levels correlated with enhanced petiole and lamina elongation. No dramatic change in leaf growth rate was observed in submerged R. acetosa shoots. After desubmergence both species showed an increase in ethylene production, the response being more pronounced in R. palustris. This increase was linked to the enhanced postsubmergence growth rate of leaves of R. palustris. Due to the very rapid escape of ethylene out of desubmerged plants to the atmosphere (90% disappeared within 1 min), substantial underestimation of internal ethylene concentrations can be expected using more conventional vacuum extraction techniques.     

Interactions between Apion species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Polygonaceae. I. Apion curtirostre Germ, and Rumex acetosa L.

Abstract.

• 1 Apion curtirostre is the commonest weevil attacking Rumex acetosa in the Lancaster area.
• 2 The ovipositional behaviour, larval development, emergence and hibernation of A. curtirostre are described.
• 3 From dissection of samples of stems of R. acetosa, abundance curves for the stages of A. curtirostre and its chalcid parasitoids were constructed and the between-stage mortalities determined.
• 4 There is an exponential relationship between R. acetosa stem height and number of A. curtirostre eggs laid.
• 5 Male stems of R. acetosa appear earlier and are smaller than female stems. Taller stems, at least in female plants, live longer than shorter ones.
• 6 Apion survival is lower in male than in female stems.
• 7 Stem sex is the primary determinant of opposition choice with stem thickness a secondary determinant.
• 8 A. curtirostre eggs introduced experimentally into stems of four Rumex species survived significiantly better in R. acetosa than in any other species. Survival in R. acetosa female plants was twice that in males.
• 9 Survival of A. curtirostre eggs at densities of 4, 8 and 16 per R. acetosa stem was twice that at densities of 32 and 64 per stem.
• 10 The stem size of female R. acetosa was reduced as the number of attacking weevils increased. There was no significant effect in males. No adverse effect on seed production was detected.
• 11 The nature of the relationship between A. curtirostre and R. acetosa is discussed.

     

七子花的解剖学研究

研究了七子花根、茎、叶和芽的解剖学结构,并与忍冬科荚蒾属的珊瑚树进行比较。结果表明,两种植物具有一些共同特点:茎中髓部发达;异面叶,栅栏组织细胞都有两层,气孔大多集中于下表皮,叶表面有腺毛。两者也存在一些明显差异:七子花根毛明显少于珊瑚树,甚至未见;幼茎形状、茎中维管柱形状也明显不同;七子花栅栏组织细胞排列较珊瑚树整齐。     

Growth responses of Rumex species in relation to submergence and ethylene

Abstract. Submergence stimulates growth of the petioles of Rumex palustris and Rumex crispus under field, greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Growth of Rumex acetosa petioles was hardly influenced by submergence. These growth responses under flooded conditions can be partially mimicked by exposing non-submerged Rumex plants to ethylene-air mixtures. Submergence of intact plants in a solution of AgNO₃ inhibited the elongation of all petioles of R. palustris and the youngest petiole of R. crispus and stimulated growth of the youngest petiole of R. acetosa , The ethylene-air mixture experiments, the effect of AgNO₃ and observed increase of the endogenous ethylene concentration during submergence suggest that ethylene plays a regulatory role in the growth responses of these Rumex species under submerged conditions. The three Rumex species showed a gradient in elongation responses to submergence, which correlates with the field distribution of the three species in a flooding gradient.     

Investigating the antiangiogenic potential of Rumex vesicarius (humeidh), anticancer activity in cancer cell lines and assessment of developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos

Recent trends in anticancer therapy is to use therapeutic agents which not only kill the cancer cell, but are less toxic to surrounding normal cells/tissue. One approach is to cut the nutrient supply to growing tumor cells, by blocking the formation of new blood vessels around the tumor. As the phytochemicals and botanical crude extracts have proven their efficacy as natural antiangiogenic agents with minimum toxicities, there is need to explore varieties of medicinal plants for novel antiangiogenic compounds.Rumex vesicarius L. (Humeidh), is an annual herbal plant with proven medicinal values. The antiangiogenic potential, and developmental toxicity of humeidh in experimental animal models has never been studied before. The crude extracts were prepared from the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of Rumex vesicarius L. in methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. The developmental toxicity screening in zebrafish embryos, has revealed that Rumex vesicarius was not toxic to zebrafish embryos. The chloroform stem extract showed significant level of antiangiogenic activity in zebrafish angiogenic assay on a dose dependent manner. Thirty five (35) bioactive compounds were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GC–MS) analysis in the stem extract of Rumex vesicarius. Propanoic acid, 2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-, trimethylsilyl ester, Butane, 1,2,3-tris(trimethylsiloxy), and Butanedioic acid, bis(trimethylsilyl) ester were identified as major compound present in the stem of R. vasicarius.The anticancer activity of roots, stem, leaves and flowers crude extract was evaluated in human breast cancer (MCF7), human colon carcinoma (Lovo, and Caco-2), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines. Most of the crude extracts did not show significant level of cytotoxicity in tested cancer cells line, except, chloroform extract of stem which exhibited strong anticancer activity in all tested cancer cells with IC₅₀ values in micro molar range.Based on these results, it is recommended that formulation prepared from R. vesicarius can further be tested in clinical trials in order to explore its therapeutic potential as an effective and safe natural anticancer product.