实验红鲫C1HD系的生化遗传标记

目的 建立实验红鲫C1HD系生化遗传标记.方法 采用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶垂直电泳法,分析实验红鲫C1HD系与普通红鲫的苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等同工酶.结果 实验红鲫C1HD系和普通红鲫血清蛋白电泳可分离出25条以上蛋白带,分为A、B、C等3个区段.在A、B区段,实验红鲫C1HD系分别具有SP-A1谱带和SP-B1、SP-B3～8谱带,但缺少SP-A2、SP-A3和SP-B2谱带.实验红鲫C1HD系具有8条SOD同工酶电泳谱带,比普通红鲫多出SOD-3、SOD-8两条特征带.两种红鲫均具备MDH-1、MDH-2和MDH-3电泳谱带,且带型一致;普通红鲫额外具备MDH-4和MDH-5两条电泳谱带.结论 血清蛋白SP-A1和超氧化物歧化酶SOD-3、SOD-8电泳谱带可以作为实验红鲫C1HD系的生化遗传标记.     

中华稻蝗三种群遗传结构分析

应用淀粉凝胶电泳对山西省太原黄陵村、临猗县赵村及永济县伍姓湖3个中华稻稻（Oxya chinensis）种群的4个等位酶位点（MDH-1、MDH-2、LDH、ME）进行了分析。结果表明3个种群的中华稻蝗在遗传结构上具有差异;黄陵种群的MDH-1、MDH-2以及伍姓湖种群的MDH-1均为单态位点;赵村种群的杂合性最低（H=0.112）,伍姓湖种群最高（H=0.229）;赵村种群与伍姓湖种群间的Nei‘s遗传距离为0.068,可视为1个大的种群,而黄陵种群与赵村种群和伍姓湖种群的Nei‘s遗传距离分别为0.247和0.218。考虑到赵村和伍姓湖之间的地理距离（41km）比太原黄陵（357km）要近得多,结果提示3个种群地理距离与遗传结构差异之间存在相关关系。     

蝗总科部分种类等位基因酶的比较研究

用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术对采自山西太原黄陵、山西临猗伍姓湖及山西雁门关两科4种蝗虫的4个等位基因酶位点的基因频率进行了比较研究,并用BIOSYS-Ⅱ软件进行结果分析。结果表明：所研究种群的苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）都存在两个位点,中华稻蝗的MDH-1还存在两条亚带。在所研究种群中的MDH-1图谱中,一个中等迁移率的谱带存在于所研究的4个种群中。东亚飞蝗在乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和苹果酸酶（ME）中存在两个固定的等位基因,同时黄胫小车蝗在MDH-1中存在一个固定的等位基因,在MDH-2中存在一个独特的等位基因。在所有4个种群中,中华稻蝗遗传多样性水平最高（每个位点的等位基因数为3个,He=0.220）,黄胫小车蝗遗传多样性水平最低（每个位点的等位基因数为1.5个,He=0.013）。除中华稻蝗的MDH-1和LDH处于哈代-温伯格平衡,其余种群的4个位点的等位基因频率均不同程度的偏离哈代-温伯格平衡。等位酶数据表明这4个种群在系统发育关系方面是相近的,但在遗传多样性水平上却不同。     

茄子同工酶与若干形态性状的遗传研究

本文对S.melongena与S.incanum种间杂交的双亲、F_1和BC_1进行了同工酶电泳分析,测定了SDH、PER、MDH和ME 4种酶的同工酶遗传特性。结果表明在双亲、F_1和BC_1中,ME酶谱表现一致;SDH、PER和MDH 3种酶的酶谱表现出明显的、有规律的差异。系统地探讨了它们的遗传特性,对它们的基因位点、等位基因数目和虚等位基因进行了适当的命名。实验还发现同工酶之间不存在遗传连锁。同时,试验所观察的多数形态性状受1对基因控制,而第一花朵着生位置和花柱长度两性状则受2对基因控制。并且发现叶刺与茎刺以及花色与茎刺间存在遗传连锁;SDH同工酶与叶基角以及花柱长度间存在遗传连锁。     

遗传标记的研究进展

遗传图谱的构建依赖于各种遗传标记 ,在基因组织中可作为标记的特征繁多 ,本文对不同遗传标记的应用和发展作一综述。1　蛋白质标记蛋白质标记是在蛋白多态性基础上发展的一种分子标记 ,最常用是蛋白质电泳及其配套的专一性染色。在具有大量形态标记和细胞学标记定位的物种中 ,可通过两点或三点测交将编码同工酶基因定位于特定的染色体上。即使没有已被定位的标记基因 ,同样可以测定编码酶的基因间的连锁关系。由于编码同工酶的等位基因是共显性的 ,通过产生多个酶座位处于杂合状态的Ｆ1,就可以同时确定这些同工酶座位的连锁关系。随着已定…     

不同地理种群小菜蛾的遗传多样性分析

采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳方法,分析了北京、河北、云南和武汉4个不同地理种群的小菜蛾的等位酶,得到了3个酶系统（甘油醛磷酸脱氢酶（GPD）、苹果酸酶（ME）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH-1,MDH-2和MDH-3）5个基因位点的资料。用Biosys2.0软件计算了不同地理种群的遗传变异指标（N、A、P、H0和He）,结果表明小菜蛾各种群内的基因多样性大于各种种群间的基因多样性（约15倍）,武汉种群小菜蛾的遗传性最大。并计算了遗传距离D和相似性系数,并由此得出聚类图,分析了小菜蛾不同地理种群间的遗传关系。     

中国五种白岭同工酶的初步研究

对中华白岭、四川白岭、征鉴司岭、许氏司岭和鳞嚎司岭进行了10种酶同工酶特性的电泳分析。其 中MDH, PGM,PGI,a-GPD 4种酶显示了较为清晰的酶带。MDH-2和PGM可作为特征酶位点而 用于鉴别四川白岭和中华白岭。酶谱表现也清楚显示了白岭属与司岭属不同。同时计算了,种白岭的 遗传相似性和遗传距离。生化方法无疑在白岭亚科昆虫群体遗传学研究中具有一定作用。     

不同地区库蚊复组群体的同工酶遗传多样性研究

采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳的方法,对分布于我国5省的8个库蚊复组（Culex pipiens complex）野生群体的遗传多样性进行研究,分析了4个酶系统7个基因座(ME、MDH-1、MDH-2、MDH-3、GPD、EST-2、EST-3)的酶谱资料。结果显示：（1）群体内存在不同程度的遗传变异（He为0.098～0.41）;（2）较低的基因流水平（Nm=0.64）使遗传漂变起主要作用,造成群体之间的遗传分化（Gst=0.303）,而总群体的遗传多样性相对富集于群体之内(Hs/Dst=2)。（3）库蚊群体的遗传结构属于距离隔离模式。（4）群体间的遗传一致性(或遗传距离)反映出群体间的遗传分化程度,也表明与地理位置存在对应关系。Abstract: Eight field populations of Culex pipiens complex collected from five provinces (Guangdong, Henan, Shandong, Beijing and Yunnan) in 2001 were used to study genetic diversity by starch gel electrophoresis. Data from seven loci (ME、MDH-1、MDH-2、MDH-3、GPD、EST-2、EST-3) of four isozymes were analyzed by software Biosys2.0 and FSTAT(Version 2.9.3). The results were as follows: (1) The values of He (from 0.098 to 0.41) indicated genetic variabilities of different degree in populations.(2)The low level of gene flow (Nm=0.64) could not prevent genetic drift to cause the gene differentiation between populations. The genetic diversity between populations attributed to the genetic diversity of total populations is small (Gst =0.303), and the great part is accumulated within populations (Hs/Dst=2). (3) The genetic structure of Culex pipiens complex population was the isolation-by-distance model. (4) The genetic identity (or genetic distance) revealed the scale of genetic differentiation between populations which related to the collection sites.     

栗种间杂交系的同工酶基因与形态标记的遗传连锁关系研究

探讨了美州栗（ＣａｓｔａｎｅａｄｅｎｔａｔａＢｏｒｋｈ）与中国栗（Ｃ．ｍｏｌｌｉｓｓｉｍａＢｌｕｍｅ）种间杂交的１个Ｆ２代和２个回交一代家系中８个同工酶基因,Ａｃｐ３、Ｅｓｔ５、Ｐｒｘ１、Ｐｒｘ２、Ｐｒｘ３,Ｍｅ和Ａｄｈ与２个形态标记：Ｉｎｈ和Ｔｗｈ的连锁遗传关系,研究结果表明,在所有家系中,Ｉｎｈ与Ｐｒｘ１和Ｅｓｔ５具有一致的连锁关系,其基因的连锁顺序为Ｉｎｙ－Ｐｒｘ１－Ｅｓｔ５。还发现有参试的     

秦巴山区巨缘蝽亚科三种昆虫同工酶的初步研究(半翅目:缘蝽科)

为对缘蝽科分类提供生物化学和遗传数据,本研究运用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板电泳技术对巨缘蝽亚科三个种的酯酶同工酶进行了检测。结果表明:斑背安缘蝽Anoplocnemis binotataDistant不同组织酯酶酶谱不同,可能与适应特殊生理功能相关。斑背安缘蝽与波赫缘蝽Ochrochira potaniniKiritshenko、月肩奇缘蝽Derepteryx lu-nate(Distant)之间明显的遗传差异说明系统发育关系较远。三种缘蝽酯酶同工酶具有遗传多态现象,控制酯酶的基因位点均为5个,而且酯酶均为单体酶。     

Linkage relationships among 12 enzyme loci in cattle fever ticks of the genus Boophilus

Electrophoretic variation at 12 enzyme loci in cattle fever ticks were examined for mode of inheritance and linkage relationships. All variants exhibited codominant Mendelian inheritance, and PGI and GOT were sex-linked. Four pairs of enzyme loci were linked (PGI and GOT, ACON-A and alpha GPD, MDH-1 and LDH, and EST-3 and EST-4). Four additional enzyme loci (ACON-C, MDH-2, PEP, and PP) did not show linkage to any other locus tested, giving eight presumptive linkage groups that have enzyme markers in the genus Boophilus.     

Developmental genetics in larvae,pupae and adults ofSepedon fuscipennis fuscipennis [Dipt.: Sciomyzidae]

An analysis of 28 enzyme loci throughout developmental stages ofSepedon fuscipennis fuscipennis Loew indicated that 16 were polymorphic and 4 were monomorphic in all stages. Nine loci were differentially expressed among the stages: EST-1, EST-2, MDH-2, MDH-3 and PGI-1 occurred only in larvae, AK-3 mainly in pupae, and AK-1, AO and HK-1 only in adults. The average heterozygosity ofS. f. fuscipennis was 0.146 (±0.028) across all stages.      

Genetic linkage groups in the Japanese brown frog (Rana japonica)

To elucidate the genetic linkage groups of the Japanese brown frog (Rana japonica) and compare them with those of other amphibians, we analyzed the inheritance of alleles at 15 enzyme and blood protein loci and one pigment locus (Blk) in 3,298 offspring derived from 37 crosses using 28 males heterozygous at these loci. Of 63 pairs of loci tested for linkage, 55 pairs showed independent assortment in all crosses examined. In another six pairs, that is, between FUM/ME-1, alpha-GDH/MDH-2, MDH-1/ME-1, MDH-2/ME-2, MDH-2/PEP-C, and ME-2/PEP-C, all the offspring analyzed were parental, and none were recombinant. In the other two pairs, that is, between GPI/PEP-D and AAT-1/Blk, most of the offspring were parental, and some were recombinants with recombination rates ranging from 4.8% to 8.0%. Thus the following four linkage groups comprising 11 loci were established in R. japonica. The first group included the loci for alpha-GDH, MDH-2, ME-2, and PEP-C; the second group included the loci for MDH-1, ME-1, and FUM; the third group included the loci for GPI and PEP-D; and the fourth group included the loci for AAT-1 and Blk. No linkage between the other five loci--ADA, MPI, PEP-A, PGM, and Alb--was observed in the present study.     

Variations de la malate déshydrogénase dans quatre espèces de Jaera albifrons: Etude génétique et variation géographique

Malate dehydrogenase has been detected in four species of the super-species Jaera albifrons. Two polymorphic enzymatic systems occur showing a one banded pattern for homozygotes and a three banded pattern for heterozygotes. Two independant autosomal loci control the variation as is shown by intra- and interspecific crosses. In European populations of the three species studied, MDH-1 is polymorphic and MDH-2 is monomorphic. In the American species, J. posthirsuta, the locus MDH-2 is polymorphic and MDH-1 is monomorphic.     

Discrimination of walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill), stocks by isozyme analysis with cellulose acetate

Summary. Five walleye, Stizosfedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill), populations from within the state of Minnesota were examined for isozyme gene frequencies. Of 26 loci identified and scored, nine polymorphic loci were found. The ADH*, MDH-3* and PROT-4* loci were found to be the most informative for distinguishing the populations. A north-south cline in the frequency of PROT-4* alleles was found, with a higher frequency of the fast allele being found in the southern population. This is probably a reflection of genetic isolation caused by glaciation. Cellulose acetate was used to resolve the isozymes. The advantages of cellulose acetate over starch in terms of decreased run time, smaller sample and stain volumes and superior resolution advocate the use of cellulose acetate for fish isozyme analyses. Comparisons between starch and cellulose acetate separations showed similar results with some exceptions. Cellulose acetate resolved FH* and PROT-2* polymorphisms that were not resolved on starch, but failed to resolve the MDH-1 locus. These differences did not affect the results.     

Joint Segregation of Biochemical Loci in Salmonidae. II. Linkage Associations from a Hybridized Salvelinus Genome (S. NAMAYCUSHxS. FONTINALIS)

The results of more than 300 pairwise examinations of biochemical loci for joint segregation in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and in the hybridized genome of lake trout (S. namaycush) x brook trout are summarized. Nineteen loci have been assigned to the following eight linkage groupings on the basis of nonrandom assortment, including cases of both classical linkage and pseudolinkage: ODH with PMI with PGI-3, PGI-2 with SDH, ADA-1 with AGP-2, AAT-(1,2) with AGP-1 with MDH-1, MDH-3 with MDH-4, LDH-3 with LDH-4, IDH-3 with ME-2 and GUS with CPK-1. Pseudolinkage (an excess of nonparental progeny types) was observed only for male testcross parents. The results suggest that this phenomenon involves homeologous chromosome arms as evidenced by the de novo association of presumed duplicate loci in each case. Classical linkage has not been found for the five pairs of duplicate loci examined in Salvelinus, suggesting that not all of the eight metacentrics in the haploid complement involve fusions of homeologous chromosomes. Females consistently showed a greater degree of recombination.     

Evidence for host-induced selection in Schistosoma mansoni

A population of Schistosoma mansoni from Kenya was isolated in 1968 and subsequently passaged simultaneously through 2 different vertebrate hosts: baboons and mice. Recent electrophoretic studies demonstrated that genetic differences in the degree of polymorphism and in allele frequencies of polymorphic loci existed between S. mansoni populations from the 2 hosts. The present study was undertaken to assess the importance of vertebrate host-induced selection against particular alleles as mechanism to account for the observed differences. A population of S. mansoni which had originally been passaged through baboons and subsequently passaged through murine hosts for 4 generations was studied. At least 20 infected snails served as the source of parasite for each mouse passage. Allele frequencies of 4 polymorphic loci were assessed for each generation using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. All 4 polymorphic loci (PGM-2, MDH-2, MDH-1, PGI) showed a selective trend towards allele frequencies identical with that of a strain (from the same isolate) maintained in mice for 12 yr. These data suggest that vertebrate host-induced selection results in a decrease in parasite variability due to loss of alleles as field isolates of S. mansoni are passaged in murine hosts. The use of non-human primate hosts, on the other hand, maintains a higher level of parasite variability.     

Genetic comparison of salmon from the White Sea and north-western Atlantic Ocean

Samples of salmon Salmo salar from the River Kachkovka and the River Nilma in northern Russia were analysed by starch gel electrophoresis and compared to three Norwegian stocks, the Neiden river in northern Norway and Øyreselv and Hopselv rivers on the west coast. The comparison included the following polymorphic loci: AAT-4 *, IDDH-2 *, IDHP-3 *, MDH- 3,4 *, MEP-2 *, ESTD * as well as the newly discovered polymorphic loci FBALD-3 * and TPI-3 *. Samples were run side by side on gels, and the alleles found in the Russian stocks were the same as those found in the Norwegian stocks, although the electrophoretic methods used lead to differences in designations of alleles. A polymorphism in ESTD * which involves a slow allele was commonly observed in the three northern populations of the Nilma, Kachkovka and Neiden rivers. This allele was absent in the other Norwegian stocks and in a major brood stock of farmed salmon in Norway. The IDHP-3 * 116 allele was found in unusually high frequencies in the northern populations. Thus, the variability observed at these two loci indicates a barrier to gene flow between the northern salmon stocks and the more southern stocks in the East Atlantic area.     

Nonuniform linkage disequilibrium within a 1,500-kb region of the human immunoglobulin heavy-chain complex.

We have characterized 10 VH polymorphic loci of the VH2, VH3, VH4, and VH5 families. Eight of 10 VH polymorphisms were found to be insertion/deletion polymorphisms, probably the result of nonhomologous recombination over the course of evolution of the current human VH repertoire. The 10 VH polymorphic loci were analyzed in 10 three-generation and 10 two-generation Canadian caucasoid families. Linkage disequilibrium (allelic association) was measured between pairs of VH polymorphic loci, and 12 significant associations were found. The degree of linkage disequilibrium measured between IGH polymorphic loci was then compared with the physical distance separating the loci. The physical distance between IGH polymorphic loci does not entirely determine the degree of linkage disequilibrium between polymorphic loci. Two regions, one in the VH region (between VH3f-2 and VH5-2 and one in the CH region (between C delta and C gamma 3), were found to have linkage disequilibrium values approximately 1/3,000 of that observed in other portions of the IGH region. The previous identification of recombinants in the C delta-to C gamma 3 region indicates that these areas of low linkage disequilibrium are consistent with the presence of recombination hot spots. The observed high amount of recombination in the subtelomeric portion of chromosome 14 therefore appears to be the result of specific hot spots for recombination, rather than a general increase in recombination in this region.     

Inheritance of malate dehydrogenase nulls in soybean

Three chlorophyll-deficient mutants (CD-1, CD-2, and CD-3), derived from the progeny of independent germinal revertants from the w4-mutable soybean line [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], were characterized genetically. Electrophoretic analyses indicated that these lines lacked two of three mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase isozymes (MDH-). The absence of two MDH bands was conditioned by a recessive allele at a locus designated Mdh1. All three CDs were allelic to each other and to T253, a Harosoy isoline y20-k2 MDH- from the Genetic Type Collection. The MDH- phenotype and the yellow-green plant phenotype were each inherited as single recessive alleles. No recombination between the two traits was found in nine F2 populations from crosses of the CDs by wild-type soybean lines. Complete linkage of the Mdh1 and y20 loci suggested that the mutations in the chlorophyll-deficient lines were deletions. Phenotypic differences among the CDs suggested that the deletions may have different endpoints. The chromosomal aberrations were not large enough to affect transmission of y20 and Mdh1 mutant alleles through the pollen or ovule. CD-1, CD-2, and CD-3 were added to the Soybean Genetic Type Collection as T323, T324, and T325, respectively.