Xylose dehydrogenase-1, a new gene on mouse chromosome 7

We report a new enzyme xylose dehydrogenase, the structural locus for which is on chromosome 7 of the mouse, closely linked to Tam-1. Three alleles have been detected in both laboratory strains and wild populations. Two of these determine proteins differing in electrophoretic mobility and the third is a null. This easily scored variation may prove useful both for gene mapping and in population genetics.This work was supported by the Medical Research Council.     

Polymorphism of esterase 11 in Mus musculus,a further esterase locus on chromosome 8

A further esterase, esterase 11, which exhibits a polymorphism detectable by electrophoresis, has been observed in the house mouse, Mus musculus. In 15 inbred strains and two outbred strains, the ES-11A phenotype has been found, composed of two bands of enzyme activity of greater anodal electrophoretic mobility than the two bands of the ES-11B phenotype found in one inbred strain, one wild stock, and 101 wild mice. In F₁ hybrids (IS/Cam×C57 BL/Gr), the phenotype shown corresponds to a mixture of the two parental phenotypes. In backcrosses, ES-11 segregates as an autosomal gene, designated Es-11, closely linked to Es-2 and Es-5 on chromosome 8.This work was supported by the Medical Research Council.     

Linkage relationships of peptidase-7, Pep-7, in the mouse

An electrophoretically detectable variant of peptidase-7 in Mus musculus has been found and used to locate the structural gene, Pep-7, on chromosome 5. Gene order and recombination frequencies are estimated as Pep-7 3.5±2.0 Rw 8.8±2.2 go 20.0±4.6 bf.     

Linkage of lactate dehydrogenase-2, Ldh-2, in the mouse

An electrophoretically detectable variant of lactate dehydrogenase-2 in Mus musculus has been found and used to locate the structural gene, Ldh-2, on chromosome 6. Gene order and recombination frequencies are estimated as Sig—36.0±4.8—Lc 21.0±4.1—Mi ^wh—20.0±4.0—Ldh-2.     

Genetic variation for prolidase (PEP-4) in the mouse maps near the gene for glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI-1) on chromosome 7

An inherited electrophoretic variant of prolidase (EC 3.4.13.9), also called peptidase 4 (PEP-4), has been discovered among inbred strains of mice. Analysis of progeny from reciprocal backcrosses established that the electrophoretic forms are expressed codominantly and that Pep-4 is located between the genes for glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi-1) and pink-eyed dilution (p) on chromosome 7. These data define a region of conserved gene linkage between mouse chromosome 7 and human chromosome 19, as originally indicated by somatic cell hybrid studies, and imply that human prolidase (PEPD) is located in the region of human chromosome 19 pter q13.Research sponsored by the Office of Health and Environmental Research, U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract W-7405-eng-26 with the Union Carbide Corporation.By acceptance of this article, the publisher or recipient acknowledges the right of the U.S. Government to retain a nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering the article.     

Fructose bisphosphatase isozymes of the mouse. I. Inheritance

Electrophoretically detectable polymorphisms of fructose bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) have been found in the mouse. One polymorphism, found among inbred strains of Mus musculus and feral animals, affects the isozymes found in the muscle and in most other tissues examined but is not expressed in kidney, liver, or testis. These tissues have other electrophoretically distinct isozymes which are monomorphic in Mus musculus but are present as a different electromorph in the sympatric species Mus spretus. Breeding data have established that the genetic control of the muscle enzyme is expressed by an autosomal structural locus Fbp-1 which is distinct from that expressing the liver, kidney, and testis enzyme, Fbp-2. The organ-specific expression of the two loci suggests possible functional differences between the two products.This work was supported by the Medical Research Council.     

Genetics of alkaline phosphatase of the small intestine of the house mouse (Mus musculus)

Four inbred strains of mice exhibited either slow (PL/J), intermediate (DBA/2J, LP/J), or fast (SWR/J) rates of migration of duodenal alkaline phosphatase on cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Hybrids of these strains also had intermediate rates of migration regardless of the combination of strains used as parents. Strain differences were present in all regions of the small but not the large intestine. Crosses of the PL/J strain to hybrids between this strain and the other three strains gave a 1:1 segregation of the slow and intermediate patterns. The symbol Akp-3 is proposed for the locus responsible for the slower migration of the enzyme in this strain. Data from the LP/J × PL/J hybrid crossed with the PL/J strain showed linkage with two loci on chromosome 1 as follows: centromere—Idh-1–13.8±3.1 cM—Akp-3–8.9±2.6 cM—Pep-3. The available data do not reveal the genetic basis for the faster migration rate of the enzyme from the SWR/J strain, but a different response to neuraminidase and apparent nonlinkage to the Pep-3 locus suggest that a locus other than Akp-3 is responsible.This work was supported by a grant from the University Research Committee, Indiana State University.     

Simplified typing of mouse hemoglobin (Hbb) phenotypes using cystamine

Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of mouse hemoglobins modified with the disulfide reagent cystamine permits rapid, unequivocal discrimination of all combinations of the codominant mouse hemoglobin single (Hbb ^s ) and diffuse (Hbb ^d and Hbb ^p ) alleles. The single, diffuse major, diffuse d-minor, and diffuse p-minor adult hemoglobins are all resolved by this method, which depends on the presence of a cysteine in the chains of diffuse mice which is not found in the chain of single mice.This work was supported by research grants ACS-VC58 and NIH CA-01074. The Jackson Laboratory is fully accredited by the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.     

Evolution of mammalian carbonic anhydrase loci by tandem duplication: Close linkage of Car-1 and Car-2 to the centromere region of chromosome 3 of the mouse

Electrophoretic variants of two carbonic anhydrase enzymes, CAR-1 (CA I) and CAR-2 (CA II), have been found in the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. These two loci are closely linked to each other and are located on chromosome 3 near its centromere. The close linkage of Car-1 and Car-2 supports the hypothesis that the present-day carbonic anhydrase loci are the result of tandem duplication of an earlier carbonic anhydrase locus with subsequent divergence. The red blood cells of mice of the subspecies M. m. casteneus have significantly reduced levels of CAR-1 and CAR-2.This research was supported in part by Research Grants GM-20919 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and CA-01074 from the National Cancer Institute, and by Contracts E(11-1)-3267 with the Energy Research and Development Administration and NO1-ES-4-2159 with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The Jackson Laboratory is fully certified by the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.     

Svp-3, a third polymorphic locus for mouse seminal vesicle proteins

The B10.AKM/Sn congenic strain displays a particular phenotype of mouse seminal vesicle proteins representing the third polymorphic locus of this system. The Svp-3 symbol was assigned to this locus with two codominant alleles, Svp-3a found in the B10.AKM/Sn strain and Svp-3b expressed by all the other strains so far tested. The Svp-3 locus appears tightly linked to Svp-1 on chromosome 2.     

Esterases of Mus musculus: Substrate and inhibition characteristics,new isozymes,and homologies with man

A wide range of fluorogenic and naphthol esters has been tested as substrates for mouse esterases. New esterases have been identified in liver and kidney extracts with palmityl, oleyl, and elaidyl esters. From substrate, inhibition, and molecular weight studies, three homologies between human and mouse esterases are suggested. A new allele at Es-6 is also described.This work was supported by the Medical Research Council.     

Chromosomal location of soluble glutamic-pyruvic transaminase-1 (Gpt-1) in the mouse

Three alleles at the Gpt-1 (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase-1) locus in the mouse, as identified by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate, and their distribution among inbred mouse strains and wild stocks are described. The Gpt-1 locus was shown to control the soluble form of the enzyme. Three-point linkage analysis established the location of Gpt-1 on chromosome 15 between uw and bt. In addition, a new staining procedure is described that allows the visualization of GPT activity on gels by the deposition of formazan. This is an improvement over previous methods that produced bands of nonfluorescence against a fluorescent background.This investigation was supported in part by Research Grant GM 20919 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and by contract NO1-ES-4-2159 with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The Jackson Laboratory is fully accredited by the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.     

Linkage of the locus for conversion of albumin (Acf-1)in the house mouse,Mus musculus

The linkage of the locus for conversion of albumin (Acf-1) has been established on chromosome 1 with the following gene order and recombination percentages: Id-1 19.3±5.2% Acf-1 4.2±1.7% Dip-1 18.4±4.2% Lp.This work was supported by NIH Postdoctoral Fellowship 1F32 GM0527701, Grant BMS75-03397 from the National Science Foundation, Grant ACS VC-17-R from the American Cancer Society, and Contract NO1-ES42159 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The Jackson Laboratory is fully accredited by the American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.     

Genetic analysis of protein variations in Mus musculus using two-dimensional electrophoresis

We have investigated the variation of proteins from crude homogenates of mouse kidneys in several strains of Mus musculus by means of two-dimensional electrophoresis. In this study, we have used the strains C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, CD-1, M. m. castaneus, and M. m. molossinus, as well as offspring from crosses among these strains. Out of the 100 loci screened, we have found nine loci showing interstrain differences. We have been able to identify three proteins as Id-1, Car-2, and Sep-1. The remaining variants are probably new loci in the mouse. Most of the variants (seven) can be mapped to a chromosome. We have found also that differences in the protein pattern as seen on two-dimensional gels are small among subspecies of Mus musculus.     

The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (Ah) locus and a novel restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) are located on mouse chromosome 12

The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (Ah) locus that controls the induction of chemical carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes in mice has been found to be linked to a new restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Only C57 BL/6 and closely related inbred strains displayed a 7.6-kbHindIII restriction fragment, while all other inbred strains tested displayed an 11.2-kbHindIII restriction fragment when using plasmid pRC2.3 as the hybridization probe. Polymorphisms in this region can also be detected with two other restriction enzymes:SacI andEcoRV. Linkage ofAh and the restriction-fragment length polymorphism was first detected using the BXD (C57BL/6 × DBA/2) recombinant inbred strains and was confirmed by a backcross. Both the restriction-fragment length polymorphism andAh were not linked to the standard genetic markersHba, Hbb, b, d, C-3, andW. However, comparison of the RFLP strain distribution pattern in the BXD recombinant inbred set with the strain distribution pattern of another RFLP, known to be located on chromosome 12, shows complete concordance in 24 of 24 strains, thereby locatingAh on chromosome 12.This research was funded in part by National Institutes of Health Grant AM31104 and by BRSG S-07RR05365-23 to J.B.W. This is contribution number 0869 from the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology.     

Esr,a second locus in the house mouse controlling esterase-5

Electrophoretic variation characterized by the presence (ES-5B⁺) or absence (ES-5B^–) of esterase-5B in the plasma of the house mouse has been observed. It is suggested that the expression of esterase-5B is controlled by an autosomal locus, Esr, linked to Ldr-1 on chromosome 6, in addition to the presumptive structural locus Es-5, which is located on chromosome 8. A gene order of Lyt-3-Esr-Ldr-1 was determined by two crosses.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 46).This is communication No. 33 of a research program devoted to the investigation of cellular distribution and genetics of nonspecific esterases.     

Kidney esterases of Mus musculus: Further polymorphism of esterase-6, esterase-9, and a new esterase,esterase-20

The comparison of results obtained by different separation and staining techniques permits the definition of esterase-6 in comparison with esterase-9 and a new esterase, esterase-20. Alleles of Es-6 affect the product's ability to aggregate. Esterase-20 may be an aggregated product of Es-9. The close linkage of Es-6 and Es-9 is confirmed. Homology of esterase-6 with esterases from other mammalian species is also suggested.HRN was supported by the Medical Research Council. This is communication No. 32 of a research program devoted to the cellular distribution, genetics, and regulation of nonspecific esterases.     

Polymorphism of esterase-10 in Mus musculus

An esterase, esterase-10, in the house mouse, Mus musculus, is specific for esters of 4-methylumbelliferone and exhibits a polymorphism detectable by electrophoresis. Fifteen inbred strains and two outbred strains have been examined for this polymorphism, and two phenotypes, ES-10A and ES-10B, have been observed. Each phenotype manifests itself as a single band of enzyme activity, but under the electrophoretic conditions used the ES-10A phenotype has less anodal electrophoretic mobility than the ES-10B phenotype. In F₁ hybrids (C3H/He/Lac×C57BL/Gr) a third phenotype was observed, ES-10AB, consisting of three bands of enzyme activity, two of which correspond to the parental forms and the third with intermediate mobility. The triple-band pattern in the F₁ hybrids indicates that esterase-10 is a dimeric enzyme protein.This work was supported by the Medical Research Council.     

Structural differences between albumin A and albumin C of the house mouse,Mus musculus

Two albumins, albumin A from C3H mice and albumin C isolated from descendents of the wild mice in which the variant was first uncovered, were found to differ in their electrophoretic properties. Albumin C was shown to bind two more H⁺ ions than albumin A at pH 5.4. Peptide mapping after trypsin digestion revealed that albumin C had three peptides (TP-C1, TP-C2, and TP-C3) which were missing in albumin A. The latter likewise had a peptide (TP-A1) which was not found in albumin C. An amino acid analysis of the variant peptides suggests that TP-A1 had been split into TP-C1 and TP-C2 on digestion with trypsin, because a glutamic acid in TP-A1 was replaced by a lysine. This change would also appropriately alter the electrophoretic properties of albumin C. No obvious counterpart was discovered for TP-C3 of albumin C in albumin A.This work was supported by a grant from the National Research Council of Canada.     

Genetic evidence confirms the origin of the house mouse on sub-Antarctic Marion Island

Biological invasions and climate change are two of the largest threats to biodiversity, and this is especially true for island ecosystems that have largely evolved in isolation. The house mouse is considered to have been introduced to sub-Antarctic Marion Island by sealers in the early 1800s. It is currently widespread across the island and has a large impact on the indigenous biota. To date, little information is available on genetic aspects of biological invasions in the sub-Antarctic. Ten specimens of the house mouse were collected from two geographically separated localities on Marion Island. Sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region revealed only two haplotypes, separated by a single site change. More importantly, these haplotypes are shared between the eastern and western side of Marion Island. By comparing our sequences to data available on GenBank, we provide evidence that house mice on Marion Island is Mus musculus domesticus (Rutty 1772), and most closely related to haplotypes characterizing this species from Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and northern Germany.