濒危植物长穗桑的综合利用和保护

长穗桑是一种濒危的资源植物,在育种、饲用、材用、食用、药用等方面均具有价值,应加强利用和保护。     

湖北咸丰长穗桑的生境与种群结构初探

初步调查了湖北咸丰长穗桑种群 1 7株个体 ,主要结果表明 :咸丰长穗桑种群个体一般生长在人类频繁的干扰区内 ,遭到人们的大肆砍伐和破坏。其种群结构为倒金字塔形 ,缺乏幼苗和幼树 ,为衰老型种群 ;种群雌雄性比为 1 .83∶ 1 ,种群的生殖力和自我更新降低。必须大力加强对咸丰长穗桑的就地和迁地保护的研究和实施。     

三个大麦杂交组合的穗长和穗密度的遗传

试验于1989~1991年在北京用3个短、密穗大麦品种与1个长、稀测验种杂交,配制了3个杂交组合。以P1、P2、F1、F2及B1和B2等世代群体为试材,对穗长和穗密及其之间的关系进行了遗传研究。结果表明,这两个性状在3个杂交组合中均各受1对基因控制,长穗和稀穗表现为显性,短穗和密穗为隐性。两性状基因之间存在遗传连锁。其遗传距离在3个杂交组合中分别9.5、5.5和12.3个遗传单位。     

密穗型和散穗型粳稻品种品质特性比较

比较2个粳稻密穗型和散穗型品种(系)品质结果表明,穗型间和穗型内品质存在较大差异,2个密穗型品种(系)平均垩白特性不及2个散穗型品种.密穗型新品系EA6垩白粒率较相同穗型品种秀水63低约1/2,与散穗型品种秀水11相仿,较散穗型品种越光高约1倍;垩白度较秀水63和秀水11低约1/2,较越光高1倍多.调查穗部不同部位籽粒垩白表明,穗基部籽粒垩白对品种总垩白影响最大,而这种影响密穗型更大于散穗型.4个品种饭香味相仿,光泽、软度、粘度、食味和冷饭软度等指标EA6显著或极显著优于秀水11,秀水63不及秀水11;EA6多数指标接近越光.表明密穗型品种经改良其品质有可能达到甚至超过散穗型品种.     

宝铎草和长穗开口箭的核型

本文对湖南产的宝锋草（ＤｉｓｐｏｒｕｍｓｅｓｓｉｌｅＤ．Ｄｏｎ）和广西产的长穗开口箭（ＴｕｐｉｓｔｒａｌｏｎｇｉｓｐｉｃｇＹ．ＷａｎｅｔＸ．Ｈ．Ｌｕ）的核型作了分析。前者的核型公式为２ｎ＝１４＝４ｇ＋１０ｓｍ（２ｓａｔ）,核型类型属于３Ａ;后者的核型公式为２ｎ＝３８＝２４ｍ＋６ｓｉｎ＋８ｓｔ．核型具有明显的二型性,属于２Ｃ型。此外还讨论了宝锋草的核型变异以及开口箭属和蜘蛛抱蛋属（Ａｓｐｉｄｉｓｔｒａ）的关系。     

四种不同穗型小麦的穗部性状分析

为了通过研究不同长相穗型小麦穗部特性,以达到提高产量和挖掘穗部潜力的目的。本文对长方型、棍棒型、椭圆型和纺锤型四种不同长相穗型小麦品种的穗部性状特性进行了分析。结果表明不同穗型小麦在小花数、穗粒数、粒重等方面均表现出先升后降的二次曲线趋势,但不同穗型小麦表现趋势不同,长方型和椭圆型小麦在穗粒数、穗重、各粒位粒重等方面均优于棍棒型和纺锤型小麦,棍棒型小麦由于其特殊的穗型结构,在小穗密度、粒重等方面表现独特,纺锤型小麦在各方面表现均较差。结果表明,在小麦生产用种和品种选育上,穗型的选择至关重要。长方型小麦有提高小麦产量的潜力。     

长穗偃麦草分子育种基础研究进展

长穗偃麦草(Elytrigiaelongata)为禾本科小麦族偃麦草属植物,是一种丛生的多年生冷季型牧草。长穗偃麦草原产于欧洲南部、小亚细亚和俄罗斯南部,在美国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国大面积种植。其引入我国后,1956年开始用作小麦(Triticumaestivum)远缘杂交的野生亲本,鲜有作为牧草大面积种植的报道。长穗偃麦草具有耐盐碱、耐涝和抗病等特点,可作为耐盐碱牧草用于建设“滨海草带”,利于避免草粮争地/争水,实现碳中和,保障我国粮食安全。全世界已育成推广了10余个长穗偃麦草品种,但我国尚无引种或自主选育品种,不利于“滨海草带”的建立。长穗偃麦草遗传背景复杂,基础研究薄弱,育种技术远远落后于稻麦等粮食作物。该文对长穗偃麦草分子育种基础,如育种历程、加速育种、资源创新、组织培养、基因组序列及分子标记进行综述,以期为长穗偃麦草品种选育和“滨海草带”建设提供参考。     

玉米雄穗分枝数与主轴长的QTL鉴定

在包含103个SSR标记的连锁图谱基础上, 运用复合区间作图法检测玉米组合(N87-1×9526 )F3家系在正常与干旱胁迫环境下的雄穗分枝数与主轴长性状QTL。雄穗分枝数在正常环境下被检测到2个QTL座位, 分别位于第5和7连锁群上; 在胁迫环境下被检测到4个QTL座位分别位于 2、5、7和10连锁群上, 其中位于第5和7连锁群上的QTL不仅具有一致性而且与本作图群体中曾检测到的耐旱相关性状QTL存在连锁。雄穗主轴长在正常环境下被检测到2个QTL位于第2和第6连锁群上, 在干旱胁迫环境下被检测到了3个QTL分别于第2、4和10连锁群上, 其中位于第2染色体上的QTL是两种环境下所共同检测到的QTL。分析QTL的遗传作用方式表明, 雄穗分枝数以部分加性效应为主, 而雄主轴长全部表现为显性和超显性。     

长穗偃麦草优异基因的染色体定位及应用

长穗偃麦草比较公认的有2个种,即二倍体长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrum elongatum,2n=2X)和十倍体长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrum ponticum,2n=10X),是重要的小麦近缘种,具有抗病、抗寒、抗旱、耐盐碱等优良性状。因其基因组中蕴含许多对小麦品种改良极为有用的基因,且易与小麦杂交等优势,多年来长穗偃麦草一直作为小麦遗传改良的优良种质资源而备受关注。本文对长穗偃麦草的基因组研究及其在小麦的抗逆、抗病和提高光合能力、产量及高分子量谷蛋白(HMW-GS)含量等方面的应用做了综述,为其基因组中优异基因的进一步开发和利用提供了理论依据。     

长穗颈水稻的内源GA1、IAA和ABA含量变化

分别以携有长穗颈基因eui1、eui2和野生型基因Eui的协青早不育系和保持系6个水稻品种为材料,测定它们在抽穗始期植株中内源GA1、IAA和ABA含量的变化。结果表明,携有eui1和eui2基因的水稻可以在植株体内产生大量内源GA1,携有eui1基因的GA1含量比携有eui2基因的高。携有eui1基因的ABA含量最高,携有eui2基因的其次,而携有Eui基因的最低。IAA含量也表现出同样的趋势。表明长穗颈基因主要是通过调节内源GA1含量促进水稻最上节间的剧烈伸长。     

天然Diels-Alder加成物研究新进展

Diels-Alder反应是著名的有机化学反应,其在天然产物的全合成中占有非常重要的地位。本文综述近年来从天然产物中发现的并且通过Diels-Alder反应形成的天然加合物,同时为复杂天然产物的仿生全合成提供一些思路。     

Guangsangons F-J, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory Diels-Alder type adducts, from Morus macroura Miq

Five Diels-Alder type adducts, named guangsangons F, G, H, I, and J, along with two known compounds, mulberrofuran J and kuwanon J, were isolated from Morus macroura Miq. Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. These compounds were regarded biogenetically as Diels-Alder type adducts of dehydroprenylphenols and chalcone derivatives, and (1)H NMR variable temperature experiments suggested that they all existed as an equilibrium mixture of conformational isomers in solution. Among the isolated new compounds, guangsangons H, I, and J displayed potent antioxidant activities and moderate anti-inflammatory activities.     

New 2-arylbenzofurans with selective cytotoxicity from Morus wittiorum

Four new 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives wittifurans O, N, K and L (1–4) were isolated from the stem bark of Morus wittiorum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1–3 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited selective cytotoxicity against human ovarian cancer cell line A2780 with IC₅₀ (μM) values of 1.80 and 1.32, respectively.     

Three new cytotoxic Diels-Alder-type adducts from Morus australis

Three new natural products, australisines A-C (1-3, resp.), were isolated from the stem bark of Morus australis, together with eight related compounds, including mulberrofurans E-G, J, and Q, mongolicin C, chalcomoracin, and kuwanon G. Their structures were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1-3, mulberrofuran G, mongolicin C, and chalcomoracin showed moderate cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 4.6-9.2 microg/ml, as determined by MTT assay.     

Diels-Alder type adducts from Morus cathayana.

Two natural Diels-Alder type adducts, cathayanon A (1) and cathayanon B (2), resembling sanggenon C (4) and O (3), were isolated from the root bark of Morus cathayana. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. The structure of 1 was confirmed by the results of X-ray crystallographic analysis. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined as 2S, 3R,14S, 19S, 20R and 2S, 3R, 14R, 19S, 20R, respectively. The absolute configurations at C-2 and C-3 of two other known isomeric Diels-Alder adducts sanggenon O (3) and C (4) were deduced as 2R, 3S. Pharmacological tests indicated that 1 and 2 exhibited potent activities on the inhibition of HL-60 cell adhesion to BAEC at concentrations of 10(-5) mol l(-1), with inhibitory rates of 44.72 and 39.02%, respectively.     

Three new sesquiterpene lactone dimers from Carpesium faberi

Three new 2,4-linked sesquiterpene lactone dimers (SLDs), faberidilactones F-H (1–3), have been isolated from Carpesium faberi. Unlike 1 and 2, 3 was a modified Diels-Alder adduct, characteristic by a 1′-OH and a Δ^5′(6′) double bond. Furthermore, the relative configuration of 1′-OH in 3 was assigned as β-configuration by comparison the experimental NOESY data with those of its two possible epimers. The exo/endo stereochemistry of 1–3 was determined by the spectrographic features of 2,4-linked SLDs that we discovered in our previous works. Compounds 1 and 2 showed potent cytotoxicity against human leukemia (CCRF-CEM) cells with IC₅₀ value of 5.62 and 3.74 μM, respectively.     

桑树叶肉原生质体培养再生植株

近年来,木本植物原生质作诱导再生植株的研究越来越受到国内外学者关注。但在林木树种中,迄今成功的种类仍然不多,在文     

New isoprenylated flavonoids and adipogenesis-promoting constituents from Morus notabilis

Five new isoprenylated flavonoids, notabilisins A-E (1-5), and two known Diels-Alder adducts (6 and 7), were isolated from the twigs of Morus notabilis. Compounds 4 and 5 possess two novel pyran rings, which may be biogenetically derived from 3. Compounds 1 and 3 significantly promoted adipogenesis, characterized by increased lipid droplet and triglyceride content in 3T3L1 cells, and induced up-regulation of the expression of adipocyte-specific genes, aP2 and GLUT4.