子午岭植被自然演替中植物多样性变化及其与土壤理化性质的关系

在野外样方调查和室内实验分析的基础上,采用相关性分析和多元逐步回归方法,分析了黄土高原子午岭地区不同演替阶段群落物种多样性、土壤理化特性以及二者的相互关系.结果表明:群落物种多样性随演替进展呈增长趋势,但其增长并非完全线性,主要表现为草本群落演替阶段物种多样性指数高于灌木演替阶段.0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤的全氮、有效氮和有机质等土壤养分指标随着植被演替不断增大.在演替过程中,土壤含水量变化虽有波动,但总体上升,土壤容重波动下降,说明演替过程中土壤环境在不断得到改善.40~60 cm土层土壤理化性质变化未表现出一定规律,说明其与植被演替没有必然联系.物种多样性指数与土壤因子的相关性分析表明,群落演替过程中物种多样性变化与土壤因子存在一定相关性,其中0~20 cm土层土壤的全氮和有机质与物种的多样性指数呈显著正相关.随着土层加深,物种多样性对土壤理化性质影响表现出减弱趋势.     

内蒙古典型草原不同恢复演替阶段植物养分化学计量学

对内蒙古典型草原不同恢复演替阶段群落土壤养分动态及空间格局、植物养分及其化学计量比时空动态、植物与土壤养分相关性等进行了分析, 以揭示放牧干扰对植物的养分及其化学计量比影响。结果表明: 土壤各养分含量表现为恢复群落略高于严重退化群落, 土壤全氮(STN)/土壤全磷(STP)恢复群落高于严重退化群落, 土壤有机质(SOC)/STN恢复群落低于严重退化群落; 大多数植物叶片C含量在恢复群落最高, 严重退化群落最低, 与恢复演替时间呈正相关, 而植物的全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量则是严重退化群落最高, 恢复群落最低, 与退化程度呈正相关, 且TP含量的变幅明显高于TN含量; 植物叶的N:P和C:N表现为严重退化群落最低, 与退化程度呈负相关; 严重退化群落植物相对于P而言, 总体上表现为缺N; 而恢复群落相对于N而言, 更为缺P, 或同时缺N和P; 群落优势种化学计量学特征对群落演替方向有一定的指示作用。     

黄河中下游典型河岸带土壤性质空间变异及其对环境的响应

土壤和植被作为河岸带生态系统服务维持的根基,其空间分布与变异对河岸带生态功能的发挥起着决定性作用.本研究以黄河中下游典型河段河岸带为研究对象,采用野外调查、实验分析与冗余分析(RDA)相结合的方法,研究了河岸带土壤理化性质空间分异特征及其对环境的响应.结果表明: 研究区土壤物理性质的横向梯度效应较为明显,随缓冲距离增大,土壤容重呈现先增后减的趋势,而土壤含水量呈相反趋势;不同缓冲区土壤的全磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)、全碳(TC)、有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量差异均不显著;不同植被类型(杨树人工林和柳树人工林)的土壤化学性质差异均不显著.相关性分析表明,研究区土壤TOC与TN、NO₃^--N含量均呈极显著正相关、与NH₄⁺-N含量显著正相关,土壤TC和TOC含量均与砂粒呈极显著负相关,与粘粒极显著正相关.RDA结果显示,土壤TOC和NH₄⁺-N含量随乔木层高度和盖度的增加而增加,土壤TP与NO₃^--N随乔木层树木胸径和草本层植物盖度的增加而增加,而NH₄⁺-N含量随海拔升高呈递增的趋势,说明黄河中下游河岸带土壤性质受群落结构和海拔梯度的影响显著.     

中亚热带常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的变化

为探明中亚热带地区常绿阔叶林演替序列土壤呼吸(R_s)的变化趋势及其影响机制, 在福建省建瓯市万木林自然保护区选取演替时间分别为15年(演替初期)、47年(演替中期)和110年(演替后期)三个不同演替阶段, 进行了为期1年的野外原位观测。结果发现: 演替初期、中期和后期的R_s分别为2.38、3.32和3.91 µmol·m ^-2·s ^-1, 温度敏感性(Q₁₀值)分别为2.64、1.97和1.79; 与演替初期相比, 演替后期的R_s显著增加64.29%, Q₁₀值显著降低32.30%; 不同演替阶段R_s的季节变化模式相似, 温度和含水量可分别解释季节变化的69.5% (初期)、81.9% (中期)和61.3% (后期); 回归分析发现, R_s与凋落物年归还量、细根生物量和土壤全氮和土壤有机质碳含量显著正相关。表明本研究区内植被演替促进了土壤碳排放, 降低了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性; 土壤碳输入增加、养分含量的提高和细根生物量增大是中亚热带常绿阔叶林R_s随演替进程逐渐增大的主要原因。     

人为干扰下子午岭次生林土壤生态因子动态变化

对黄土高原陕西子午岭次生林区不同人为扰动条件下林地土壤容重、有机质、团聚体和微生物等进行了研究.结果表明,人为干扰(砍伐与开垦)对土壤生态因子影响较大,随干扰程度加剧,土壤理化性质变差,土壤有机质由2.2%下降到0.8%.土壤稳定性团聚体减少30%;微生物数量由1×10⁹个·g^-1干土下降到8×10⁷个·g^-1干土,土壤退化严重.在同一干扰类型的土壤剖面上,土壤有机质和土壤微生物随土层深度的增加分别减少了50%和90%,并且在不同干扰强度下变化幅度略有差异.土壤容重由表层的0.9 g·cm^-3增加到1.21 g·cm^-3,呈增大趋势.同一干扰类型土壤理化性质在沟缘线上下存在一定差别,沟缘线以下样地表现出较好的土壤理化性质和较高的微生物量.     

不同滴灌量对甘草叶片光合特性和主要药用成分含量的影响

目的：探讨甘草叶片光合特性和主要药用成分含量对不同滴灌量响应的机理。方法：以天山北麓昌吉州荒漠地区栽培甘草为材料，在新疆昌吉州三坪农场设置X₀(0 m³/hm²)、X₁(2 500 m³/hm²)、X₂(4 000 m³/hm²)、X₃(5 500 m³/hm²)和X₄(7 000 m³/hm²)等5种滴灌量水平，研究滴灌量对甘草关键生育时期土壤水分、叶片光合特性及品质的影响。结果：甘草叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)随着滴灌量的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势，叶片甘草酸和甘草苷含量表现为X₂>X₃>X₁>X₄>X     

氮沉降下纳帕海草甸植被与土壤变化对微生物生物量碳氮的影响

为探明高原草甸土壤微生物对短期氮沉降的响应,以纳帕海典型高寒草甸云雾薹草群落为对象,野外原位布设低氮(5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中氮(10 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高氮(15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)3种施氮处理,研究氮沉降引起高寒草甸植物多样性及土壤性质变化对微生物生物量碳氮的影响。结果表明：氮添加显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳氮及其熵值,中氮处理下微生物生物量碳增量最高,达139.3%;微生物生物量碳氮的垂直变化表现为沿土层显著降低,降幅为24.1%～75.1%。氮添加显著提高群落地上生物量,降低Shannon和Simpson多样性,变幅达6.6%～65.4%;氮添加显著降低土壤pH,增加土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量,且在中氮处理下变幅(7.0%～511.1%)最大;土壤pH随土层加深而增大,而其他理化指标则沿土层加深而显著减少,变幅达19.5%～91.2%。结构方程模型表明,土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和有机质对微生物生物量起促进作用,而土壤pH和植...     

南亚热带森林不同演替阶段植物与土壤中N、P的化学计量特征

选择南亚热带森林演替过程3个阶段(初期、中期和后期)的典型森林生态系统为研究对象, 在测定植物与土壤中全N、全P含量的基础上, 阐明了森林演替过程中植物与土壤的N、P化学计量特征。结果显示: 1)土壤中全N含量随演替进行而增加, 马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林(初期)、混交林(中期)和季风林(后期) 0-10 cm土层中全N含量分别为0.440、0.843和1.023 g·kg^-1; 混交林0-10 cm土层中全P的含量最为丰富, 为0.337 g·kg^-1, 马尾松林和季风林土壤全P含量分别为0.190和0.283 g·kg^-1。2)植物叶片中全N、全P的含量随演替呈减少的趋势, 但根系中全N、全P的含量都以马尾松林为最多, 混交林和季风林含量彼此相当。3)各土层中N:P随演替的进行呈现明显增加趋势, 马尾松林、混交林和季风林0-10 cm土层中N:P分别为2.3、2.5和3.6; 植物各器官中N:P随演替的进行也呈增加趋势, 且叶片和根系中的N:P相近, 马尾松林、混交林和季风林叶片中N:P分别为22.7、25.3和29.6。基于上述结果, 探讨了南亚热带森林生态系统植物与土壤中N:P特征、森林演替过程中植物与土壤中N:P变化规律以及P对南亚热带森林生态系统的限制作用。结果表明, P已经成为南亚热带森林生态系统生物生长和重要生态过程的限制因子。     

长沙市不同污染程度区域桂花和香樟叶表面PM2.5吸附量及其影响因素

为阐释不同污染程度下城市绿化植物吸滞PM_2.5机理、解析污染物来源,应用气溶胶再发生器定量测定长沙市常见的2种园林绿化树种(桂花和香樟)植物叶片PM_2.5吸附量,同时应用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察了不同污染区(交通区、文教区、清洁区)植被的叶表面微形态特征,使用离子色谱仪测定样品中水溶性离子含量.结果表明: 污染程度与植物叶表面PM_2.5吸附量呈正相关,不同植物单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量全年均值表现为交通区(0.56±0.04 μg·cm^-2)＞文教区(0.48±0.06 μg·cm^-2)＞清洁区(0.33±0.02 μg·cm^-2),植物单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量季节变化为冬季(0.70±0.10 μg·cm^-2)＞春季(0.43±0.14 μg·cm^-2)＞秋季(0.39±0.12 μg·cm^-2)＞夏季(0.31±0.09 μg·cm^-2),桂花的单位叶面积PM_2.5吸附量大于香樟;污染程度轻的区域的植物叶片比较光滑,污染程度重的区域的叶片较粗糙,植物粗糙度排序为交通区(195.45±16.09 nm)＞文教区(176.99±8.45 nm)＞清洁区(131.88±12.98 nm);不同污染程度地区PM_2.5离子含量均表现为冬季最大,其次是春季和秋季,夏季最低;3个污染区PM_2.5离子成分均以Na⁺、NH₄⁺、Cl^-和Br^-这4种离子为主,不同程度污染区PM_2.5污染均以移动源污染为主.     

土壤线虫群落对闽北森林植被恢复的响应

为了考察地上植物群落的演替与土壤线虫群落的相互关系, 作者对闽北退化常绿阔叶林不同恢复阶段的土壤线虫群落进行了为期一年的定位研究。研究表明, 线虫群落对植被不同恢复阶段有不同的响应, 各恢复阶段线虫数量差异显著(P<0.01), 从大到小依次为: 荒地(Wj)、天然阔叶林(Cc)、针阔混交林(Clc )、针叶林(Pm); 土壤线虫数量的季节波动明显, 属数与个体密度均体现为春季＞冬季＞秋季＞夏季, 而夏季极显著少于其他季节(P<0.01); 土壤线虫群落DG指数与丰富度指数从大到小依次为天然阔叶林、荒地、针阔混交林和针叶林。而多样性顺序却表现为: 荒地>天然阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林; 不同恢复阶段土壤根系生物量、土壤理化特征存在明显的空间变异, 并且线虫数量与根系生物量、土壤含水率、土壤孔隙度、土壤有机质、全氮以及速效磷具有显著正相关关系。因此, 植被恢复过程中土壤线虫群落结构分异及其动态是一个重要的生态响应过程, 能为进一步研究土壤生物在植被演替中的地位和作用以及土壤生物多样性保护提供基础数据。     

黄土高原次生林演替过程土壤氮矿化特征及其影响因素

土壤氮矿化速率限制着森林土壤有效氮素供给能力,但目前关于黄土高原次生林演替过程土壤氮矿化特征的认识还不清楚。选择黄土高原黄龙山次生林区草本阶段、灌木阶段、先锋乔木群落阶段、混交森林群落阶段和顶级森林群落阶段等5个演替阶段的9种群落类型,测定了其林下土壤氮矿化速率,并分析了土壤理化性质、凋落物养分特征和土壤酶活性及其对氮矿化的影响。结果表明:随着演替进展,土壤有机碳和氮不断积累,土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量逐渐增加,凋落物养分和土壤酶活性也发生了显著变化。土壤硝化速率从草本群落阶段到顶级森林群落阶段显著增加了71.73%;土壤氨化速率一直为负值且持续负向增加;土壤净矿化速率从草本群落阶段的(0.16±0.06) mg kg^-1 d^-1逐渐增加到混交森林阶段的(0.31±0.08)mg kg^-1 d^-1,但从混交林群落到顶级森林群落阶段有所下降。土壤理化性质(路径系数-0.530)和酶活性(路径系数-0.268)对氮矿化速率有显著的直接作用;凋落物养分对氮矿化速率的影响来自于其直接作用(路径系数-0.283)和通过调控土壤理化性质、酶活性产生的间接影响(路径系数-0.315)。结果有助于认识黄土高原植被演替过程中土壤氮循环过程,对森林可持续经营也有一定的意义。     

栲树种群生态位动态研究

用Levins生态位宽度及重叠、Feinsing等生态位宽度和Petraitis生态位重叠计测方法,处理缙云山森林群落演替系列取样,分析栲树种群的生态位特征及动态.结果表明,栲树种群为缙云山森林群落演替顶极群落常绿阔叶林的优势种群,其生态位宽度随群落演替过程基本呈增长趋势,而资源利用程度却呈“∧”形;对于栲树种群和缙云山森林群落其它14个优势种群间在所有5类群落中的生态位重叠,仅栲树种群与典型针阔混交林中的小叶栲、光叶灰木、川灰木、薯豆、白毛新木姜子、广东山胡椒、大头茶、虎皮楠、杉木、马尾松种群上和针叶林中小叶栲、光叶灰木、杉木种群上,表现出显著完全特定重叠.     

山地土壤肥力与植物群落次生演替关系研究

从土壤物理、化学和生物性质出发,通过土壤肥力综合指标体系,利用多元统计方法,对重庆缙云山亚热带常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段山地土壤肥力的变化特征进行综合评价。并分析了缙云山亚热带常绿阔叶林群落演替与山地土壤肥力变化的关系。     

天童常绿阔叶林五个演替阶段凋落物中的土壤动物群落

为探讨森林凋落物中土壤动物群落的结构特征以及土壤动物群落随植被演替而发生的变化 ,于 2 0 0 3年冬季 ,对浙江天童常绿阔叶林 5个演替阶段凋落物中的土壤动物群落 ,按代表不同分解阶段的新鲜凋落物层、腐叶层和腐殖土层进行了调查研究。共获得土壤动物 13381只 ,分别隶属于 2门 8纲 2 0目。优势类群为蜱螨目 (Arcarina)和弹尾目 (Collem bola) ,二者共占总数的 94 .2 4 % ,A/ C为 7.6 6 ;常见类群为双翅目 (Diptera)。研究结果表明 :(1)凋落物中的土壤动物群落存在明显的有别于真土层的垂直分布 ,类群数和个体数总体表现为向下递增的趋势。共有 19类、5 9.0 3%的土壤动物分布在底部腐殖土层 ,仅 8类、5 .35 %的土壤动物分布在新鲜凋落物层 ,其余共 8类分布在中间腐叶层。而且 ,不同类群在各演替阶段的分布表现出一定的差异 ;(2 )凋落物中土壤动物群落随植物群落的演替而发生明显的变化 :个体总数和类群总数在演替顶极阶段最高 ,其次为中期阶段 ,演替初期最低。但是 ,在目这一分类等级上 ,各演替阶段凋落物中土壤动物群落的主要类群基本一致 ,均为蜱螨目、弹尾目、双翅目和鳞翅目 (L epidoptera) ;(3)相似性分析表明 ,演替中期凋落物中土壤动物群落与顶极阶段最为相似 ;但它们的Shannon- Wiener多样性     

Soil animal communities at five succession stages in the litter of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Tiantong, China

Soil animals are abundant in forest litter layer, but little attention has been paid to the vertical distribution of community structure of soil animals in the layers at different plant community succession stages. The forest litter layer can be divided into fresh litter layer (L), fermentation layer (F) and humus layer (H), which may represent different litter decomposition stages. The aim of the study is to ascertain the vertical distribution features of soil animal communities among the three litter layers and the change in the succession process of the Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest (EBLF) in Tiantong, Zhejiang Province, China. Soil animal communities in the five plant communities at different succession stages were investigated during the 2003 winter. Soil animals, which were collected by using Tullgren funnels, amounted to a total of 13 381 individuals falling into 2 phyla, 8 classes and 20 orders. The dominant groups were Acarina and Collembola, accounting for 94.24% of the total individuals, with the number of Acarina individuals 7.66 times than that of Collembola. The common group was Diptera. The results indicated that there was a distinctive vertical distribution of the soil animal communities in the forest litter layer, but it differed from that in soil below the litter layer. In contrast to those in the soil, the soil animals in the litter layer generally tended to increase in both group abundance and density from the top fresh litter layer to the bottom humus layer. Altogether 19 groups and 59.03% of total individuals were found in the bottom layer, while only 8 groups and 5.35% of the total individuals in the top. Moreover, there were some variations in the distribution of the soil animals at different plant succession stages. 85.19% of Homoptera and 100% of Symphyla were found in the litter layer at the climax succession stage, while 75.61% of Thysanoptera at the intermediate succession stage. Therefore, these groups might be seen as indicative groups. The total numbers of soil animal groups and individuals in the litter layers greatly changed in the succession process of the EBLF. They both were greatest at the climax, moderate at the intermediate and smallest at the primary succession stage. However, the main soil animal groups in the litter at the different succession stages were essentially the same. They were Acarina, Collembola, Diptera and Lepidoptera. Although similarity analysis revealed that the soil animal communities in the litter at the intermediate succession stage were most similar to those at the climax succession stage, they differed greatly from each other in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Shannon-Wiener index was highest at the climax succession stage and lowest at the intermediate succession stage. Finally, the paper discusses the following three questions: the role of soil animals as indicators for plant community succession; the role of different soil animal groups in the litter decomposition at different stages; and the major factors affecting the composition and distribution of soil animals in the litter. This paper provides a new perspective for the research on the succession mechanism of plant communities and the decomposition functions of soil animals. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25 (3) [译自: 生态学报, 2005,25(3)]     

Soil animal communities at five succession stages in the litter of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Tiantong,China

Soil animals are abundant in forest litter layer,but little attention has been Paid to the vertical distribution of community structure of soil animals in the layers at different plant community succession stages.The forest litter layer can be divided into fresh litter layer(L),fermentation layer(F)and humus layer(H),which may represent different litter decomposition stages.The aim of the study is to ascertain the vertical distribution features of soil animal communities among the three litter layers and the change in the succession process of the Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest(EBLF)in Tiantong,Zhejiang Province,China.Soil animal communities in the five plant communities at different succession stages were investigated during the 2003 winter.Soil animals,which were collected by using Tullgren funnels,amounted to a total of 13381 individuals falling into 2 phyla,8 classes and 20 orders.The dominant groups were Acarina and Collembola,accounting for 94.24% of the total individuals,with the number of Acarina individuals 7.66 times than that of Collembola.The common group was Diptera.The results indicated that there was a distinctive vertical distribution of the soil animal communities in the forest litter laver,but it differed from that in soil below the litter layer.In contrast to those in the soil,the soil animals in the litter layer generally tended to increase in both group abundance and density from the top fresh litter layer to the bottom humus layer.Altogether 19 groups and 59.03% of total individuals were found in the bottom layer,while only 8 groups and 5.35% of the total individuals in the top.Moreover,there were some variations in the distribution of the soil animals at different plant succession stages.85.19% of Homoptera and 100% of Symphyla were found in the litter layer at the climax succession stage.while 75.61% of Thysanoptera at the intermediate succession stage.Therefore,these groups might be seen as indicative groups.The total numbers of soil animal groups and individuals in the litter layers greatly changed in the succession process of the EBLF.They both were greatest at the climax,moderate at the intermediate and smallest at the primary succession stage.However,the main soil animal groups in the litter at the different succession stages were essentially the same.They were Acarina,Collembola,Diptera and Lepidoptera.Although similarity analysis revealed that the soil animal communities in the litter at the intermediate succession stage were most similar to those at the climax succession stage,they differed greatly from each other in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index.The Shannon-Wiener index was highest at the climax succession stage and lowest at the intermediate succession stage.Finally,the paper discusses the following three questions:the role of soil animals as indicators for plant community succession;the role of different soil animal groups in the litter decomposition at different stages;and the major factors affecting the composition and distribution of soil animals in the litter.This paper provides a new perspective for the research on the succession mechanism of plant communities and the decomposition functions of soil animals.     

缙云山常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段植物生活型谱比较研究

采用Raunkiner生活型分类系统,对缙云山常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段植物的生活型进行统计,编制了生活型谱,并与其他亚热带地区常绿阔叶林相比较。结果表明,缙云山植被属典型的中亚热带常绿阔叶林植被,高位芽植物占绝对优势,达80％以上,其中小高位芽植物最多,中高位芽与矮高位芽植物次之,藤本植物较丰富。缙云山不同演替阶段的植物的生活型谱不同。随着进展演替阶段的逐渐更替,高位芽植物的比例呈递增趋势,地面芽植物、地下芽植物成分有所减少。高位芽的常绿树种会逐渐代替针叶树种。     

缙云山森林土壤速效N、P、K时空特征研究

研究了缙云山森林生态系统内4个演替阶段群落的土壤速效N、P、K的时空特性,结果表明：①除灌草丛的速效K外,速效N、P、K含量在不同群落的土壤剖面上均具有明显的层次性,即腐殖质层（A）＞沉积层（B）＞母质层（C）。②A、B两层的速效N、K含量随群落演替方向升高,即灌草丛＜针叶林＜针阔混交林＜常绿阔叶林,速效P含量则为：针叶林＜针阔混交林＜灌草林＜常绿阔叶林。C层速效N、P、K含量似乎与群落演替规律无必然联系。③各群落内A、B层土壤速效N、P、K含量均表现出明显的季节动态,动态规律因元素类型和土壤层次而有差别。     

缙云山常绿阔叶林次生演替优势种群动态

本文用林木大小级分析了缙云山常绿阔叶林次生演替系列群落优势乔木种群密度动态。通过方差分析,用均方—区组图探讨优势种群分布格局动态,研究了种群增长、分布格局与群落演替的关系。通过对演替期间优势种群大小级密度、结构、存活曲线的分析,估计优势种群在演替系列群落中出现的顺序,从而分为演替森林先锋种、顶极先锋种和顶极种。大小级结构分析结果表明,白茅群丛只有Ⅰ、Ⅱ级苗木;马尾松林除V级大树外,为一倒金字塔形;针阔混交林与银木荷林具完整等级的典型金字塔形,栲树林的金字塔不规则。种群分布格局随演替进程而变化,但主要表现为集群分布。以K值判断,顶极群落优势种群集聚度低于混交林。演替期间,种群个体格局规模增大。环境格局变化相应于分布格局而变化,如马尾松种群,规模增加强度下降,如银木荷,或规模强度都增加,如白毛新木姜子。