膜孔蛋白改变在鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药中的作用

目的 对鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况进行分析,探索膜孔蛋白在亚胺培南耐药中的作用,为临床合理用药及控制医院感染提供依据。方法 收集非重复亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌63株,亚胺培南敏感鲍曼不动杆菌21株,用K-B纸片法检测上述细菌对16种抗菌药物的敏感性,PCR技术检测carO和oprD膜孔蛋白基因携带情况,并采用DNASTAR软件进行序列对比,对CarO蛋白三维结构建模。结果 亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌除对替加环素（3.2%）、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（28.6%）和米诺环素（30.2%）耐药率低外,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均较高,而亚胺培南敏感菌对多数抗生素均较敏感。PCR扩增显示所检测菌株carO和oprD基因均阳性。进一步系列比对发现亚胺培南耐药株较敏感株carO基因存在有意义突变,蛋白质分子立体结构有明显差别。结论 亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况严峻,carO膜孔蛋白基因突变发挥重要作用。     

Structural investigations on novel porin, OmpAb from Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen and known to cause nosocomial infections especially in ICUs of hospitals. We have previously reported that the novel outer membrane protein, OmpAb from Acinetobacter baumannii is a transmembrane porin and plays an important role in transport of small molecules, like antibiotics across the membrane. In the present study we report the N-terminal sequence, Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of OmpAb and structural investigations using UV-Vis absorption, circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence on OmpAb. SDS-PAGE results suggest that OmpAb is actually a "heat modifiable monomer" and is of 37 kDa at room temperature. Secondary structure of OmpAb is being done for the first time that showed predominantly beta-sheet structure (68%), a feature characteristic of porins. Using N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) as oxidizing agent, the total number of tryptophans in OmpAb is estimated to be four. The present results indicate that out of the four, two tryptophans seem to be located in the integral part of the membrane, perhaps periplasmic/membrane-bound while the other two tryptophans are exposed to the solvent. We followed the fluorescence emission using conventional 280 nm and selective 305 nm excitation (established by us earlier) to explore the environment of four tryptophans in OmpAb. Emission results using selective excitation of 305 nm revealed local conformational changes of those "tryptophans which are on the surface". On urea denaturation and pH dependent denaturation there is a loss of beta-sheet structure by more than 70%, this is concomitant with the increase in fluorescence intensity and red shift in lambda(max, em). As reflected by CD spectral data, we also found that OmpAb is fairly stable like other porins up to 70 degrees C. As there are no reports on the structural aspects of any outer membrane proteins of Acinetobacter baumannii, results presented here on this novel major porin, OmpAb, will help in understanding the structure-function relationship.     

Expression, purification, and refolding of biologically active Acinetobacter baumannii OmpA from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies

Infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii have emerged as a significant clinical problem due to the increase in infections caused by antibiotic resistant strains. A. baumannii OmpA is a highly conserved membrane protein that has multiple roles in interacting with the host during infection, and thus represents an attractive target for the development of novel antibacterial therapies. In the present study, the coding sequence of the mature form of A. baumannii OmpA was cloned into the vector pET-15b and purified under denaturing conditions from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies using nickel affinity chromatography. A Triton X-114 wash step was incorporated into the purification method in order to remove endotoxin, resulting in endotoxin levels of <1.3 EU/mg of protein. A protocol was developed for refolding the purified protein by dilution into the non-ionic detergent n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside followed by dialysis to remove excess denaturant and detergent. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that refolded A. baumannii OmpA was able to induce cell death in A549 cells. In addition, a polyclonal antibody was raised against the refolded protein and used to assess extracellular secretion of OmpA by Western blot. This protein expression and purification system may be useful for further characterization of A. baumannii OmpA.     

pilO基因对鲍曼不动杆菌运动能力的影响

目的:构建无标记的鲍曼不动杆菌pil O基因缺失突变株,通过表型鉴定pil O基因缺失对鲍曼不动杆菌运动能力的影响。方法:PCR扩增pil O基因上下游各1 kb同源臂,连接至p MO130-TelR自杀质粒,质粒转化大肠杆菌S17-1后再接合至鲍曼不动杆菌4294中;蔗糖诱导自杀质粒与基因组同源重组,以获得基因缺失突变株;蹭行实验观察pil O基因缺失对鲍曼不动杆菌运动能力的影响。结果:构建了pil O基因缺失鲍曼不动杆菌4294菌株突变株;缺失株与野生株生长曲线无明显差异,但蹭行能力显著下降。结论:pil O基因与细菌蹭行能力密切相关,提示其编码鲍曼不动杆菌Ⅳ型菌毛结构蛋白。     

The Acinetobacter outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is a secreted emulsifier

Acinetobacter strains use hydrophobic carbon sources and most of them are efficient oil degraders. They secrete a variety of emulsifiers which are efficient in producing and stabilizing oil-in-water emulsions. The bioemulsifier of Acinetobacter radioresistens KA53 (Alasan) is a high-mass complex of proteins and polysaccharides. The major emulsification activity of this complex is associated with a 45 kDa protein (AlnA), which is homologous to the outer membrane protein OmpA. The emulsification ability of AlnA depends on the presence of hydrophobic residues in the four loops spanning the transmembrane domains. The finding of a secreted OmpA was unexpected, in view of the fact that this protein is essential in all Gram-negative bacteria, has four trans-membrane domains and is considered to be an integral structural component of the outer membrane. However, secretion of an OmpA with emulsifying ability could be of physiological importance in the utilization of hydrophobic substrates as carbon sources. Here we examined the possibility that secretion of OmpA with emulsifying activity is a general property of the oil-degrading Acinetobacter strains. The results indicate that OmpA is secreted in five strains of Acinetobacter, including strain Acinetobacter sp. ADP1 whose genome has been sequenced. The ompA genes of ADP1 and an additional strain, Acinetobacter sp. V-26 were cloned and sequenced. Structure analysis of the sequence of the two proteins indicated the existence of the hydrophobic regions, previously shown to be responsible for the emulsification activity of AlnA. Further examination of the recombinant OmpA proteins indicated that they are, indeed, strong emulsifiers, even when produced in Escherichia coli. The finding that Acinetobacter OmpA has emulsifying activity and that it is secreted in five strains of Acinetobacter may be physiologically significant and suggests the involvement of this protein in biodegradation of hydrophobic substrates, including hydrocarbons.     

鲍曼不动杆菌烈性噬菌体的分离与纯化

利用柱层析方法,纯化鲍曼不动杆菌（Acinetobacter baumannii）烈性噬菌体AB1。首先采用聚乙二醇6000沉淀方法,初步分离裂解液中的噬菌体,噬菌体纯度由6.1×1010 pfu/mg提高到37×1010 pfu/mg,噬菌体回收率为58.8%,蛋白质去除率为90.6%;噬菌体粗提样品经Sepharose 4B凝胶过滤层析柱进一步纯化,纯度提高到73×1010 pfu/mg,噬菌体回收率为95.7%,蛋白质去除率为48.1%;收集的噬菌体样品最后经DEAE-52阴离子交换层析柱处理,噬菌体纯度为40×1010 pfu/mg,回收率为50.8%,蛋白去除率15.6%。内毒素分析结果显示,Sepharose 4B凝胶过滤层析纯化的噬菌体样品中,内毒素含量为443.8 EU/mg,而DEAE-52阴离子交换层析纯化的噬菌体样品中,内毒素含量为544.4 EU/mg。实验结果显示,PEG沉淀方法与Sepharose 4B凝胶过滤方法能够有效地提高噬菌体纯度,而DEAE-52阴离子交换层析则不能提高噬菌体的纯度,也无法有效地去除样品中的内毒素。     

鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药机制研究进展

鲍曼不动杆菌是临床常见感染菌,耐药性日益增强。其多重耐药性与可长期存活性将导致菌膜的形成,而这种可以抵抗抗菌素治疗的菌膜有着复杂的机构,在复杂结构中起到形成菌膜、维持菌膜稳定性的两个重要组成部分为胞外多糖(EPS)和菌膜相关性蛋白(the biofilm-associated protein,Bap),促使鲍曼不动杆菌躲避宿主免疫系统的攻击,因此针对鲍曼不动杆菌的治疗也愈发困难。     

鲍曼不动杆菌遗传操作系统研究进展

鲍曼不动杆菌作为一种医院内感染的病原菌,因其易于引起各类感染且耐药性强而受到广泛关注。快速改造鲍曼不动杆菌基因组的工具可有效促进其耐药机制的研究。本文就近些年来适用于鲍曼不动杆菌的遗传操作方法进行了总结,包括各种外源基因转入方法(电转化、自然转化、接合转移)和基因改造技术(等位基因交换、DNA重组工程、转座突变),并对鲍曼不动杆菌的基因组编辑方法的改进作了初步展望。     

Genome sequence of Acinetobacter baumannii MDR-TJ

Acinetobacter baumannii is a pathogenic species of bacteria, identified as an aerobic gram-negative bacterium, that is resistant to most antibiotics. In this study, the MDR-TJ strain was isolated at the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China, and was found to be resistant to penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, quinolones, and also imipenem. The genome sequence of Acinetobacter baumannii strain MDR-TJ was determined by using a combination of 454 pyrosequencing and paired-end sequencing performed with the Roche Genome Sequencer FLX system to generate a scaffolded assembly.     

Deciphering the multifactorial nature of Acinetobacter baumannii pathogenicity

Background

Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging bacterial pathogen that causes a broad array of infections, particularly in hospitalized patients. Many studies have focused on the epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of A. baumannii, but little is currently known with respect to its virulence potential.

Methodology/Principal Findings

The aim of this work was to analyze a number of virulence-related traits of four A. baumannii strains of different origin and clinical impact for which complete genome sequences were available, in order to tentatively identify novel determinants of A. baumannii pathogenicity. Clinical strains showed comparable virulence in the Galleria mellonella model of infection, irrespective of their status as outbreak or sporadic strains, whereas a non-human isolate was avirulent. A combined approach of genomic and phenotypic analyses led to the identification of several virulence factors, including exoproducts with hemolytic, phospholipase, protease and iron-chelating activities, as well as a number of multifactorial phenotypes, such as biofilm formation, surface motility and stress resistance, which were differentially expressed and could play a role in A. baumannii pathogenicity.

Conclusion/Significance

This work provides evidence of the multifactorial nature of A. baumannii virulence. While A. baumannii clinical isolates could represent a selected population of strains adapted to infect the human host, subpopulations of highly genotypically and phenotypically diverse A. baumannii strains may exist outside the hospital environment, whose relevance and distribution deserve further investigation.     

Molecular Analysis of the Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm-Associated Protein

Acinetobacter baumannii is a multidrug-resistant pathogen associated with hospital outbreaks of infection across the globe, particularly in the intensive care unit. The ability of A. baumannii to survive in the hospital environment for long periods is linked to antibiotic resistance and its capacity to form biofilms. Here we studied the prevalence, expression, and function of the A. baumannii biofilm-associated protein (Bap) in 24 carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii ST92 strains isolated from a single institution over a 10-year period. The bap gene was highly prevalent, with 22/24 strains being positive for bap by PCR. Partial sequencing of bap was performed on the index case strain MS1968 and revealed it to be a large and highly repetitive gene approximately 16 kb in size. Phylogenetic analysis employing a 1,948-amino-acid region corresponding to the C terminus of Bap showed that Bap_MS1968 clusters with Bap sequences from clonal complex 2 (CC2) strains ACICU, TCDC-AB0715, and 1656-2 and is distinct from Bap in CC1 strains. By using overlapping PCR, the bap_MS1968 gene was cloned, and its expression in a recombinant Escherichia coli strain resulted in increased biofilm formation. A Bap-specific antibody was generated, and Western blot analysis showed that the majority of A. baumannii strains expressed an ∼200-kDa Bap protein. Further analysis of three Bap-positive A. baumannii strains demonstrated that Bap is expressed at the cell surface and is associated with biofilm formation. Finally, biofilm formation by these Bap-positive strains could be inhibited by affinity-purified Bap antibodies, demonstrating the direct contribution of Bap to biofilm growth by A. baumannii clinical isolates.     

鲍曼不动杆菌感染的呼吸机相关肺炎20例

目的 了解我院NICU内鲍曼氏不动杆菌感染呼吸机相关肺炎的情况,探讨有效预防和控制的该类感染的措施。方法 收集我院NICU内2006.1-2007.2之间发生呼吸相关肺炎病通过细菌培养确定为鲍曼氏不动杆菌感染的患儿的临床资料以及该菌的药敏试验结果进行分析。结果 鲍曼氏不动杆菌是呼吸机相关肺炎的主要致病菌之一,其流行情况复杂,并且出现了耐碳青酶烯类的菌株感染,可造成严重的不良后果。结论 预防该菌在NICU内导致感染需要引起临床工作者更多的重视,加强对其定植情况的监测是预防其感染和流行的重要措施,对该菌开展及分子流行病学的深入研究将有助于指导NICU内NI防治。     

Fighting Acinetobacter baumannii infections with the acylase PvdQ

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that poses a threat for frail patients worldwide. The high ability to withstand environmental stresses as well as its resistance towards a broad range of antibiotics make A. baumannii an effective hard-to-eradicate pathogen. One of the key mechanisms mediating tolerance against antibiotic treatment is the formation of biofilms, a process that is controlled by a multitude of different regulatory mechanisms. A key factor with major impact on biofilm formation is cell-to-cell communication by quorum-sensing, which in A. baumannii is mediated by acyl homoserine lactone signaling molecules. Here we show that the Ntn-Hydrolase PvdQ from Pseudomonas aeruginosa can reduce biofilm formation by the A. baumannii ATCC 17978 type strain and several clinical isolates on abiotic surfaces. Further, our study shows that a combination treatment of PvdQ-mediated quorum-quenching with the antibiotic gentamicin has a synergistic effect on the clearance of A. baumannii biofilms and possible biofilm dispersal. Moreover, we demonstrate in a Galleria mellonella larval infection model that PvdQ administration significantly prolongs survival of the larvae. Altogether, we conclude that the acylase-mediated irreversible cleavage of quorum-sensing signaling molecules as exemplified with PvdQ can set a profound limit to the progression of A. baumannii infections.     

Genome Sequence of Acinetobacter baumannii TYTH-1

Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged recently as a major cause of health care-associated infections due to the extent of its antimicrobial resistance and its propensity to cause large nosocomial outbreaks. Here we report the genome sequence of Acinetobacter baumannii TYTH-1 isolated in Taiwan during 2008.     

Extrahuman Epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii in Lebanon

The presence of Acinetobacter baumannii outside hospitals is still a controversial issue. The objective of our study was to explore the extrahospital epidemiology of A. baumannii in Lebanon. From February 2012 to October 2013, a total of 73 water samples, 51 soil samples, 37 raw cow milk samples, 50 cow meat samples, 7 raw cheese samples, and 379 animal samples were analyzed by cultural methods for the presence of A. baumannii. Species identification was performed by rpoB gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility was investigated, and the A. baumannii population was studied by two genotyping approaches: multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and bla_OXA-51 sequence-based typing (SBT). A. baumannii was detected in 6.9% of water samples, 2.7% of milk samples, 8.0% of meat samples, 14.3% of cheese samples, and 7.7% of animal samples. All isolates showed a susceptible phenotype against most of the antibiotics tested and lacked carbapenemase-encoding genes, except one that harbored a bla_OXA-143 gene. MLST analysis revealed the presence of 36 sequence types (STs), among which 24 were novel STs reported for the first time in this study. bla_OXA-51 SBT showed the presence of 34 variants, among which 21 were novel and all were isolated from animal origins. Finally, 30 isolates had new partial rpoB sequences and were considered putative new Acinetobacter species. In conclusion, animals can be a potential reservoir for A. baumannii and the dissemination of new emerging carbapenemases. The roles of the novel animal clones identified in community-acquired infections should be investigated.     

Clinical implications of glycoproteomics for Acinetobacter baumannii

The opportunistic human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii persists in the healthcare setting because of its ability to survive exposure to various antimicrobial and sterilization agents. A. baumannii’s ability to cause multiple infection types complicates diagnosis and treatment. Rapid detection of A. baumannii infections would likely improve treatment outcomes. Recently published Acinetobacter glycoproteomic data show the prevalence of O-linked glycoproteins, suggesting the possibility for an O-glycan-based detection technology. O-glycan biosynthesis is required for protein glycosylation and capsular polysaccharide production in A. baumannii. Recent publications demonstrate key roles for protein glycosylation and capsular polysaccharide in the pathogenicity of A. baumannii. Targeted antimicrobial development against O-glycan biosynthesis may produce new effective treatment options for A. baumannii infections. Here, we discuss how the data gathered through Acinetobacter glycoproteomics can be used to develop technologies for rapid diagnosis and reveal potential antimicrobial targets. In addition, we consider the efficacy of glycoconjugate vaccine development against A. baumannii.     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性分析及抗菌治疗

目的了解多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐药谱和临床特点。方法分析2004年12月-2005年9月分离自住院患者标本的鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性资料及其治疗情况。结果从163株标本中分离出156株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦耐药率最低（20．51％）,其次是亚胺培南（38．46％）;临床常用6种抗菌药物治疗差异有显著性。结论对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染的患者应以亚胺培南／西司他丁和β-内酰胺酶抗菌抑制剂作为第一线抗菌药物。病情严重尤其是全耐药时可联合用药,可提高效果。     

鲍曼不动杆菌整合子介导耐药机制的初步研究

【摘 要】 目的 研究整合子参与鲍曼不动杆菌耐药的分子机制。结果 收集2008年1月至2011年12月瑞安市中医院临床分离的200株鲍曼不动杆菌,采用K-B法进行体外药敏试验,采用聚合酶链式反应进行整合子整合酶基因的检测;整合子可变区扩增、克隆、测序,分析整合子基因结构。结果 59.0%的医院感染鲍曼不动杆菌Ⅰ类整合子阳性,未检测出Ⅱ、Ⅲ类整合子;编码对氨基糖苷类、磺胺类抗菌药物和氯霉素耐药的基因;整合子阳性组多药耐药菌均明显高于阴性组。结论 Ⅰ类整合子在医院感染鲍曼不动杆菌中广泛分布,可通过质粒在不同菌属间水平传播,在耐药基因传播中起重要作用,应引起临床足够的重视。     

鲍曼不动杆菌噬菌体生物学特性的研究

从污水中分离鉴定鲍曼不动杆菌噬菌体,并对其生物学特性进行分析,为开发针对细菌感染的噬茵体生物制剂提供前期工作.采用双层琼脂法分离可裂解鲍曼不动杆菌的噬菌体,通过负染法电镜观察噬茵体的大小和形态,将噬菌体和宿主菌以不同比例混合,测定噬菌体的最佳感染复数并观察一步生长曲线,提取噬菌体核酸进行酶切电泳分析,通过SDS-PAGE分析噬菌体的结构蛋白和非结构蛋白.成功分离3株可裂解鲍曼不动杆菌的噬菌体(分别命名为ΦAb-1、ΦAb-2和ΦAb-3),电镜显示噬菌体的头部呈二十面体,直径约50nm,有一短尾.噬菌体ΦAb-1的最佳感染复数为10-2,一步生长曲线表明噬菌体在裂解宿主菌时,潜伏期为20 min,爆发期为30 min,裂解量为190 PFU/cell.限制性酶切电泳显示噬菌体ΦAb-1的基因组大小约40 kb左右,为双股环状DNA.SDS-PAGE的噬菌体蛋白电泳包括7种蛋白,分子量在29 ～ 116 ku.噬菌体ΦAb-1、ΦAb-2和ΦAb-3对鲍曼不动杆菌具有很强的裂解毒性.根据其形态、结构和噬菌体分类法,鲍曼不动杆菌噬菌体属于有尾病毒目,足尾病毒科.